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Integrated Building System-Lecture 09

The document outlines essential fire safety measures for building design, emphasizing the importance of adequate fire appliances, safe escape routes, and the selection of non-flammable materials. It categorizes fire hazards in high-rise buildings based on materials, oxidants, and heat energy, and discusses active and passive fire control methods, including fire detection systems and exit requirements. Additionally, it suggests methods to enhance fire safety through education, regular inspections, and proper storage of flammable materials.

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9 views

Integrated Building System-Lecture 09

The document outlines essential fire safety measures for building design, emphasizing the importance of adequate fire appliances, safe escape routes, and the selection of non-flammable materials. It categorizes fire hazards in high-rise buildings based on materials, oxidants, and heat energy, and discusses active and passive fire control methods, including fire detection systems and exit requirements. Additionally, it suggests methods to enhance fire safety through education, regular inspections, and proper storage of flammable materials.

Uploaded by

220109
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTEGRATED BUILDING SYSTEM

CE 2251

Lecture 09
Good building design with fire safety measures

•Provide adequate fire appliances


•Provide adequate fixed installation
•Proper designing & installing building services
•Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes
•Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or
generate dangerous smoke
•Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes
FIRE FIGHTING

Fire Fighting techniques and equipment


are used to extinguish fires and limit the
damage caused by them. Fire fighting
consists of removing one or more of the
three elements essential to
combustion—fuel, heat, and oxygen—or
of interrupting the combustion chain
reaction.
Sources of Fire Hazards in High-Rise Buildings

SOURCES OF FIRE HAZARDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE TRIANGLE OF FIRE,


NAMELY FROM MATERIALS, OXIDANTS AND HEAT ENERGY .

1 Hazards of Materials

2 Sources of Oxidants

3 Sources of Heat Energy


Sources of Fire Hazards in High-Rise Buildings
1 Hazards of Materials
a)Wood and Wood-Based Products
b)Plastics
c)Textiles
d) Gases
e)Liquids

2 Sources of Oxidants
a) Chemically Bound Oxygen
b) Oxygen in Air

3 Sources of Heat Energy


a) Electrical Heat Energy
b) Chemical Heat Energy
c) Mechanical Heat Energy
Causes of Fire in High-Rise Buildings
1 Fire Ignition
2 Faulty Electricity
3 Smoking
4 Arson
5 Cooking
Types of fire control

There are two types of fire control

A. Active control

B. Passive control
Types of fire control
A. Active control

1.Fire Detection / Fire alarm System :


Fire alarm System can be either manual or automatic.

2.Fire extinguishing systems


It is obligatory to make provision of fire detection and/or fire
extinguishing systems. These systems are described below –
Active control
1. Fire Detection System :
The commonly adopted fire extinguishing systems are described below:

a) Manual Fire alarm System :


This consists of a hand bell or similar sounding
devise emitting distinctive sound when struck.
Such devices are installed near all the main exit
and passages.
b) Automatic alarm System :
This type of system on detection of fire starts
sounding alarms or information to the nearest
control point.
c) Heat detector :

THESE ARE SIMPLEST AND MOST RELIABLE FIRE


DETECTION AND ARE COMMONLY USED IN
BUILDING. THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS
TEMPERATURE DETECTORS.
Active control
d) Smoke detector :

WHEN A FIRE STARTS BEFORE THE FLAME ACTUALLY SURFACE SMOKE IS GENERATED.
THESE DEVICES ARE BEST SUITED FOR AREAS WITHIN A BUILDING WHEN AN ANTICIPATED
FIRE WOULD PRODUCE A LARGE COLUMN OF SMOKE BEFORE THE TEMPERATURE OF A
FIRE IS SUFFICIENT TO OPERATE HEAT DETECTORS.
Active control
2. FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM :
THE COMMONLY ADOPTED FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS ARE DESCRIBED BELOW:

A) MANUAL FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM :

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER CAN BE OF CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE, LARGE FOAM


GENERATION TYPE AND SO ON. DEPENDING UPON THE CAPACITY, THE DISCHARGE
FROM A FIRE EXTINGUISHER MAY LAST 20 TO 120 SECONDS. SOMETIMES BUCKETS
FULL OF WATER AND DRY SAND ARE ALSO INSTALLED.
Active control
B) FIRE HYDRANTS:
THIS CONSISTS IN PROVIDING A L50MM DIAMETER RING MAIN OUTSIDE IN THE
GROUND AROUND THE PERIPHERY OF THE BUILDING.

THE RING MAIN IS FED FROM AN UNDERGROUND WATER TANK AND IT IS ENSURED
THAT THE WATER PRESSURE AVAILABLE AT EACH FIRE HYDRANT IS OF THE ORDER
OF 3.5KG/CM 2.
Active control
C) WET RISER SYSTEM:

1. 100 TO 150 MM DIA VERTICAL G.I. PIPES AT SUITABLE LOCATIONS WITHIN THE
BUILDING.

