INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEM

CE 2251

Lecture 04
SOURCES OF WATER

The source of Water is of three types:

• Surface water supply.

• Ground water supply.
• Rain water collection
GROUND WATER SUPPLY

The surface water which seeps into the ground is designated as

ground water or sub surface water. Thus, it is found that most
ground waters taken far below the earth’s surface are free of
microorganisms. Needless to say, ground waters are usually
preferred as sources of drinking water.

The portion of the rain water which has percolated into the earth
to form underground deposits called aquifers (water-bearing soil
formation).
 GROUND WATER

ADVANTAGE

• Wells are the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas.
• Usually has an abundant supply
• requires less treatment because of natural filtering.

DISADVANTAGE

• If use excessively then may cause environmental imbalance like water level change,
presence of unwanted chemical or other fluids in the water etc.

• May have organic matter & chemical elements and in that case usually treatment is
suggested.
RAIN WATER
Collected from roofs of
buildings and special water
sheds and stored in cisterns
or ponds. This collection
process is commonly known
as rain water harvesting.
This is a very ancient
traditional technique to
meet fresh water
requirement.
RAIN WATER

ADVANTAGE

Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system

DISADVANTAGE

Only a source during the wet season

Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes

Roofs may not be clean

Mineral content is negligible.

WATER SUPPLY

• Enough water to meet the needs of occupants must be available for all
buildings.

• Further water needs for fire protection, heating, air conditioning, and
possibly process use must also be met.

• Water needs for process use must be computed separately because the
demand depends on the process served.
WATER QUALITY

Sources of water for buildings include public water supplies,

groundwater, and surface water.
Each source requires careful study to determine if a sufficient quantity of
safe water is available for the building being designed.

• Water for human consumption, commonly called potable water, must be

of suitable quality to meet local, state, and national requirements.

• Public water supplies generally furnish suitably treated water to a

building, eliminating the need for treatment in the building.

• Ground and surface waters may require treatment prior to distribution

for human consumption.
WATER QUANTITY AND PRESSURES

• Quantity of water supplied must be adequate for the needs of occupants and
processes to be carried out in the building.

• The total water demand may be calculated by adding the maximum flows at all
points of use and applying a factor less than unity to account for the probability
that only some of the fixtures will be operated.

• the pressure at which water is delivered to a building must lie within acceptable
limits.

• Low pressures may have to be increased by pumps and high pressures

decreased with pressure-reducing valves.
WATER QUANTITY AND PRESSURES
WATER DISTRIBUTION IN BUILDINGS

• Cold and hot water may be conveyed to plumbing fixtures under the pressure of
a water source, such as a public water main, by pumps, or by gravity flow from
elevated storage tanks.

• The water-distribution system should be so laid out that, at each plumbing

fixture requiring both hot and cold water, the pressures at the outlets for both
supplies should be nearly equal.

• Pipe sizes and types should be selected to balance loss of pressure head due to
friction in the hot and cold-water pipes, despite differences in pipe lengths and
sudden large demands for water from either supply.
METHODS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• DIRECT SYSTEM
• INDIRECT SYSTEM
• PUMPING SYSTEM
 DIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

• Building directly connected with city mains through a suitable connection and
meter.

• Successful when water supply is available in adequate quantity and pressure.

• Required minimum pipes.

• More economical water supply system.

DIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

C O N N E C T E D WITH F I X T
URE
BUILDING
CITY MAIN BLOCK
WATER PUMP

TUBE WELL
 INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

• Under ground water storage tank directly connected with city mains.

• Water is carried into overhead tank by pump.

• Water is distributed from overhead tank through gravity system.

INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
OVER HEAD STORAGE
TANK

C O N N E C T E D WITH F I X T U R E
WATER PUMP
BUILDING
BLOCK
CITY MAIN UNDER GROUND
STORAGE TANK
TUBE WELL
PUMPED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

C O N N E C T E D WITH F I X T U R E
Constant pressure BUILDING
CITY MAIN BLOCK
B0OSTER
pump

TUBE WELL
UNDERGROUND TANKS

• Should be water tight and do not leak when empty or full.

• Not located in low-lying areas which may permit entry of surface

water.

• Should not be near sewers, septic tanks, soak pits or oil

tanks.

• Top slab is designed to carry the heavy traffic load.

OVERHEAD TANKS

• Placed on top of buildings should be able to carry both water and tanks load.

• If placed on terraces, bottom should be clear off the terrace level to avoid
leakages.

• Tanks fabricated from galvanized or mild steel sheets should be protected

against corrosion from water .

• Tanks should be protected and kept under proper care and maintenance.
PURPOSE OF WATER
▪ Domestic water demand
DRINKING
BATHING
COOKING
SANITATION

▪ Industrial commercial demand

OFFICES
FACTORIES
HOTELS
TANNERIES

▪ Demand for public use

▪ Fire demand

▪ Loses and wastes

REF:A TEXT BOOK OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENGINEERING

The details of the DOMESTIC consumption are

a) Drinking ------ 5 litres

b) Cooking ------ 5 litres

c) Bathing ------ 55 litres

d) Clothes washing ------ 20 litres

e) Utensils washing ------ 10 litres

f) House washing ------ 10 litres

--------------------------

135 litres/day/capita

REF:A TEXT BOOK OF WATER SUPPLY AND ENGINEERING

THANK YOU