GRADE 7; MATHEMATICS

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 WHOLE NUMBERS
All the positive numbers 1; 2; 3; 4; … are called the set of natural numbers. If we include 0 in the
set of natural numbers, we get the set of counting numbers or whole numbers. We use numbers
to add, subtract, multiply and divide. We can also write numbers in a particular order, from
largest to smallest, e.g., 124; 1124; 5124; 9124. When we need to estimate, we can round off
numbers to the nearest 5, 10, 100 or 1000.
Whole numbers – or counting numbers are the numbers, 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; … and are represented by
the symbol Nₒ.
Natural numbers – are whole numbers greater than or equal to 1: (1; 2; 3; 4; …) and are
represented by the symbol N.
Rounding off to the nearest 5:
Look at the last digit of the number (the units digit) and round the number off to the closest
number that 5 divides into.
1; 2 – “Move back to number ending in 0”
3; 4 – “Move forward to the number ending in 5” 6; 7 - “Move back to number ending in 5”
8; 9 - “Move forward to the number ending in 0”

Round off a number to the nearest 10:

When rounding off to the nearest 10, look at the units- digit. Underline the Tens digit - 586
Look at the digit to the RIGHT of the Tens digit - 586
If this digit is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, the Tens stay the same. This is called rounding down. If this digit is
5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, round up. This is called rounding up.
586 rounded to the nearest 10 is 590.
We use the same method to round off to 100 (look at the tens digit) and 1000 (look at the
hundreds digit)
For example: 465 784 rounded off to the nearest 10 is 465 780.
465 784 rounded to the nearest 100 is 465 800.
465 784 rounded to the nearest 1000 is 466 000.
Try this:

Round off 987 516 to:

a) The nearest 5
b) The nearest 10
c) The nearest 100
d) The nearest 1000

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 PROPERTIES OF WHOLE NUMBERS
Adding numbers is called finding the sum, and subtracting numbers is called finding the difference.
Multiplying numbers is called finding the product and dividing numbers is called finding the
quotient.
When you add or multiply numbers, the order of the numbers does not matter, for example: 4 + 5 =
5 + 4 and 4 x 5 = 5 x 4. This is called the commutative property of addition and multiplication.
The order in which you add or multiply numbers also does not matter, for example:

(4+5) +6 = 4 + (5+6) and (4x5) x6 = 4 x (5x6). This is called the associative property of addition
and multiplication.

DISTRIBUTIVE, ASSOCIATIVE AND COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY

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When numbers in brackets are multiplied by a number in front of the brackets, each number inside
the brackets is affected. This property of numbers works for addition and subtraction, for
example: 4(5 + 6) = (4 x 5) + (4 x 6) or 6(5 – 4) = (6 x 5) - (6 x 4). This property is called the
distributive property of multiplication.

Addition and subtraction are called inverse operations. If you add and subtract the same amount
from a number, you end up back where you started. These operations have an effect on each
other, for example: 856 + 12 – 12 = 856.
Multiplication and division are called inverse operations. If you multiply and divide a number by
the same amount, you end up back where you started as the operations have an inverse effect on
each other, for example: 524 x 12 ÷ 12 = 524.

MULTIPLES AND FACTORS

Factors
A factor is a number that divides exactly into a whole number without any remainders. F10
= {1; 2; 5; 10}

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Prime numbers
A prime number has only 2 factors: 1 and itself. The number 2 is the first prime number. We say that
2 x 1 = 2. The number 2 is the only even prime number as all other numbers have more than two
factors. The numbers 2; 3; 5; 7 and 11 are examples of prime numbers because they have only
two factors, the number itself and 1.
e.g. F3 = {1; 3}
3 is therefore a prime number.