2. THE RISERS ARE FED FROM UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE LANK THROUGH
A FIRE PUMP WHICH SUPPLIES WATER AT 2.3KG/CM2 AT THE TOPMOST OUTLET.

3. THE WET RISERS HAVE SUITABLE CONNECTIONS AT EACH FLOOR FROM WHERE
CONSTANT SUPPLY OF WATER CAN BE DRAWN IN THE EVENT OF FIRE.

wet riser system


Active control
D) SPRINKLER SYSTEM:

PIPES ARE NORMALLY 20MM DIA


THE PIPES RECEIVE SUPPLY OF WATER NORMALLY 40MM DIA.

There are three types of sprinkler system


1)Wet pipe
2)Dry pipe
3)Pre-action

sprinkler system Bashundhara City


Active control
Sprinkler spacing and coverage

Minimum
Design Water * Minimum Area duration of
Hazard
Density (sq.m) water
availability
Light 2.25 mm/min. 84 sq.m 30 min.
Ordinary 5.0 mm/min. 144 to 216 sq.m 60 min.
7.5 to 30.0
High 260 to 300 sq.m 90 min.
mm/min.
Active control
Fire Pump:
A fire pump is a part of a fire sprinkler system's water supply.
Active control
e) Stand pipe system:
In multi- storied building the hose from fire fighting equipment cannot reach
the upper floors, therefore a stand pipe system must be designed for such a
Structure.

stand pipe system


Active control
PASSIVE CONTROL

National building code


Corridor:
User should find exits at every end of the corridor. Closed corridor
should not more than 10 m.
PASSIVE CONTROL

Maximum walking distance should not more than 23 m.

Height of the corridor is minimum 2.4 m.

The size of Corridor according to number of users:

User Width
50 or less than 50 0.9 m
More than 50 1.1 m
More than 150 1.8 m
PASSIVE CONTROL

Types of Exits
Building codes generally indicate what types of facilities may
qualify as exits. These usually include:

Exit Passageway
Exit Doors
Stairs
Ramps
Refuge floors
PASSIVE CONTROL

Exit Passageways
Horizontal extensions of vertical exits, or a passage leading from
a yard or court to an outdoor space. Minimum floor to-ceiling
height is the same as for corridors. Width should be at least that
of the vertical exit. Building codes may require the passageway
enclosures to have a 2-hr fire rating.
PASSIVE CONTROL

Exit Doors
doors providing access to streets
doors to stairs and exit passageways

There should be one exit door for every 50 persons.


Minimum width of the door is 1 m & height is 2 m.
The exit door should be side swinging.
The door should be of outer direction if the user number is more than 50.
PASSIVE CONTROL
Stair Minimum width of stair is 1.5 m.

Stair should be made of Hand rail should be There should be a


fire proofing material placed both side of additional hand rail at
Landing should not less than the stair. the middle if the width
the width of the stair. of the stair is more than
2.2 m.
PASSIVE CONTROL
The height of the step could be maximum 200 mm only if it is not used by any
disable.
The stair could be placed surrounding the lift shaft if the shaft is made of fire
proofing material.

Location of Exit Stair


All exits and access facilities should be placed so as to be clearly
visible to occupants
PASSIVE CONTROL

Ramp
Minimum width of the ramp should not be less than the width of the corridor.

Slop of the ramp should not be less than 1:12.

There should be provided hand rail at the both side if the slop is more than 1:15.
PASSIVE CONTROL

Refuge Floor
• A floor designated for holding occupants in a
super high-rise buildings.

•at least one refuge floor at an interval of not


more than 20 storeys.

•fire resistance rating not less than 2 hours.


Refuge Floor International Finance Center,
Hong Kong •At least 50% of the gross floor area of the refuge
floor shall be designated as holding area.

•The size of the holding area shall be adequate


to accommodate at least half the total
occupant load of all stories above and below
the refuge floor.

•The holding area shall be naturally ventilated.

Refuge Floor Nina Tower, Hong Kong


PASSIVE CONTROL
Height and Area Restrictions

To limit the spread of fire and the length of travel of occupants to places of
refuge- buildings may be compartmented horizontally and vertically. Fire-
resistant floors and ceilings are used to prevent fire from spreading from story to
story.

Fire rating of exit access corridor is


minimum 1 h.

User number Minimum exit number


500 or less than 500 2

501-1000 3

More than 1000 4


Methods to Enhance Fire Safety of High-Rise Building Users

1. Conduct more educational and training.


2. Assign specific personnel as Building Emergency Response Staff.
3. Conduct regular inspection of electrical.
4. Ensure that all areas under renovation are regularly inspected.
5. Implement regular pest control program.
6. Implement good and regular housekeeping programs.
7. Ensure flammable materials are stored in a safe area.
8. Ensure there are clear or “glow in the dark” signage indicating exit routes and location of fire
safety equipment.
9. Conduct fire and evacuation drills on a regular basis.
10. Distribute pamphlets or leaflets containing emergency procedures and evacuation plans.
11. Install high-tech fire safety equipment.
12. Increase law enforcement to ensure compliance to statutory requirements.
THANK YOU

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