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Ex 05

The experiment aims to verify nodal analysis principles by comparing calculated nodal voltages in a resistive circuit with measured values. Results indicate that theoretical and measured voltages are closely aligned, with minor discrepancies attributed to measurement errors and component tolerances. Overall, the findings support the reliability of nodal analysis for circuit design and analysis.

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6 views

Ex 05

The experiment aims to verify nodal analysis principles by comparing calculated nodal voltages in a resistive circuit with measured values. Results indicate that theoretical and measured voltages are closely aligned, with minor discrepancies attributed to measurement errors and component tolerances. Overall, the findings support the reliability of nodal analysis for circuit design and analysis.

Uploaded by

azazarfin54
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 05

Name of the Experiment: Verification of Nodal Analysis.


Objective:
To verify the theoretical principles of nodal analysis by calculating the nodal voltages in a simple
resistive circuit and comparing them with the measured values.

Theory:
Nodal analysis is a fundamental technique in circuit analysis based on Kirchhoff's Current Law
(KCL), which states that the sum of currents at a node is zero. By applying KCL, equations are
derived for unknown node voltages with respect to a reference ground node. The theoretical
voltages can then be compared to measured voltages to validate the analysis.
For a circuit with supply voltage 𝑉𝑠 and resistors 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 ,….. the nodal voltages are determined by
solving simultaneous equations derived from KCL.
The percentage error between theoretical (𝑉𝑡 ) and measured (𝑉𝑚) voltage is calculated using the
formula:
𝑉𝑡 −𝑉𝑚
Error, 𝑒 = | | × 100%
𝑉𝑡

Required Apparatus:
• Voltmeter (2 pieces; 0-125 V)
• Resistor (4 pieces: 70  40 , 50 , 30 )
• Variable Resistor (1 piece; 1-100 )
• DC voltage source (0-60 V)
• Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Figure - 1: Circuit Diagram


Data Table:

Nodal Voltage, V1 Nodal Voltage, V2


SL 𝑽𝒔 𝑹
No. (V) (Ω) 𝑽𝒕 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝟏 Vt 𝑽𝒎 𝒆𝟐
(V) (V) (%) (V) (V) (%)

01 22 10.345 11.25 8.75 2.094 2.50 19.39

02 40 100 10.788 10.50 2.67 3.407 3.50 2.73

03 60 10.667 10.70 0.31 3.048 3.00 1.57

Calculation:

When 𝑹 = 22:
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3
40−𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 −𝑉2
 = +
70 40 50

 83𝑉1 – 28𝑉2 = 800 (1)


𝑖3 = 𝑖4 + 𝑖5
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
 + =
30 22 50

 33𝑉1 – 163𝑉2 = 0 (2)


From equations (1) & (2), we get-
𝑉1 = 10.345 V; 𝑉2 = 2.094 V
When 𝑹 = 100 :
𝑖3 = 𝑖4 + 𝑖5
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
 + =
30 100 50

 6𝑉1 – 19𝑉2 = 0 (3)


From equations (1) & (3), we get-
𝑉1 = 10.788 V; 𝑉2 = 3.407 V
When 𝑹 = 60 :
𝑖3 = 𝑖4 + 𝑖5
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉1 −𝑉2
 + =
30 60 50

 2𝑉1 – 7𝑉2 = 0 (4)


From equations (1) & (4), we get-
𝑉1 = 10.667 V; 𝑉2 = 3.048 V
Error Calculation,
10.345−11.25
1) 𝒆𝟏 = | | × 100 % = 8.75%
10.345

2.094−2.50
𝒆𝟐 = | | × 100 % = 19.39%
2.094

10.788−10.50
2) 𝒆𝟏 = | | × 100 % = 2.67%
10.788

3.407−3.50
𝒆𝟐 = | | × 100 % = 2.73%
3.407

10.667−10.70
3) 𝒆𝟏 = | | × 100 % = 0.31%
10.667

3.048−3.0
𝒆𝟐 = | | × 100 % = 1.57%
3.048
Simulation Result:

Figure - 2: Simulation Result

Discussion:
The experiment confirms the accuracy of nodal analysis by showing that the theoretical and
measured voltages are very similar. Small differences are likely due to factors like measurement
errors, resistor tolerances, and connection issues. These are common in real-life circuits and
explain why perfect matches are hard to achieve. Overall, the results show that nodal analysis is a
reliable method for analyzing and designing circuits.

References:
• Charles K. Alexander, Matthew Sadiku (2017). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th
Edition. McGraw-Hill Education.

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