Scribd
Upload
2 views

Lecture 01

The lecture discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction, highlighting Faraday's discovery that a voltage is induced in a conductor when it cuts magnetic flux lines. Key factors affecting the induced voltage include flux density, conductor length, and speed, with specific equations provided for calculations. Additionally, concepts such as Fleming's right-hand rule and Lenz's law are introduced to explain the direction of induced voltage and the behavior of currents in magnetic fields.

Uploaded by

junayad1001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture 01

The lecture discusses the principles of electromagnetic induction, highlighting Faraday's discovery that a voltage is induced in a conductor when it cuts magnetic flux lines. Key factors affecting the induced voltage include flux density, conductor length, and speed, with specific equations provided for calculations. Additionally, concepts such as Fleming's right-hand rule and Lenz's law are introduced to explain the direction of induced voltage and the behavior of currents in magnetic fields.

Uploaded by

junayad1001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

EE 2107

Electrical Machines - I

Lecture 01: Electromagnetic Induction - Part I

Course Teacher
Dr. Kalyan Kumar Halder
Professor
Dept. of EEE, KUET
References

 Direct and Alternating Current Machinery


by J. Rosenblatt and M. H. Friedman

 Electrical Technology – Volume II (AC & DC Machines)


by B. L. Theraja and A. K. Theraja
General
 In 1831, Michel Faraday made an important discovery.
 He learned that a voltage is induced in a conductor if the conductor cuts
lines of magnetic flux.
 This discovery is important as the basic principle of operation of all
rotating generators.

DC generators are in use to -


 supply electricity to homes and factories
 in automobiles and ships
 in wielding and control circuits
 plating of metals
 radio power supplies
Voltage induced in a conductor
In order to have a voltage induced in a conductor we must have a
 conductor
 lines of magnetic flux
 motion that produces cutting of the magnetic lines

The induced voltage (𝑬) depends directly upon


 flux density (𝐵), Wb/m2 (𝐸 ∝ 𝐵)
 length of that part of conductor that actually cuts flux (𝑙), m (𝐸 ∝ 𝑙)
 speed of conductor (𝑣), m/s (𝐸 ∝ 𝑣)

𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 volts (SI units)


Voltage induced in a conductor

Also, 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 × 10−8 volts (English units)

where, 𝐵 is in lines/inch2,
𝑙 is in inch,
𝑣 is in inch/sec.

The above equation applies to a conductor moving in a direction that is at right angles
to lines of flux.
Voltage induced in a conductor
Suppose, we have the same flux density and the same conductor, and the velocity is the
same as previous.
But this time the conductor is moving from the north pole to the south pole.

How much flux does the conductor cut?

- No flux

Therefore, the voltage induced in the conductor under these conditions is zero.
Voltage induced in a conductor
However, suppose the conductor moves in a direction that is neither at right angles nor
parallel to the lines, but instead moves at some angle 𝜃.
The value of voltage induced in the conductor will be between the above two values of
voltage and is given by the formula,

𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin 𝜃 volts (SI units)


𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin 𝜃 × 10−8 volts (English units)
Direction of the induced voltage
Fleming’s right-hand rule:

 Extend the thumb, index finger, and middle finger


of the right hand so they are at right angles to each
other.

 The index finger pointing in the direction of the


lines of flux (from north to south).
 The thumb pointing in the direction of motion of
the conductor.
 The middle finger will point in the direction that
current will flow in the conductor.

 Changing either the direction of motion of the


conductor or the direction of the lines of flux will
cause the direction of the current to change.
Lenz’s law
 When a conductor is moved through a magnetic field a voltage is induced in the
conductor.
 If the circuit is closed, the induced voltage will cause a current flow.
 The magnetic field produced by the current will always oppose the motion of the
conductor.

(a) (b)
Figure: (a) magnetic field produced by the poles and by current in a conductor,
(b) resultant magnetic field.
Induced voltages in series
 In electrical generators, a conductor does not move in a straight line but moves
around an axis.
 Since the voltage induced per conductor is small and larger voltages are often
required, it is necessary to connect the conductors in series.
 Two conductors connected in series are known as a coil of one turn.
Induced voltages in series

 A coil of one turn, however, still does not produce the required voltage.
 To obtain an appreciable voltage for commercial applications, many turns are
needed.
 This would make the coil very bulky and mechanically undesirable.
 To overcome this objection and still obtain the required voltage, a greater number
of coils with fewer turns are used, and this coils are connected in series.
 The total voltage thus available becomes the sum of the voltages induced in each
coil.

You might also like