Aspects of the Personality  Youngest

• Openness  usually spoiled

• Agreeableness  always ambitious
• Extraversion  may be accustomed to always getting their way
 can be very charming and adventurous
• Neuroticism
 Only Child
• Conscientiousness  very sweet and affectionate
Dimensions of the Self  mature intellectually
 likes being the center of adult attention
• Physical
Defence Mechanisms
• Emotional
• Mental Social  Projection -
• Spiritual  Displacement -
Stages of Development:  Repression -
A. Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages  Suppression -
 Regression -
• Oral Stage(0 -1yrs) - Mouth
 Denial -
• Anal Stage(1 – 3yrs) - Bowel and Bladder Control
 Sublimation -
• Phallic Stage(3 – 6yrs) - Genitals
 Undoing -
• Latent Stage(6 - Puberty) – Dormant sexual feelings
 Compensation -
• Genital Stage(Puberty - Death) – Maturing sexual interests
 Splitting -
 Conversion -
B. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages  Dissociation -
 Isolation -
• Infancy – Trust vs. Mistrust
• Toddler – Autonomy vs. Doubt Theories, Mechanisms and Concepts by Sigmund Freud
• Preschool – Initiative vs. Guilt Psychoanalytic Theory
• School – Industry vs. Shame and Doubt
• Adolescence – Identity vs. Identity Confusion
• Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Middle Age – Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Older Adulthood – Integrity vs. Despair
Theories, Concepts and Terms stated by Alfred Adler:
“Encouragement is the key to self-development”
Personality according to Adler
He defined it as the individual’s style of life or characteristic
manner of responding to life’s problems
Freud’s Mental Iceberg
Concepts in his theory:

• Inferiority Complex
• Style of Life
• Order of Birth
Order of Birth

• First Born
 focus of attention
 known to be authoritarian
 can be very responsible and helpful
 parent expectations are usually very high
 often given responsibility and expected to set an example
• Second born/Middle Child
 extremely ambitious
 the most fortunate
 can adapt and acquire very good social skills
Concepts by Carl Gustav Jung: ▪ Negative Self-Concepts
 Self-Criticism
• Introvert - a person who tends to be quiet, imaginative and more  Self-Doubt
interested in ideas than in other people
 Excessive will to please others
• Extrovert - a person who tends to be sociable, outgoing, and  Perfectionism
interested in people and things • Personal Effectiveness
Archetypes  Experience
 Knowledge
• Anima - Female counterpart of the male psyche  Skills
• Animus – Male counterpart of the female psyche Skills that will increase the efficiency of a person:

