Physics-II

Unit 2: Semiconductor Devices

Lect 4: Basics of Oscillators

Dr. B. K. Sahoo
Associate Professor in Physics, NIT Raipur

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 Physics-II
Unit –2: Solid State Devices (Lecture-4)

Outlines of the Lecture

 Basics of an Oscillator
• Concept and types of feedback
• Frequency generating Tank circuit
• Design of an Oscillator

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 Books

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 Oscillator
• Oscillation: Repeated and regular fluctuation of a quantity
about the mean value: periodic vibrations or waveforms

• Oscillator: an electronic circuit that generates a periodic

waveform (oscillations) of output without external signal.

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 Transistor as Oscillator
• A Transistor can generate this oscillations.
• It is used to convert dc into ac.

Sine wave

Square wave

Sawtooth wave

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 Concept of Oscillators

 To understand the concept of Oscillators, one needs to know

1. Feedback: type and its role

2. Tank circuit: the circuit which produces the frequency

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 Concept of Oscillator: Feedback
• Feedback is addition of some part of output to input.

• Feedback changes performance of Amplifier

• Feedback circuit usually consists of resistors.

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 Concept of Oscillator: Feedback and Gain
Following figure clarifies concept of feedback in amplifier.

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• Gain of the amplifier, A = ratio of output voltage Vo to the input
voltage Vi.

• Feedback network extracts a voltage Vf = β Vo from the output Vo.

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 Concept of Oscillator: Types of Feedbacks

Feedback

Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

Positive feedback: Vi =Vs + Vf =Vs + βVo

Negative feedback: Vi = Vs + Vf = Vs- βVo

β = Vf/Vo is called feedback ratio or feedback fraction.

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 Concept of Oscillator: Overall Gain in feedbacks

 The output of amplifier Vo = A × Vi (A is Gain)

 For negative feedback Vi= Vs – β Vo

Thus, V0=A (Vs – β Vo).

=> Vo = AVs−A β Vo

=> Vo(1+Aβ) = AVs

• Overall Gain is

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 Concept of Oscillator: Loop Gain in feedbacks

• Therefore,

• So, for negative feedback, the overall gain

• In the same way for positive feedback, overall gain is

This is also called closed loop gain

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 Principles for oscillation
• In general A and  are functions of frequency.
• Thus, these may be written as;
Vo As 
A f s   s  
Vs 1  As β s 

A s  β s  is known as loop gain.

• What happens if A  jω 0 β  jω 0   1
•
A f s   

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 Principles for oscillation: Barkhausen criterion
• This is known as Barkhausen criterion.
A  jω 0  β  jω 0   1

• This is condition for generation of oscillation of frequency f0.

• The frequency of oscillation is solely determined by the phase

characteristic of the feedback loop – the loop oscillates at the
frequency for which the phase is zero.

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 Design of Oscillator: -ve Feedback

 An amplifier in negative feedback

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 Design of Oscillator: Role of Negative Feedback
 Voltage is out of phase with the input voltage
 Gain decreased
 Advantages
1. Stability of gain is improved
2. Reduction in distortion
3. Reduction in noise
4. Increase in input impedance
5. Decrease in output impedance
6. Increase in the range of uniform application

 It is because of these advantages negative feedback is

frequently employed in amplifiers.

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 Design of Oscillator: +ve Feedback

 An amplifier in positive feedback

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 Design of Oscillator: Role of Positive Feedback

 Voltage (current) is in phase with the input voltage

 Input signal and feedback signal = phase shift of 180o
 Resultant phase shift around the loop 360o finally in phase
with the input signal.

 Gain increased
 Disadvantages
1. Increasing distortion
2. Instability
The instability generates the oscillation in gain.

Thus, +ve feedback is used for design of oscillators

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 Design of Oscillator: What you Requires?

 An Oscillator is basically an Amplifier with “Positive Feedback”.

 Oscillator works because they overcome the losses of feedback

resonator circuit.

 This is done by a capacitor, inductor or both in the same circuit

by applying DC energy at the required frequency into this
resonator circuit.

 Thus, Oscillators are self sustaining circuits generating a periodic

output waveform at a precise frequency.

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 Design of Oscillator: Three Requirements

 Any electronic circuit to operate as an oscillator, it must have

three elements.

1. Transistor: Device or Agent who will do the job

2. Positive Feedback: It is required for Amplification of

signals

3. Tank circuit: It generates Frequency.

It is called as frequency generating Network

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 Design of Oscillator: Block Diagram

An oscillator has a small signal feedback amplifier with an

open-loop gain equal to or slightly greater than one for
oscillations to start but to continue oscillations the average loop
gain must be equal to unity.
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 Design of Oscillator: Transistor with +ve Feedback

 A Transistor with positive feedback

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Design of Oscillator: Tank circuit

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Design of Oscillator: How Tank circuit works?

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Design of Oscillator: How sinusoidal signal produced?

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Design of Oscillator: How sinusoidal signal produced?

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Design of Oscillator: How much frequency produced?

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 Application of Oscillators

 Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.

• Used as a local oscillator to transform the radio frequency(RF) signals

to IF signals in a receiver;

• Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter

• Used to generate clocks in digital systems;

• Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.

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Thank You and Best Wishes

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