Multiples
A multiple is the product of two natural numbers. For example, 24 is multiple of 8 and 3 because
8 x 3 =24. The number 24 is also a multiple of 12 and 2 because 12 x 2 = 24.
Multiplication Tables: M
Multiplication Tables. M7 = {7; 14; 21; 28 ….}

Composite numbers
A composite number has more than 2 factors.
e.g. F20 = {1; 2; 4; 5; 10; 20}

Exercise 1

1. Why is the number 1 neither a prime nor a composite number?

2. Write down the following sets of numbers:
a) Odd numbers between 100 and 120.
b) Even numbers from 364 to 372.
c) Prime numbers greater than 5 but smaller than 27.
d) Multiples of 8 from 48 to 80.

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e) The factors of 36.
f) The first 5 counting numbers.
g) The first 5 natural numbers.
h) The prime factors of 30.
3. Write down ALL the factors of the following numbers:
a) 25
b) 48

4. Write down the first 6 multiples of the following:

a) 10
b) 25
5. Solve the problems below by first rounding off each number to the nearest 10 000.
a) 171 643 + 16 124
b) 399 106 + 71 257 + 9 199
6. Use the same method again but, round off these numbers to the nearest 100:
a) 9 876 543 – 210 369
b) 12 413 x 125
7. Use the same method again but, round off these numbers to the nearest 10:
a) 8 342 x 29
b) 211 x 43

Exercise 2

1. What rule is being used in each of these equations: commutative, associative or

distributive?
a) 2(5 – 3) = (2 x 5) - (2 x 3)
b) 3+7=7+3
c) 2 x (3 x 4) = (2 x 3) x 4
d) 5(7 + 6) = (5 x 7) + (5 x 6)
e) (7 + 9) + 4 = 7 + (9 + 4)
f) 4x7=7x4

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 Multiplication and Division
Examples: Multiplication Calculate 2310 x 35 Answers:
2310 x 35 = 2310 x (30 + 5)
= (231 x 30) + (2310 x 5) Distributive law
= (2310 x 5) + (2310 x 30) Commutative law
= 11550 =69 300
= 80850

In columns, it looks like this:

2310
x 35

11 550 2310 x 5, multiply by units

+ 69 300 2310 x 30, multiply by tens
80 850 Add the two products
together
Division
When we divide large numbers, we use a method called long division. Example:

Do these calculations. Show your method. Not just an answer.

a) 432 128 - 248 529
b) 164 600 + 196 416
c) 35 x 78
d) 5 822 ÷ 16
e) 80 357 + 619 450
f) 231 609 – 218 344
g) 27 x 39
h) 9 206 ÷ 28

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 Exercise 4

1. Use the HORIZONTAL METHOD

a) 456 +350 + 239
b) 648 + 352 + 371

2. Use the VERTICAL METHOD

a) 1 226 x 82
b) 3 437 x 24

HCF and LCM

The HCF and LCM are numbers that share the same factors. These are called common factors and
you can find the highest common factor, HCF, of two or more numbers.
You can also find the lowest common multiple, LCM, of two or more numbers.

Example:
The multiples of 12 are 12 ; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72 ; 84; … and the multiples of 15 are 15; 30;
45; 60; 75; 90; …which means that the LCM of 12 and 15 is 60.
You can use the prime factor method for finding the LCM (or an HCF).

For example:
12 = 2 x 2 x 3 and 15 = 3 x 5 so the LCM is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 which contains all possible prime factors
of both numbers. The HCF of 12 and 15 is 3 as that is the highest factor common to both numbers.
Use prime factors to write numbers in the Factor tree method

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Use prime factors to write numbers in exponential form (Ladder method)
72
2 72
2 36
2 18
3 9
3 3
72 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
= 2³ x 3² 1

Exercise 5
Write in exponential form using only prime numbers as bases. (Ladder Method)
a) 125
b) 256
c) 200
d) 275
e) 588
f) 576
g) 42
h) 484
i) 1125

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 Exercise 6

1. Find the HCF of:

a) 6 and 9:

b) 14 and 18:

c) 30 and 24:

d) 15 and 10:

2. Find the LCM of:

a) 5 and 3:

b) 9 and 6:

c) 8 and 10:

d) 12 and 9:

e) 15 and 20:

Exercise 7
BODMAS stands for Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, and Subtraction.
BODMAS is the order of operation of a mathematical expression.
BODMAS is an acronym to remember the order of mathematical operations – the correct order in
which to solve Mathematics problems.

