A COMPARITIVE STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGE

POLITICS AMONG U.S AND CHINA

BY

Xyz
PPOL……

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

SESSION (2022-2024)

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

SARGODHA CAMPUS
 A Comparative Study of Climate Change Politics
Among U.S and China

BY

XYZ
Roll No

A synopsis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Philosophy in Political Science

SCHOOL OF INTEGRATED SOCIAL SCIENCES

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

SARGODHA CAMPUS

(SESSION 2022-2024)
 Student’s Declaration

I, xyz do hereby state that my MPhil synopsis titled, “A Comparative study of Climate Change
among U.S and China” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking
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used as reference is properly cited.

I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled synopsis even
after award of MPhil degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/ revoke my MPhil
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 TITLE: A COMPARITIVE STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
POLITICS AMONG U.S AND CHINA

ABSTRACT
Climate change is a major issue faced by international community in contemporary times. U.S and
China are major global players and at the same time main contributors of greenhouse gas
emissions. This research work deals with the climate change policies of both countries by applying
the theoretical approach of Neo-classical realism. The theory will analyze the climate policy of
China and U.S on three levels including the individual, state and international level. Neo-classical
realism is utilized for the analysis of underlying motivations shaping the U.S-China climate
policies. This study further expounds the way climate policies are formulated and executed in both
countries; China follows the centralized system and U.S system is based on federalism. It
undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of China and U.S policies by highlighting their
differences, similarities and other contributing factors. The key findings stemming from the
comparative analysis, will offer valuable insights into the dynamics of climate governance and
collaboration among the two influential nations. Moreover, the research work signifies that the
policies of China and U.S, whether via diplomatic engagements, emission reduction targets or
investments in renewable energy sector, serve as leading forces shaping the trajectory of
international climate action.
 I- Introduction
Climate change indicates the long-term and substantial changes in temperatures and metrological
patterns. It is considered as one of the major problems confronted by international community in
the current era. The fate of mankind is significantly impacted by climate change, originating from
phenomena such as increasing heat waves, rising sea levels, erratic atmospheric conditions,
vanishing lakes, and catastrophic natural calamities, all largely associated with human activities.
The major cause of present-day climate change is enhanced escalation of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) in the air, like nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), mainly
derives from the ignition of fossil fuels, industrial activities and deforestration. These emissions
retain solar heat and thus contribute to higher temperatures. (Chai, 2023)

During the last several decades, the international community has convened various conferences,
meetings and treaties to deal with the intensifying hazard of climate change. One pivotal event was
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), formed in 1992,
which paved the way for successive efforts. The Kyoto Protocol instituted in 1997, symbolized a
significant achievement by setting mandatory emission reduction targets for developed states. In
2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) extended to Paris Agreement, a supreme accord
striving to limit global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrialization levels. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a seminal report in 2018 regarding
the global warming consequences, affirming the urgency of swift action.

The Subsequential meetings of COP, including COP24 in 2018, COP26 in 2021, COP27 in 2022
and COP in 2023 fronted up to consolidate the international commitments and speed up the climate
action. (Brief on COP27 Outcomes and Roadmap to COP28 TASHKENT, 2023). In the current
times, many States in the world acknowledge and act in accordance with global climate initiatives.
Evading international climate catastrophe largely depends on the two major world powers: China
and United States. These two states are the primary contributors of the greenhouse gases (GHGs)
that catalyze global climate change, and collectively constitute nearly half of international
emissions. Any effective global endeavor to curb Green House emissions must ensure the
significant participation of both states. Each state has a different normative landscape and unique
political-economic contexts, which shape up their policy responses towards climate change.
Nevertheless, their collaborative efforts and their collective actions for emission reduction are
important to advance the global climate initiatives. (Afzal, 2018).