• Determination
• Oedipus Complex – The son becomes jealous of the father over • Self Confidence
the mother’s attention
• Persistence
• Electra Complex – The daughter becomes jealous of the mother
• Managing Stress
over the father’s attention
• Problem Solving skills
• Creativity
Concepts by George Herbert Mead: • Generating Ideas
Origin of the Self Parts of the Brain
Product of an individual’s social interaction with another  Occipital lobe
individual.  This is found in the back of the brain.
 The area is involved with the brain's ability to recognise
Concept of the Self objects.
 It is responsible for our vision.
• Self-Ideal  Temporal lobe
 The perfect image of self the individual would like to attain  The temporal lobes are found on either side of the
• Self-Identity brain and just above the ears.
 Molded by various factors  The temporal lobes are responsible for hearing,
memory, meaning, and language.
 Begins to understand the significant symbols that represent his
 They also play a role in emotion and learning.
mother, father, etc.
 The temporal lobes are concerned with interpreting
• Self-Evaluation and processing auditory stimuli.
 Important to become life-long learners  Parietal lobe:
 Helps the individual to assess what they know and not and  The parietal lobes are found behind the frontal lobes,
what they would like to know above the temporal lobes, and at the top back of the
• Self-Direction brain.
 They are connected with the processing of nerve
 Used to describe the freedom that a person has regarding to impulses related to the senses, such as touch, pain,
their own destiny. taste, pressure, and temperature.
 A self-directed person maintains his personal control and  They also have language functions.
freedom of action  Frontal lobe:
Characteristics of the Self  It is concerned with emotions, reasoning, planning,
movement, and parts of speech.
• Self is not an entity but a process  It is also involved in purposeful acts such as creativity,
• Self is reflexive judgment, and problem solving, and planning
• Self is comprised of attitudes  Cerebral cortex:
• Self is the means whereby social control becomes self-control  The cerebral cortex controls your thinking, voluntary
movements, language, reasoning, and perception.
Dimensions of the Self  In higher mammals the cortex looks like it has lots of
wrinkles, grooves and bumps.
• Self-Image  Cerebellum:
 Positive Self-Image  Controls your movement, balance, posture, and
 Negative Self-Image coordination.
• Self Esteem  New research has also linked it to thinking, novelty,
and emotions.
• Self-Concept
 The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional
▪ Positive Self-Concepts:
brain" and is found buried within the cerebrum.
 Flexibility
 Realistic
 Optimism
 Desire to Change
 Hypothalamus: Types of Neurons
 Controls your body temperature, emotions, hunger, thirst,
appetite, digestion and sleep. • Sensory neurons
 The hypothalamus is composed of several different areas and  Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by
is located at the base of the brain. sensory input from the environment
 It is only the size of a pea (about 1/300 of the total brain • Motor neurons
weight), but is responsible for some very important  Motor neurons of the spinal cord are part of the central
behaviours. nervous system (CNS) and connect to muscles, glands
• Thalamus: and organs throughout the body. These neurons
 Controls your sensory integration and motor integration. transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and
smooth muscles (such as those in your stomach), and so
 Receives sensory information and relays it to the cerebral
directly control all of our muscle movements.
cortex.
 The cerebral cortex also sends information to the thalamus
There are in fact two types of motor neurons:
which then transmits this information to other parts of the
▪ Lower Motor Neurons: Spinal Cord to Muscles
brain and the brain stem.
▪ Upper Motor Neurons: Brain to Spinal Cord
• Pituitary gland:
 It controls your hormones and it helps to turn food to
• Interneurons
energy.
 As the name suggests, interneurons are the ones in
 Without this gland you could eat but you wouldn't get any
between - they connect spinal motor and sensory
energy from the food.
neurons.
• Pineal gland:
 As well as transferring signals between sensory and
 This part controls your growing and maturing.
motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate
 It is activated by light so if you were born and lived all your with each other, forming circuits of various complexity.
life in a place without a trace of light your pineal gland would They are multipolar, just like motor neurons.
never start to work.
Neurotransmitters
• Amygdala:
 The amygdala (there are two of them) control your emotions Amino Acids
such as regulating when you're happy or mad.
 Your amygdala is very important, without it you could win • Glutamate
the lottery and feel nothing, you wouldn't be happy.  This is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter of
• Hippocampus: your nervous system.
 Forms and stores your memories (scientists think there are  It’s the most abundant neurotransmitter in your brain.
other things unknown about the hippocampus) and is
involved in learning.  It plays a key role in cognitive functions like thinking,
learning and memory.
 If you didn't have it, you wouldn't be able to remember
anything. • Gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA)
• Mid- brain:  GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
 This section controls your breathing, reflexes, and your of your nervous system, particularly in your brain.
swallowing reflexes.  It regulates brain activity to prevent problems in the areas
 Includes the Thalamus, Hippocampus, and Amygdala. Every of anxiety, irritability, concentration, sleep, seizures and
living thing has to have a mid-brain. depression.
• Pons • Glycine
 Part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain. It is involved in
motor control and sensory analysis... for example,  Glycine is the most common inhibitory
information from the ear first enters the brain in the pons. neurotransmitter in your spinal cord.
 It has parts that are important for the level of consciousness  Glycine is involved in controlling hearing processing,
and for sleep. pain transmission and metabolism.
 Some structures within the pons are linked to the
Monoamines
cerebellum, thus are involved in movement and posture.
• Medulla Oblongata • Serotonin
 This structure is the caudal-most part of the brain stem,
 Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Serotonin
