Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Cebu Province

Instructional Planning (iPlan)

(With inclusion of the provisions of D.O. No. 8, s. 2015 and D.O. 42, s. 2016)
Instructional Planning (iPlan)

Detailed Lesson Plan (DLP) Format

August 27, 2024

DLP No.: Learning Areas: Level: Quarter: Duration:

1 Earth and Life Science Grade 11 1st 60 minutes
Key Concepts / The learner states the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the
Understanding universe.
Developed
Code S11/12ES-Ia-e-1
I. OBJECTIVES
A. Knowledge State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe
specifically, the Big Bang Theory, the Steady State Theory, and the
Oscillating Universe Theory.
B. Skills Explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences supporting the theory.
C. Attitude Value the importance of understanding the origin of the universe.
D. Values Display willingness to learn the lesson through participation in any group
activity.
II. SUBJECT MATTER
A. Content Different Hypotheses Explaining the Origin of the Universe
B. Learning  Laptop, Power Point presentation, DLP, MELC,TV,
Resources  Pictures, Worksheets
III. PROCEDURES

3.1. Introductory 1. Daily Routine

Activity 1.1 . Prayer
(5 minutes) 1.2 . Greetings
1.3 . Classroom Setting
a. Physical Arrangement
b. Classroom Rules
1.4 . Checking of Attendance
1.5 . Sharing of Objectives

3.2. Activity / Strategy Directions: Share your knowledge about the subject Earth and Life Science
(5 minutes) by answering the questions inside the matrix.
1. What is on the top of your mind when you hear the word Earth Science?
What about Life Science?
2. What is the relationship of Earth Science to Life Science?
3. What are the contributions of Earth and Life Science to humanity?
3.3. Analysis “The teacher will process the ideas of the students and connect it to the
(5 minutes) lesson.”

3.4. Abstraction “The teacher will discuss the Origin of the Universe”
(15 minutes)
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Non-scientific Thought
 Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which narrate that
the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun.
 The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator god Mbombo
(or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-covered Earth, felt an intense
stomach pain and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon.
 In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the primal
man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky, earth, sun, and
moon respectively.
 The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam claim that a
supreme being created the universe, including man and other living
organisms.
Big Bang Theory

 The most accepted theory about the origin of the universe is the Big Bang
Theory. Georges Lemaitre, a Belgian priest, is considered as the first
proponent of the Big Bang Theory. The theory was supported by other
scientists such as Edwin Hubble, Arno Penzias, and Robert Wilson who
presented pieces of evidence to support it.
 As the currently accepted theory of the origin and evolution of the
universe, the Big Bang Theory postulates that 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size
and much cooler state.
 The theory rests on two ideas: General Relativity and the Cosmological
Principle. In Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, gravity is thought of
as a distortion of space-time and no longer described by a gravitational
field in contrast to the Law of Gravity of Isaac Newton. General Relativity
explains the peculiarities of the orbit of Mercury and the bending of light
by the Sun and has passed rigorous tests. The Cosmological Principle
assumes that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged
over large scales. This is consistent with our current large-scale image of
the universe. But keep in mind that it is clumpy at smaller scales.
 The Big Bang Theory has withstood the tests for expansion: 1) the
redshift 2) abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, and 3) the
uniformly pervasive cosmic microwave background radiation-the remnant
heat from the bang.
Evolution of the Universe according to the Big Bang Theory
 From time zero (13.8 billion years ago) until 10-43 second later, all matter
and energy in the universe existed as a hot, dense, tiny state. It then
underwent extremely rapid, exponential inflation until 10-32 second later
after which and until 10 seconds from time zero, conditions allowed the
existence of only quarks, hadrons, and leptons.
 Then, Big Bang nucleosynthesis took place and produced protons,
neutrons, atomic nuclei, and then hydrogen, helium, and lithium until 20
minutes after time zero when sufficient cooling did not allow further
nucleosynthesis.
 From then on until 380,000 years, the cooling universe entered a matter-
dominated period when photons decoupled from matter and light could
travel freely as still observed today in the form of cosmic microwave
background radiation.
 As the universe continued to cool down, matter collected into clouds
giving rise to only stars after 380,000 years and eventually galaxies would
form after 100 million years from time zero during which, through
nucleosynthesis in stars, carbon and elements heavier than carbon were
produced.
 From 9.8 billion years until the present, the universe became dark-energy
dominated and underwent accelerating expansion. At about 9.8 billion
years after the big bang, the solar system was formed.
Singularity

 The presence of the singularity is still a mystery to many scientists, but

they stated that this singularity constantly expands and cools. The rate of
expansion is almost equal to the rate of cooling; at this moment, there is a
build-up of intense heat which leads to the increase in the expansion of
 the singularity.
 The intense heat also leads to the creation of matter and antimatter that
are being destroyed every time they collide with each other. During this
moment, the number of matter dominates over the number of antimatter.
This started the dominance of matter, or atomic particles, in the early
universe. These particles undergo nucleosynthesis wherein they combine
to form another atomic particle.
Nucleosynthesis
The synthesis of elements as the universe cools, protons and neutrons can
fuse to form heavier atomic nuclei.