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Complete the sums below using BODMAS/BOMDAS. No CALCULATORS are allowed. Show
all working out.

a) 30 X 12 ÷ 4 + ¾ 0f 20
b) (17 x 25) x ( 24 ÷ 2 ) – 10 x 10
c) (24 – 14 ) x 25 ÷ 5
d) 235 + 80 x 50 ÷ 10 – ( 215 + ¾ of 8 )
e) 200 ÷ 20 + 285 ÷ 95 – 8 + 4
f) 790 + 1 000 ÷ 125 – 50 ÷ 10
g) 50 + 3 of 75 – 32
5
h) 470 + 692 x 10 ÷ 20 – 630

PROBLEM SOLVING: BRAIN TEASER

Two lighthouse beacons can be seen from the top of a hill. These two beacons start flashing at the
same time. One beacon flashes every 4 minutes and the other flashes every 9 minutes.
Calculate how long it will be before they both flash at the same time again. Use your 4 x and 9 x
table to calculate.

Exercise 8

There are special rules that apply to the number zero and the number one.
1. What happens to numbers when you multiply or divide by 1? Solve these problems.
a) 28×1 =
b) 28÷1 =
c) 8 344×1 =
d) 8 344÷1 =
e) What can you conclude about multiplying or dividing by 1?
2. What happens to numbers when you add or subtract 0? Solve these problems.
a) 429+0 =
b) 429−0 =
c) 5 360+0 =
d) What can you conclude about adding or subtracting 0.

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3. What happens when we multiply by 0?
a) What does it mean when we say 4×0?

4. What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number?

a) 0÷4
b) 0÷8
c) 0÷58
d) 0÷347

5. What happens when we divide by zero?

a) 4÷0
b) 8÷0
c) 58÷0
d) 347÷0

RATIO AND RATE

RATIO
 A ratio is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use the same unit of
measurement.
 A ratio of 5:6 means that for every 5 of the first quantity, there are 6 of the second
quantity.
 Ratio can also be written as a fraction. In the ratio 5:6, the first quantity would be written
as 5 . The second quantity would be written as 6 .
11 11
 Ratios can be simplified, e.g., 10:12 can be simplified to 5:6.
 Another example: The ratio of an original price of a coat to the sale price is R300:R210. We
simplify this to 10:7
RATE
A rate is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use different units of
measurement, e.g., hours (h), minutes (m), Rands (R), millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm), etc.

1. Simplify the ratio 32:16.

Exercise 9
2. Write the fraction 32 /48 in its simplest form.
3. Now write the ratio 32:48 in its simplest form.
4. The ratio of women engineers to men engineers in a construction company is 2:7.
a) There are six women engineers. How many men engineers are there in the company?
b) How many engineers are there in the company altogether?
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c) What fraction of the total number of engineers are women?
d) The company decides to improve their gender equality. The company wants to change the ratio
of women engineers to men engineers to 2:5. The company cannot afford to employ more than 28
engineers in total. When the company achieves this ratio, how many women engineers and men
engineers would they have?

SHARING A “WHOLE” IN A GIVEN RATIO

Share R 2 250,00 in the ratio 3:2:1
 This means 3:2:1 that 3+2+1= 6 parts of the whole 2 250.
 In fraction form, this means 3 of 2 250
6
= 3 x 2 250
= 6 750 ÷ 6
= R 1 125
 2 of 2 250
6
= 2 x 2 250
= 4 500 ÷ 6
= R 750
 1 of 2 250
6
= 2 250 ÷ 6
= R 375

Exercise 10

1. Divide R 200,00 between you and your best friend in the ratio 3:2
2. Divide R 240,00 in the ratio 3:4:5
3. Share 28 sweets between Joe and Amy in the ratio 3:1
4. Share an inheritance of R 50 000,00 between five children in the following ratio 7:9:3:2:4

CALCULATING PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE

When increasing or decreasing a number by a given percentage, write the percentage out of 100
and multiply it by the given number.
Example: Increase R 1 500 by 25%
= 25 x 1500 *Simplify / Cancel if possible
100 1
= R 375
Now add this amount to the original value:
i.e. R1500+R375
= R 1 875
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 If decreasing, you would subtract this amount from the original value.