Policy making with regard to climate change is different in both countries. The U.S abides by the
“Bottom to Top” approach. This approach signifies a system where acts and strategies are often
guided by the grassroots level, with local enterprises, communities and individuals playing a main
character to deal with climate change. The U.S operates under federal set-up where significant
amount of autonomy is given to local governments, permitting them for the policy implementation
that move in line with their specific priorities and circumstances. On the other hand, China follows
a "Top to Bottom" approach which might indicate a more centralized model of governance. In
centralized form of governance central government plays a primary role in formulating and
executing the policies of climate change. (Wu et al., 2022).

China’s economy is based on centrally planned system, it has often the capability to execute
nationwide large-scale approaches with a direct top-down control. China has the ability to achieve
targets by the means of centralized planning. It includes setting the targets of emission reduction,
investment in infrastructure based on renewable energy, and implementation of national
environmental rules and regulations. The strength of each approach varies. A "Bottom to Top"
approach of U.S. may offer diverse solutions and innovation but could face difficulties in
accomplishing countrywide consistency. Whereas, a "Top to Bottom" approach followed by China
might be suitable for quick and coordinated action yet may confront challenges in adjusting to
local dynamics and grassroot level interactions. (Tan, 2019)

In order to enhance the cooperation regarding climate change and confront this environmental
challenge, its necessary to comprehend differences on national level and ensure the advancement
of policy landscape. China has appeared as a competitor as well as a trusted collaborator in the key
developments of 21st century. China is likely to be a pioneer in future horizon, even though the
U.S has propelled in the past 50 years of digital development and still upholds primacy in the fields
of innovation. Cumulative sum of both state’s carbon emissions is around 40% of the total
greenhouse gas emissions of the world. Therefore, collaborative efforts between China and U.S
can have a meaningful impact on global efforts to for the reduction of carbon emissions and
mitigate the challenge of climate change. (Iijima, 2023).

Throughout the years, the nature of collaboration between the U.S and China with regard to climate
change have gone through a lot of developments. In 2013, International climate policy became
central focus of the bilateral agenda with the Climate Change Working Group (CCWG)
establishment. It laid the groundwork for 2014 joint U.S-China declaration of climate objectives,
which legitimized new international leverage transitioning to the final negotiation stage in the form
of 2015 Paris Agreement signifying a shared commitment to confront the challenge of climate
change. The relationship positively altered its path in 2021 when a shared declaration, issued by
President Joe Biden and Xi Jinping, specified some areas of collaboration. Moreover, in 2023, the
two states stated an accord to sharply increase clean energy, decrease greenhouse gas emissions
and oust fossil fuels. (Friedman, 2023)

U.S-China collaboration concerning the climate change issues considerably impacts their global
stature in many ways. These two major powers showcase commitment and effective leadership to
contend with a major global challenge through their collaborative efforts. Their joint efforts can
increase their credibility in the global arena, advancing the positive diplomatic ties and influencing
the international dialogue on climate agreements. Furthermore, U.S-China joint collaboration
contributes to international stability by alleviating climate-related hazards and demonstrating an
assurance to ecological sustainability. It stimulates technological innovations and commercial
prospects in the booming sector of clean energy, solidifying U.S-China positions as significant
influencers. Overall, their collaboration on climate change consolidates their soft power and
bracing their roles as progressive yet responsible states of international community.

II- Problem Statement

This study attempts to explore how climate responses of China and U.S become diplomatic
instruments, by examining the role of political leaders and framework for policies that influence
the drafting and execution of strategies related to climate change in both countries. Moreover, this
research work aspires to enrich the understanding by shedding light on the multi-dimensional
mechanisms of international relations within the sphere of global climate governance.
 III- Research Questions

1- How do the U.S-China climate change approaches harmonize and contrast in the context
of strategies and implementation practices?
2- How do the global and domestic political factors influence the U.S-China climate change
policies?
3- To what extent the climate change strategies of China and U.S impact their global stature
and transnational relations?
4- To what level the U.S and China have been accomplished in achieving their climate targets,
and in what ways it contributes to the international efforts of combating climate change?

