LSC 1103 course review

Term Meaning Example

The role of communication in the workplace & Selecting appropriate words
Formal = ‫رسمي‬ More professional, more I would like to request
academic, more polite, more your position to attend
distant. the meeting tomorrow.
Informal = ‫غير رسمي‬ Less professional, less academic, Can I come to the meeting
more relaxed, more close. tomorrow?
Abstract = ‫غير واضح‬ Vague, unclear. The majority of students
passed.
Concrete = ‫واضح‬ Stand for things you can see, feel, 62% of students passed.
touch, taste, smell.
Vague = ‫غير واضح‬ Not clear, lacks details. I’ll see you soon.
Specific = ‫واضح‬ Clear and detailed. I’ll see you tomorrow at
8am.
Connotation (indirect meaning) The emotional value of a word He is fat. Direct meaning
He is overweight.
Positive connotation The emotional value of a word is You can develop your
good and may make people writing by working on
happy. these things.
Negative connotation The emotional value of a word is Your writing is full of
bad, and may make people sad. mistakes.
Denotation (direct meaning) The basic meaning of a word. The text is blue. Blue is the
basic, direct meaning of a
word.

The girl is blue. Do I mean

she is actually that colour
(direct meaning), or that she
is a bit sad and depressed
(indirect meaning)?
Appropriate = ‫مناسب‬ Correct or suitable for a particular If you want to go out in
situation or context. the snow, you need to
wear appropriate warm
clothing.
Inappropriate = ‫غير مناسب‬ Incorrect or unsuitable for a He arrived at the meeting
particular situation or context. in jeans and a t-shirt.
Totally inappropriate!
Writing clear sentences
Unrelated ideas Ideas that are not connected and I visited Expo 2020 last
should not be in the same week, and I’m studying
sentence. Health Science at college.
Excessive detail = ‫كثره المعلومات‬ Using more information than is Please come to see me in
necessary. my office as soon as
possible. My office has
green walls, three red
chairs, and two desks. My
office is in room P157,
next to the library.
Incomplete sentences ‫جمله ناقصه‬ Sentences that are not complete. Because I was very tired.
Complete sentences must have a
subject, verb, and a complete
thought.
Faulty parallelism The structure of a sentence is not After work, I drove to
grammatically parallel. Parts of a the mall, went to the
sentence do not agree with each
supermarket and buy some
other.
food for dinner. bought

The last verb should agree

with the others. It needs
to be bought.
Coordinating conjunction FANBOYS (for, and, nor,but, or, I was feeling sick, so I
(no conjunction) yet, so). Linking words that are went to see the doctor.
I went to the mall to buy some used in compound sentences.
cloth
I wanted to visit my
(with conjunction)
I will go to the mall, so I can get friend, but I didn’t have
some food time.
Subordinating conjunction Linking words that are used in Incorrect
complex sentences (after, I was late for the meeting
because, before, if, when, as because my car broke
soon as etc.)
down.
=
Correct
Because my car broke
down, I was late for the
meeting.
Unity A single, clear idea. The two parts of the sentence
below do not show unity.
They are about very different
unrelated ideas things.

‫فكره وحده وواضحه‬ I visited Expo 2020 last

week, and I’m studying
Health Science at college.
Writing clear paragraphs
Concise = ‫مختصر وواضح‬ Giving lots of information in a
short and clear way.
Topic sentence = ‫جمله افتتاحيه‬ A sentence, usually at the
beginning of a paragraph, that
clearly states the main idea of
the paragraph.
Coherent paragraph ‫جمل تكمل‬ Sentences in a paragraph
= ‫بعضها‬ logically follow each other. They
flow.
Incoherent paragraph ‫جمل‬ Sentences in a paragraph do not
= ‫ماتكمل بعضها‬ flow. They do not logically follow
each other.
Transitional devices ‫اداة التحويل‬ Linking words that help link
= sentences together in a
paragraph. E.g. additionally, in
addition, moreover,
furthermore, on the other hand,
secondly, finally etc.
Repetition = ‫اعاده‬ Repeating, or saying the same
thing again.
Pronouns = ‫ضمائر‬ Words like he, they, them, these, Please fill in this
those etc. They help avoid application form and give
repetition. return it to me before the
end of the week.
Language mechanics
Capital letter A S D W The big form of a letter that must
be used at the start of a
sentence, for names, and for the
pronoun I.
Punctuation " : ; , ‫عالمات الترقيم‬ Marks (full stops, commas,
?! = question marks etc.) that are
used in writing to separate
sentences and help make
meaning clear.
End of sentence punctuation . ? Full stop.
! Question mark?
Exclamation mark!
Comma , ,
Space There should be one space
between words and one space
after punctuation marks.
Noun = ‫اسم‬ A person, place, thing.
Verb = ‫فعل‬ An action or doing word (talk,
swim, play etc.)
A grammar/state verb (am, is,
are, have, want, etc.)
Adjective = ‫صفه‬ A word that describes a noun. The film was very
exciting.
This is a very
uncomfortable chair.
Adverb = ‫وصف‬ A word that describes a verb. He always drives very
carefully.
Subject = ‫موضوع‬ The person or thing that does the He always drives very
verb/action in a sentence. Usually carefully.
a noun or pronoun.
My sister helped me with
my homework.
Object = ‫شيئ‬ The person or thing that receives My sister helped me with
the verb/action in a sentence. my homework.
Subject-Verb agreement The subject and the verb need to The books is very
agree with each other. interesting and has a lot
of useful information.