Example: Decrease R 3 000 by 45%

Decreased amount: R3000–R1350

= R1650

Exercise 11
Rod decides to give his staff a 12% increase on their salaries.
These are the salaries of some of the staff before their increase. What will their salary be after the
increase?
a) R11 800
b) R27 540
c) R4 400

2. Given below are the prices for three items with the same content but different weight and price.
Determine which of the three would be the least expensive to purchase.
a) Sugar: 500g – R5.65;1kg – R11.90; 2kg – R18.99
b) Coffee: 50g – R54.90;100g – R75.80;200g – R99.00
c) Eggs: 6 – R11.40; 12 – R18.80; 30 – R31.99
d) Cereal: 350g – R24.99; 500g – R28.00; 400g – R26.50

3. Give the rate for each of these statements below:

a) A bus travels 480km in 8 hours. (km/h)
b) 12 apples for R 7,20 (R/apple)
c) A tap dripped 300ml of water in half an hour (ml/minute)
d) 19,95 Gigabytes transferred in 19 minutes (Gb/minute)

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 FRACTIONS: PROPER AND IMPROPER FRACTIONS
A fraction is a portion of a whole that has been divided into equal parts. A common fraction is
written as ½ or ¼ or ¾.
The number at the top represents a whole number called the numerator and the number at the
bottom represents a whole number called the denominator.

In proper fractions, the numerator of the fraction is smaller than the denominator.
In improper fractions, the numerator of the fraction is bigger than the denominator.
.

MIXED NUMBERS
Sometimes we write an improper fraction as a mixed number, for example:
8 3
We would write as 1
5 5
The mixed number has a whole number part and a fraction part.

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 CONVERTING FRACTIONS

To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, simply divide the number by the denominator:
Example:
12
= 12 ÷ 5 = 2 r 2
5
2
We write this as 2
5
To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the whole number by the
denominator. Add the numerator to this. Write this answer as the numerator and keep the
denominator the same.

Examples:
8 ½ = Multiply 8 by 2, and then add 1 This will give you a total of 17
17
The improper fraction will therefore be
2

Exercise 12
Convert the improper fractions to mixed numbers:

1. Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions:

2 8 3 4 7
13 ; 17 ; 4 ; 6 ; 9
3 11 7 15 12

Equivalent fractions

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SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
To simplify a fraction, you must reduce the fraction to its smallest form.
To do this, you need to divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same highest common
factor.
12
Example: =∗
30
The highest number that can fit into both 12 and 30 is 6. 6 is therefore the highest common factor
(HCF)
Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor.
12 ÷
6 2
e.g. =
30 6 5
12=
2
SO:
30 5

NB: A common fraction must always be written in the simplest form!

1. Equivalent fractions

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2. Simplifying fractions
18 25 46 24
; 3 ; 9 ; 5
90 45 112 60

FRACTIONS OF QUANTITIES

When asked to work out a fraction of a quantity, use one of the following methods:
Method 1:

Exercise 14

GIVING PARTS OF QUANTITIES AS FRACTIONS

First change the amounts to the same unit of measurement. Write both amounts as fractions.
Reduce the fraction to its simplest form.
Example: What fraction is 20c of R2?

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 Exercise 15

1. Solve the problems given below, in your books, and remember to show your workings:
a) What is 3 of 640?
4
b) What is 2 of 900?
3
c) What fraction is 5 of 800?
8
5
d) What is of 300?
6
e) What fraction is 14 hours of 1 week?
Complete by filling in >, < or =. Show your working out:
Exercise 16

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF COMMON FRACTIONS

If the denominators are different, you must make them the same by finding the lowest
common denominator.
Remember that when changing to the LCD, what you do to the bottom must be done to the top!
Also remember that you must always write your answer in the simplest form.

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