IV- Research Objectives

1- To examine the policy measures introduced and implemented by China and U.S to fulfill
their environmental commitments.
2- To review the position of political leadership and governmental measures of China and U.S
in determining climate strategies.
3- To detect the challenges and evaluate the relative success of both countries in achieving
their climate objectives and fostering international climate alleviation efforts.
4- To perform comparative analysis of China-U.S climate policies concentrated on best
practices, learned lessons and global collaborative opportunities.

V- Significance of Research

This research is important for two specific reasons. Firstly, it has the capacity to contribute
enlightening perspectives to existing literature and handle critical voids in our understanding
regarding the interconnection between climate change policies, domestic and international factors
involved in policy making and its impact on global engagement. Many existing studies concentrate
individually either on U.S or China. This research offers a comprehensive comparative analysis,
making provision for deeper understanding about the commonalities, differences, and potential
collaboration domains. Secondly, it is intended to analyze the way climate policies of U.S and
China impact their bilateral relations and interactions in international sphere. The in-depth
examination of U.S-China climate policies and their implementation can unmask the detailed
connections between global circumstances and domestic political trends. Overall, the research
bears significance in presenting an extensive analysis of the multifaceted factors shaping the
climate policies of the two predominant carbon emitters of the world, blostering the scholarly
discourse on environmental governance structures.

VI- Research Methodology

A- Research Design

A comparative case analysis is a technique of research that involves comparing and distinguishing
two or more than two cases to gain insights. Its objective is to enrich the understanding about a
specific phenomenon and extend the scope of findings by thoroughly reviewing multiple cases. In
context of the topic under study "A comparative study of climate change politics among U.S and
China", a comparative case study method will be utilized incorporating the diligent assessment of
U.S-China climate action plans, factors influencing their efficiency, and their implementation
offering up a comprehensive enlightenment of the complexities involved.

B- Data Collection

Document analysis is a strategy of data collection that incorporates examination and interpretation
of the recorded or documented materials, for instance texts, reports and other type of documents.
This method is considered as valuable in order to retrieve information, understanding historical
contexts, and acquiring awareness about the perspectives of organizations, societies, individuals
and even states. Moreover, Qualitative approach of data will be applied in this research. Available
sources on the subject including academic studies, journal and newspaper articles, policy reports,
website sources, magazines, public discourse, media coverage and conducted interviews will be
utilized as secondary data sources. Furthermore, official speeches and statements by leadership,
policy documents, publications by Government, and international agreements will be leveraged as
primary data sources.
 C- Data Analysis

Researchers utilize Qualitative analysis is order to methodically evaluate non-numeric data, often
incorporating the understanding and clarification of themes, patterns and meanings to offer
responses to the research questions. This is generally utilized approach in social sciences to
examine and comprehend the complications of human behavior and experiences. Applying
qualitative analysis to the research topic "A comparative study of climate change politics among
U.S and China" will enable to uncover the diversities in international environmental governance
by disentangling the primary determinants that shape and impact the climate change policies of
two major international stakeholders.

VII- Limitation of Research

In order to uphold clear understanding and focus in the research work, it is essential to delineate
the research work and restrain its scope. Climate change is a complicated international problem,
involving a diverse range of factors varying from environmental impacts to social and economic
consequences. Recognizing the magnitude of this phenomenon, this study deliberately narrows its
focus to scrutinize the critical arena of climate policy shaping and implementation, specifically
within the dynamic contexts of the U.S and China. By zooming in on these two major actors, this
research seeks to unravel the nuances of climate diplomacy, exploring how policy decisions and
their execution contribute to international relations.