The books are very

interesting and have a lot
of useful information.
Spelling The correct written form of a
word.
Email writing
Direct approach Goes straight to the point.
Normal with good news
messages.
Indirect approach Does not go straight to the point.
Normal with bad news messages.
Subject = ‫موضوع‬ The line at the top of an email
that clearly and specifically states
the topic of the email. It should
not give the bad news.
Greeting = ‫ترحيب‬ The part of the email where the
Dear writer says hello to the readers. It
Hello must be appropriate. More
Greetings Students, formal contexts need a more
formal greeting.
Closing The part of the email where the Thank you for your
writer says goodbye to the understanding.
Best regards, readers. It must be appropriate.
yousif In a formal message, it should
Janet Smith
include a polite phrase, the
writer’s full name, and the
writer’s job title/position. Finance Manager
Buffer = ‫تهيئ الشخص للخبر السيئ‬ A sentence at the beginning of an
email that introduces the topic
but does not give the bad news.
Justification = ‫ سبب‬,‫توضيح‬ The reasons for something (e.g.
the reasons for the bad news.)
Informative presentations
Visuals ‫= مرئيات‬ Things that you look at (pictures,
graphs, charts etc.)
Contrast = ‫وضوح‬ Being very different and The text is very hard to
therefore easy to see. For read because of the weak
example a light colour like white colour contrast.
contrasts very strongly with a
dark colour like black.
Alignment = ‫ مرتب‬, ‫ترتيب‬ How things are arranged & lined
up on a document.
Proximity = Grouping the How close together or far apart
similarities things are.
Theme The background design or
template of a presentation.
Animation A visual effect on a slide that Jnoidsfsjdnfjdsf
helps to control the delivery of
information on a slide and also Asdjnajnofjfjnfanfdajnfan
makes the slide more dynamic. Faifdjanfjafnj
E.g. items on a list can appear ajnsfdajnfjfjnafjnafnja
one at a time.
Transition A visual effect that happens when
you move from one slide to the
next in PowerPoint.
Consistent slide design The slides all follow the same
design style. They look like one
presentation.
Inconsistent slide design The slides do not follow the same
design style. They look like they
come from different
presentations.
Hook A way of getting the attention of
your audience at the start of a
presentation (e.g. an surprising
fact or an interesting picture).
Confidence The feeling that you are in
control.
Competence You know what you are talking
about.
Sincerity The quality of being honest,
truthful, and real.
Facial expression How you use your face to
communicate (e.g. eye contact,
smiles, frowns etc.)
Gesture = ‫لغه الجسد‬ Body language. How you use your
body to communicate.
Determining report factors & Report titles
Informative report A report that aims to provide
information, to inform.
Problem solving report A report that aims to identify the
causes of a problem &/or suggest
solutions.
Evaluation study = ‫تقرير تقييميي‬ A report that compares options
before deciding on the best
choice.
Purpose = ‫الهدف‬ The aim or goal of something.
Subtopic = ‫مواضيع ثانويه‬ Different areas of a topic that
might need to be considered.
Report title = ‫عنوان التقرير‬ Should include the type of report
& the purpose of the report.
5 Ws & 1 H Important question words who, The college is doing a review
what, where, why, when, how. class tomorrow to make the
students ready for the final
The report findings & analysis
Visual A graph, chart, table etc. in a
report. Something that presents
information visually.
Title (for a visual) The name that you give to a
chart/graph etc. It is positioned
above the visual.
Caption (for a visual) ‫وصف‬ The description that you give a
= ‫الرسم البياني‬ visual. It is positioned below the
visual and often includes some of
the 5 Ws & 1 H.
Research = ‫بحث‬ A method of collecting data.
Could be a survey, an interview,
an observation, background
reading, an experiment, a cost
analysis etc.
Context = I went to the mall to All the details that are related to
buy some clothes. I need new a particular situation. You can
cloths only fully understand something
when you consider the context.
Respondent ‫شخص تفاعل \ جاوب‬ A person who answers (responds
= ‫عالتقرير‬ to) a survey or interview
questions.
The majority ‫ االغلبيه اكثر من النص‬Most, more than 50%.
=
The vast majority ‫االغلبيه اكثر من‬ Much more than half, 75% or
75% = more.
The most common / the most Something that most people said,
popular. = ‫شي معروف‬ did, or liked.
Documentation of sources (APA referencing) = ‫مراجع‬
Source = ‫مصدر‬ A place where you get
information (e.g. a book,
website, academic journal etc.)
Cite = ‫اعطي توثيق للشخص الكاتب‬ To give credit to another author
in your own work.
Quote (“”) Using another person’s exact
words in your work and giving
them credit.
Paraphrase ‫نقل كالم مع توثيق‬ Putting another person’s ideas
= ‫المصدر‬ into your words and giving them
credit.
Plagiarism = ‫ سرقه عمل شخص اخر‬Submitting another person’s
work as yours. Cheating.
Publisher = ‫الموزع‬ The company or organization that
printed or produced the work.
In-text citation (parenthetical Noting the author’s surname and
citation) ‫مصدر في وسط البراقراف‬ year of publication next to any
‫= اسم الشخص مع سنه النشر‬ words or ideas taken from a
source.
End of text references Details of all the sources used in
(reference list) = ‫لستة مراجع‬ your work, including name, date,
title, and publisher.
APA referencing The method of referencing used
at HCT.
Surname = ‫اسم العائله‬ The last name or family name.
Also the more formal way to talk
about someone and therefore
more appropriate for academic
work.
First name The first name (given name) of a
person. It is a more informal way
to talk about someone, which is
why you use it with your friends.
Recommendations
Suggest = ‫اقتراح‬ What do you recommend? What
should we do?
Recommend ‫توصيه‬ What do you suggest?
Logical ‫منطقي‬ Your recommendations must
make sense. They must be logical
and based on the report findings.