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Here are detailed answers to each question as per the VTU syllabus

The document provides detailed answers to questions related to smart contracts, including definitions, properties, and deployment on blockchain. It explains concepts such as Ricardian Contracts, the role of oracles, Ethereum blockchain components, and programming languages used for smart contracts. Additionally, it covers various operations and their functionalities within smart contracts.

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Tharun Kshatriya
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8 views

Here are detailed answers to each question as per the VTU syllabus

The document provides detailed answers to questions related to smart contracts, including definitions, properties, and deployment on blockchain. It explains concepts such as Ricardian Contracts, the role of oracles, Ethereum blockchain components, and programming languages used for smart contracts. Additionally, it covers various operations and their functionalities within smart contracts.

Uploaded by

Tharun Kshatriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here are detailed answers to each question as per the VTU syllabus:

1. Define Smart Contracts and Mention Its Properties (10 Marks)

Definition:
A smart contract is a computer program stored on a blockchain that automatically executes predefined actions
when specific conditions are met, removing the need for intermediaries.

Properties:

1. Self-executing

2. Transparent

3. Decentralized

4. Secure

5. Immutable

6. Autonomous

7. Efficient

8. Trustless operations

2. With a Neat Diagram, Explain Ricardian Contract Bowtie Model (10 Marks)

A Ricardian Contract is a document that combines legal prose with software code to define a financial
agreement.

Bowtie Model Explanation:

• Left Side: Legal prose (human-readable contract).

• Right Side: Machine-readable software (smart contract logic).

• Core: A digital signature ensures the document's integrity.

Diagram:

• The diagram resembles a bowtie, where the central node is the cryptographic signature,
linking legal prose (left) and machine code (right).

3. Mention the Properties of Ricardian Contract (10 Marks)

1. Readable: Both human and machine-readable.

2. Digitally Signed: Secures integrity and authenticity.

3. Immutable: Once agreed upon, it cannot be altered.

4. Flexible: Allows updates through amendments.

5. Interoperable: Compatible with various systems.

4. Discuss the Role of Oracles in Smart Contracts (10 Marks)


Role:
Oracles provide external data to smart contracts, enabling them to interact with real-world events.

Generic Model Explanation:

1. Input Oracle: Fetches external data (e.g., weather conditions).

2. Processing: Smart contract processes the data.

3. Output Oracle: Sends outcomes to external systems.

Diagram:

• Smart contract at the center interacting with external data sources via oracles.

5. Explain How to Deploy Smart Contracts on a Blockchain (10 Marks)

Steps to deploy a smart contract:

1. Write the contract code (e.g., in Solidity).

2. Compile the code to bytecode.

3. Connect to a blockchain network (e.g., Ethereum).

4. Deploy the bytecode using a wallet or tool like Remix or Truffle.

5. Verify deployment by checking the transaction on a block explorer.

6. Discuss About Ethereum Blockchain with a Neat Diagram (10 Marks)

Ethereum Overview:
Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts using Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

Components:

1. Nodes: Maintain a copy of the blockchain.

2. Accounts: Externally Owned Accounts (EOA) and Smart Contract Accounts.

3. Gas: A fee for executing operations.

Diagram:

• Include layers: Application (dApps), Consensus, EVM, and Blockchain.

7. Write a Note on Precompiled Contracts (10 Marks)

Definition:
Precompiled contracts are optimized, pre-deployed smart contracts included in Ethereum to handle frequently
used operations (e.g., cryptographic functions).

Examples:

1. Elliptic curve addition.

2. SHA-256 hash computation.


8. Write a Note on Programming Languages Used for Smart Contracts in Ethereum (10 Marks)

Programming Languages:

1. Solidity: Primary language for Ethereum smart contracts.

2. Vyper: Python-like, focusing on simplicity and security.

3. Yul: Intermediate language for EVM.

9. Explain the Following (5 Marks Each)

a) Arithmetic Operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division on integers.


b) Logical Operations: AND, OR, NOT, XOR for boolean logic.
c) Cryptographic Operations: Functions like SHA-256 and keccak256 for hashing.
d) Environmental Information: Access runtime environment data (e.g., msg.sender, block.timestamp).
e) Block Information: Retrieve blockchain data (e.g., block.number, block.difficulty).
f) Stack, Memory, Storage, and Flow Operations:

• Stack: Temporary memory for quick access.

• Memory: Resizable temporary memory.

• Storage: Persistent memory.

• Flow: Controls program flow (e.g., JUMP, JUMPI).


g) Push Operation: Adds data to the stack.
h) Duplication Operation: Duplicates the top stack element.
i) Exchange Operations: Swaps two stack elements.
j) Logging Operations: Emits events for monitoring.
k) System Operation: Manages system-level tasks (e.g., contract creation).

Let me know if you need further explanations or diagrams for any topic!

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