VIII- Literature Review

Looking at the series of prior and current clean energy cooperation ventures between the
governmental and private sector in China, it is obvious that there has been a considerable activity.
While the official track of government is definitely not the sole means of bilateral cooperation, nor
it is consistently most effective, it is evidently pivotal for cooperation to take place through formal
along with unofficial channels. Despite the comprehensive list of official agreements bilaterally
signed among China and U.S regarding the domain of climate change and clean energy, there have
been many obstacles for the successful implementation of collaborative pursuits. In the past,
mutual cooperation has suffered from unstable financial backing, insufficient high-level official
pledge and growingly competitive relationship among the two states. (Lewis, 2012)

China wants to be internationally admired, and this image is increasingly important as its economy
is growing. China is considerate of any interpretation that it is being coerced into an unfair accord
in international negotiations. Negotiations that take place multilaterally may be of declining
effectiveness to shape up the climate policies of China. Nevertheless, China has been even more
accommodating with respect to the foreign governments with capability in enacting measures of
climate policy. For this purpose, European states specifically European Union have been
successful in developing ties via technical cooperation, even though these relationships have not
necessarily turned into influence over position of China in international negotiations. (Williams,
2014)

The U.S and China have consented to extend collaborative clean energy development and research;
foster large-scale carbon capture, enhancing cooperation regarding hydrofluorocarbons; launch an
initiative of low-carbon cities; trade promotion in green goods; showcase clean energy on the
ground. This commitment shows “the end of coal era” and the rising prominence of other energy
generation sources, primarily natural gas and renewables alongside the use of clean, energy-
efficient technologies. To this end, the two countries have pledged to strengthen cooperation on
climate through dialogue on policy, technical work on clean energy, and environment-friendly
technologies. (Echeverría & Gass, 2014)

Reviving climate coordination actually depends on two factors. Firstly, getting the fusion of
cooperation and competition in the overall relationship. Secondly, in view of the extent to which
China and U.S agrees to ramp up their sustainability efforts. Administration of Joe Biden will need
to use the right approach early on. Firstly, convey persistence to meet China halt the decline in the
relationship of two countries and find a revised framework, with climate change as a major focus
on which the both sides should collaborate. Second, there’s a need to develop a set of effective
protocols demonstrating a commitment to substantial change. When Barack Obama was
recognized to “walk the walk” at home on climate, significantly in his second tenure, it directly
transformed into global leverage. (Stern, 2020)

China and U.S once practiced the other’s inertia as an excuse for not following more aggressive
slashing of their domestic emissions. Now, both countries have built environmental protocols into
trade measures, using global diplomacy, and also competing to attain international admiration for
the leadership in ecological domain. Political pressure proved to be a strong motivator for climate
action in China and U.S. For China, there are top-down directives for environmental action and
updated aspirations to fulfill for local officials; meanwhile in U.S, political pressure for eco-
conscious initiatives from dispersed clusters of citizens with environment concerns and pushing
for climate actions across all tires of government. (Yarrow & Chen, 2023)

Even before Donald Trump announced the U.S withdrawal from Paris Agreement in June 2017,
China realized that Trump Administration is not serious to cooperate with them on climate issues.
While considering both the U.S and EU, China’s President proclaimed during his video address to
the UN General Assembly in September 2020 that China aims to secure carbon neutrality before
2060. As tensions have continued between U.S and China even during Biden presidency, climate
change is still considered as a rare domain for bilateral cooperation. In spite of the U.S official
return to climate diplomacy and rejoining Paris Agreement, the ongoing bilateral tensions make
the climate cooperation prospects somehow uncertain. (Kevin Tu, 2022)

The word “cooperation” means the level autonomy given to state governments in U.S. In China,
firstly the central government formulates the climate policy, then provincial and local governments
steadfastly adhere its instructions for implementation. It can also be seen from the instance of
electric vehicle deployment. After the central government’s decision to develop electric vehicles,
local along with provincial governments actively react and formulate precise implementation
strategies as per their own conditions. For U.S, more autonomy is given to state governments to
implement climate policies and state governments aren’t bounded to abide by the federal
government decision. ( Chai, 2023)