 Nucleosynthesis leads to the formation of chemicals such as hydrogen

and helium. These chemicals then lead to the formation of the stars and
the galaxies. The presence of the stars leads to the formation of larger
matter such as planets, comets, and other celestial bodies. Ever since the
Big Bang happened, the universe continuously expands, and the
occurrence of the cosmic background radiation was suggested to be an
aftermath of the explosion that happened 20 billion years ago.
Steady State Theory

 The Steady State Theory proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold,

and Fred Hoyle, suggests that the universe has always been there and
will always be present. It also conveys that the universe always looks the
same in any time or space but continuously expands while
simultaneously creating matter, maintaining the density of the universe;
hence, the name Steady State.
 The Steady State Theory is so simple that it was widely accepted even
before the proposal of the Big Bang Theory. The discovery of the cosmic
background radiation significantly supported the explanations given by
the Big Bang Theory, which led many scientists to reject the Steady State
Theory. This theory first explained that the cosmic background radiation
is a result of a supernova. But after a thorough research, it was proven
that it is equal in any direction of the universe and could not only be a
result of many supernovae.
Oscillating Universe Theory
  The Oscillating Universe Theory, also referred to as the Pulsating
Theory, discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once
all the energy after the Big Bang is used up. This theory, proposed by
Richard Tolman, can be described as the combination of the Big Bang
and the Big Crunch.
 The Big Crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually
reverses, then collapses causing a singularity or the formation of another
Big Bang. The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that once the
universe reverses and attains the point of singularity, another universe
will be born. This is referred to as the Big Bounce. Tolman theorized that
the universe may be first in the cycle and could be a result of a previous
Big Bounce event.
 Just like in the Steady State Theory, scientists discovered many
loopholes in the Oscillating Universe Theory because it was said that for
the universe to collapse, energy must be present. This theory suggests
that the universe will collapse on its own after it reaches its full expansion,
which violates some laws of physics.

3.5. Application Directions: Choose one of the theories about the origin of the universe.
(15 minutes) Create a concept map illustrating the events that happen in the universe as
explained by that theory.
Example: Big Bang Theory
3.6. Assessment Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer. Write the
(10 minutes) letter of your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The initial singularity is a gravitational singularity predicted by general
relativity to have existed before the Big Bang and thought to have contained
all the energy and space-time of the Universe. Which of the following theories
suggests that the universe originated from a singularity that expanded
continuously?
A. Oscillating Universe Theory B. Pulsating Theory
C. Big Bang Theory D. Steady State Theory
2. The Oscillating Universe Theory is a cosmological model that combines
both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as part of a cyclical event. Which of
the following describes the Big Crunch according to the Oscillating Universe
Theory?
A. reversal of the universe’s expansion
B. continuous expansion of the universe
C. formation of matter
D. formation of antimatter
3. Which of the following theories suggests that the universe will stay the
same throughout time?
A. Creationism Theory B. Steady State Theory
C. Pulsating Theory D. Big Bang Theory
4. Which of the following is TRUE about the Oscillating Universe Theory?
A. The universe resulted from a series of Big Bang and Big Crunch.
B. The universe is always present and will not change.
C. The universe will not change its density.
D. The universe will not stop expanding.
5. What happens during nucleosynthesis?
A. Matter and antimatter collide with each other.
B. Atomic particles combine with other atomic particles.
C. Dark energy is produced.
D. Matter and antimatter combine with each other.
6. Which of the following is TRUE about cosmic background radiation?
A. the aftermath of an explosion caused by Big Bang
B. the radiation produced by stars
C. the radiation that caused the destruction of planes
D. the result of colliding of hydrogen particles with helium
7. Which of the following is NOT true about the theories of the origin of the
universe?
A. Oscillating Universe Theory combined the Big Bang and the Big
Crunch.
B. Steady State Theory suggests that the universe’s expansion will not
end.
C. Big Bang Theory stated that the universe would not end.
 D. Big Bang theory is the most accepted theory about the origin of the
universe
8. Which of the following statements are true about the Steady State Theory?
I. The universe will not change its density.
II. The universe came from a singularity.
III. The universe resulted from a series of Big Bang and Big Crunch.
IV. The universe is always present and will not change.
A. I only B. I and II
C. II and III D. I ad IV
9. Arrange the following events to show the evolution of the universe as
proposed by the Big Bang Theory.
a. nucleosynthesis
b. Singularity
c. formation of planets, comets, and asteroids
d. formation of atomic particles
e. formation of stars and galaxies f. explosion of the singularity
A. a,b,d,f,e,c B. b,c,d,a,e,f
C. f,d,c,a,b,e D. b,f,d,a,e,c
10. Why is the Big Bang Theory the most accepted theory about the origin of
the universe?
A. Evidence found is aligned with the explanations of the Big Bang
Theory.
B. Its counterparts failed to explain origin of the universe.
C. Other theories suggested that the universe has no start and no end.
D. Big Bang Theory is aligned with the teachings of some religion.

3.7. Assignment Study in advance the Different Hypotheses Explaining the Origin of the Solar
(3 minutes) System.

3.8. Wrap-Up/ How can future advancements in technology and scientific understanding
Concluding Activity help us determine which hypothesis about the origin of the universe, such as
(2 minutes) the Big Bang Theory, the Steady State Theory, or the Oscillating Theory
offers the most accurate explanation?
“Each student will be given a chance to give their thoughts and share it in
class. Feedbacking will follow.”

1. Remarks
2. Reflection

A. No. of who earned

80% in the evaluation.
B. No. of learners who
require additional
activities for
remediation.
C. Did the remedial
lessons work? No. of
learners who have
caught up with the
lesson.
D. No. of learners who
continue to require
remediation.
E. Which of my
learning strategies
worked well? Why did
these work?
F. What difficulties did I
encounter which my
principal or supervisor
helped me solve?
G. What innovation or
localized materials did
I use/discover which I
wish to share with
other teachers?

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