between the pons and spinal cord.
helps regulate mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, anxiety,
 It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as
appetite and pain.
breathing, digestion and heartbeat.
• Histamine
 Histamine regulates body functions including
Neurons wakefulness, feeding behaviour and motivation.
 Histamine plays a role in asthma, bronchospasm,
• Axon – The long, thin structure in which action potentials are
mucosal edema and multiple sclerosis.
generated; the transmitting part of the neuron.
• Dendrite – The receiving part of the neuron.
• Soma – Cell body
• Dopamine • Marijuana - Marijuana affects how your senses perceive
 Dopamine plays a role in your body’s reward system, which the world. The THC found in marijuana can produce
includes feeling pleasure, achieving heightened arousal and feelings of euphoria and relaxation, but it can also impair
learning. memory and cause coordination problems.
• Designer Drugs - Designer drugs, formerly known as
 Dopamine also helps with focus, concentration, memory,
"legal highs," are chemicals that are produced to mimic
sleep, mood and motivation.
the effects of other psychoactive substances such as
• Epinephrine stimulants, hallucinogenics, sedatives, or a combination
 Epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine (see
below) are responsible for your body’s so-called “fight-or-flight DSM IV
response” to fear and stress.
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
 These neurotransmitters stimulate your body’s response by
Made by the APA (American Psychiatric Association)
increasing your heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood
sugar and blood flow to your muscles, as well as heighten Diff Categories:
attention and focus to allow you to act or react to different
stressors. 1. Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence
 Too much epinephrine can lead to high blood pressure, • Learning Disabilities
diabetes, heart disease and other health problems. As a drug,  Dyslexia
epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis, asthma attacks, cardiac • Mental Retardation
arrest and severe infections.  Autism
• Norepinephrine  Down Syndrome
 Norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) increases blood • Separation Anxiety
pressure and heart rate.  Anxiety Disorder
 It’s most widely known for its effects on alertness, arousal, • Selective Mutism
decision-making, attention and focus. 2. Substance-related Disorder
• Alcoholism
Peptides
• Psychoactive Drugs
• Endorphins 3. Schizophrenia
 Endorphins are your body’s natural pain reliever. • Disorganized
• Paranoia
 They play a role in our perception of pain.
• Catatonic(Frozen)
 Release of endorphins reduces pain, as well as causes “feel
good” feelings. All types may include:
▪ Hallucinations – A chance of it happening
Acetylcholine ▪ Delusions – Fake belief
 This excitatory neurotransmitter does a number of functions in ▪ Neurosis – Mild stress, depression, anxiety
your central nervous system (CNS [brain and spinal cord]) and  Can disappear
in your peripheral nervous system (nerves that branch from the ▪ Psychosis – Clinical Disorder
CNS). Prevention: Oral Medication
 Acetylcholine is released by most neurons in your autonomic Treatment: None
nervous system regulating heart rate, blood pressure and gut
4. Mood Disorder
motility.
• Bipolar Mood Disorder
 Acetylcholine plays a role in muscle contractions, memory,
motivation, sexual desire, sleep and learning. 5. Anxiety Disorder
 Imbalances in acetylcholine levels are linked with health issues, • Phobias
including Alzheimer’s disease, seizures and muscle spasms. • PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
• CPTSD (Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Psychoactive Drugs
• OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)
• Depressants -These drugs can calm the brain, cause sleepiness, 6. Somatoform
and make a person feel relaxed. However, they can also cause • Hypochondriasis – Health anxiety
nightmares, anxiety, and aggression. Alcohol is an example of a • Psychosomatic - A condition in which psychological
depressant. stresses adversely affect physiological (somatic)
• Stimulants - These include drugs such as cocaine and caffeine. functioning to the point of distress.
Stimulants can increase energy, alertness, and wakefulness.
7. DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder)
• Opiates - These are pain-killing drugs that increase feelings of
• Split Personality Disorder
happiness or euphoria and create a tranquilizing effect. They
• Multiple Personality Disorder
can lead to addiction if a person misuses them, and they include
drugs such as heroin.
• Hallucinogens - These drugs can cause a person to have
hallucinations, which means they may see or hear things that are
not there. They can also cause a person to perceive time
differently, feel detached from their surroundings, or feel deeply
insightful. LSD is an example of a hallucinogen.
8. Gender and Sexual Identity Disorder
• Sexual Dysfunction
 Problems with sexual arousal
• Exhibitionism
 Impulsive urge to showcase one’s genitals in public
• Fetishism
 Sexual gratification from inanimate objects
• Frotteurism
 Sexual gratification/stimulation by touching and rubbing
another person without their consent
• Pedophilia
 Sexual disorder where one gets sexual stimulation with
sexual activity with young children usually 13 and below.
• Masochism
 Sexual gratification/pleasure from their own pain and
humiliation
• Sadism
 Sexual gratification/pleasure from inflicting pain and
humiliation on others
• Voyeurism
 Sexual gratification/pleasure from watching others naked or
doing a sexual act
9. Eating Disorders
• Binge eating Disorder
 Eating huge amounts of food in a short amount of time
• Bulimia Nervosa
 Eating huge amounts of food in a short amount of time and
purging it out after through dangerous means i.e. induced
puking, over exercising
• Anorexia Nervosa
 Destructive fear of getting fat
 Intentional starvation or dangerous fasting in order to not get
fat
10. Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia – Too little sleep
• Parasomnia – Too much sleep
• Sleep Walking
• Sleep Apnea
 Spontaneous stopping and starting of one’s breath while
sleeping
11. Impulse Control
• Kleptomania/c – Impulsive urge to steal other’s things even
though one can buy/attain it
12. Personality Disorder
• Paranoid/Paranoia
• Borderline
• Antisocial
• Narcissistic/ Narcissism
• Histrionic – disorder where one has a pattern of exaggerated
emotionality and attention-seeking behaviours