As the U.S-China relationship crumbles, supremacy tussle in low-carbon industries tends to take
place among the two major powers. From batteries to solar panels and to exceptional-earth metals
utilized in wind-driven turbines, technologies in the prior decade have fell sharply in cost and
skyrocketed in scale – thankfully both Washington and Beijing supported innovation– are targets
in one more trans-Pacific trade fight. The impression that China’s success in greening its offshore
investment is in the U.S interests’ contradicts the fizzy anti-China rhetoric that immerses
Washington. Without a doubt, concern about China’s growingly aggressive geopolitics, its clearly
human rights abuses, its clampdown of dissent, and its forceful moves to strategically overwhelm
the key industries is reasoned. (Ball, 2023)

IX- Theoretical Framework with the lenses of Neo-Classical Realism

Many theories have been created in international politics in order to make sense of this complex
world. Neo-classical realism is a notable new way to deal with states internationally. It is a special
theory in a sense that it merges the characteristics of classical and neo realism and tends to give
better explanation of world politics. The concentration of this theory is both on national and
systemic level variables. Neo classical realism appeared as a new variant of realism in 1990's by
the political scholars who were not satisfied with the explanatory ability of classical and
neorealism. The central idea of neo classical realism is that while designing the state foreign policy,
state level factors should also be considered. Therefore, the focus of neo classical Realism is on
individual level, state level as well as global level constraints which simultaneously govern foreign
policy making process. In pursuit of clarifying the strategy of policy making, neo-classical realism
integrates the domain of national-level politics and international system.

At Individual scale, the theory assesses the way personal convictions of leaders including the U.S
President and Chinese leadership determine their ardor to prioritize the collaboration regarding
climate change and take part in diplomatic activities. Effectiveness, tone and direction of China-
U.S ties can be shaped up through individual-level factors. At state level, neo classical realism
examine how state’s domestic interests, for instance public opinion or economic concerns,
influence their policies including climate change mitigation and adaptation. Differences in
organizational frameworks, political systems, and bureaucratic intrigue could also mold policy
determinations and implementation. At International scale, the theory identifies systemic
framework, characterized by power transitions, U.S-China cooperation or competitiveness
regarding climate change.
The way theories of international relations are necessary to have a better understanding about
world politics, to a similar degree policies of U.S and China plays a central role in world politics
in current times. Climate change indicates such a severe threat that potentially develop into a
serious threat which depends upon the capacity of states and their preferences to appropriately
neutralize it. The growing economic aspirations of the states have powerfully directed their
policies and counter measure strategies with respect to climate change problem. Fossil-based
pollutant industry transition towards eco-friendly energy sources are the necessary course of
actions immediately anticipated from states. Neo classical realism is the perfect theory for the
comparison of U.S-China Climate Change policies. It further explains that domestic and global
political and socio-economic contexts together have contributed to shape up the US-China dealings
regarding climate change.

X- Chapterization

This study is structured into various chapters.

• Chapter no 1: Historical Context and Current Climate Change Policies: It is the

introductory chapter which presents background information of the topic. The current This
Chapter explores the historical evolution of climate change policies in both countries along
with an exploration of the current global positions of both nations.
• Chapter no 2: Theoretical Framework: Neo-Classical Realism and Climate Politics:
This chapter focuses on the theoretical framework of neo-classical realism, and applying it
to analyze the climate policy formulation in the U.S and China. The theory seeks to provide
three level analysis; individual level, state level and international level of US-China climate
• Chapter no 3: Comparative Analysis of Climate Change Policies: This chapter focuses
on comparative analysis of the key players & influencers in U.S and China involved in the
formulation and execution of climate policies including emission reduction targets and
strategies, environmental regulations and Implementation etc.
• Chapter no 4: Navigating Global Climate Action: Challenges and Opportunities for
China and the U.S: This chapter aims to discusses the impact of U.S-China climate
approaches on global climate action. It aims to explore the multifaceted challenges as well
 as opportunities that lie ahead with respect to global climate action, specifically with a
focus on the roles of China and U.S.
• Chapter no 5: Conclusion and Future Implications: This chapter aims to provide the
summary of Findings and contributions to existing knowledge on climate change. It further
identifies the potential pathways for future research direction in this domain.

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