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Lecture 3

The document covers fundamental concepts in electric circuits, focusing on Ohm's Law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance. It explains key terms such as resistance, conductance, nodes, branches, and loops in circuit analysis. Additionally, it includes examples and practice problems to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

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Azoz 3503
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7 views

Lecture 3

The document covers fundamental concepts in electric circuits, focusing on Ohm's Law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance. It explains key terms such as resistance, conductance, nodes, branches, and loops in circuit analysis. Additionally, it includes examples and practice problems to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Azoz 3503
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty of Engineering

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department

Electric Circuits I (ENEE 305)

1
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
2.1 Ohm’s Law
The resistance R of a material denotes its ability to resist the flow
of electric current; measured in ohms (W).

Where:
𝜌 is known as the resistivity of the
material in ohm-meters.
L is the length.
A is the uniform cross-sectional area.
R stands for the resistance of the
resistor. The resistor is the simplest
passive element.

2
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
2.1 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional
to the current i flowing through the resistor.

The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow of


electric current; measured in ohms (W).

To apply Ohm’s law, we must pay careful attention to the current direction and voltage polarity. The direction
of current i and the polarity of voltage v must conform with the passive sign convention, as shown in Fig.
2.1(b). This implies that current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in order for v = i R. If cur-
rent flows from a lower potential to a higher potential, v = -i R.

3
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero.

An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity.

4
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
A resistor is either fixed or variable.

5
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
Conductance is the ability of an element to conduct electric current; it is measured in
mhos or siemens (S).
(W)

The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed in terms of R.

The power dissipated by a resistor may also be expressed in terms


of G as:

6
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
Example 2.2
In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.8, calculate the current i, the conductance G, and
the power p.

7
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
Example 2.2
In the circuit shown in Fig. 2.8, calculate the current i, the conductance G, and
the power p.

8
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source
or a resistor
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent
loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network
topology:

9
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops
• A branch represents any two-terminal element. The circuit in
Fig. 2.10 has five branches, namely, the 10-V voltage source,
the 2-A current source, and the three resistors.

• If a short circuit (a connecting wire) connects two nodes,


the two nodes constitute a single node.

• A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node,


passing through a set of nodes, and returning to the
starting node without passing through any node more
than once.

10
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
• Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.

• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes
and consequently have the same voltage across them.

11
Chapter 2: Basic Laws
Practice Problem 2.4
How many branches and nodes does the circuit in Fig. 2.14 have? Identify the elements that
are in series and in parallel.

• Five branches and three nodes are identified in the figure above.
• The 1 Ohm and 2 Ohm resistors are in parallel. The 4 Ohm resistor and 10-V source are also in parallel.

12

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