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LIFE PROCESS
1. Define Life Process.
Ans : The process which helps in the maintaining and repairing in an living
organism are called life process
Examples include nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.

2.What is meant by movement?

Ans: The process or the state of changing place or position of the body or a
body part from one position to another is called movement.

3. What criteria do we use to decide if something is alive?

Ans: Visible movements like breathing, walking, growth and response to
stimulus.
Invisible movements like Molecular movements

4.Define the term "growth".

Ans: The physiological process which involves in the development of an
organism is called growth

5. Define the term "Nutrient".

Ans: The substances which provide the nutrition to an organism for energy are
called nutrient.

6. Define the term "Nutrition".

Ans: Nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients from the surrounding for the
energy requirement of an organism.

7. Define Auto-trophic Nutrition.

Ans: Auto-trophic nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrients in the form of
inorganic substances, which later is converted to organic through
photosynthesis

8. Give two examples of Autotroph.

Ans: plants, algae, cyanobacteria
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9.Name the processes essential for maintaining life.

Ans: Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion.

10. What are the by-products of auto-trophic Nutrition?

Ans: Oxygen and Water.

11. Name the pigment which absorbs solar energy.

Ans : Chlorophyll pigment present in the chloroplast.

12. Define Photosynthesis.

Ans: The biochemical process in which organisms utilise inorganic compounds
such as CO₂ and H₂O and prepare organic Glucose in presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll

13. Give the overall reaction of Photosynthesis.

Ans;

14. What is chlorophyll?

Ans: The green colour pigment made up of magnesium, present in the thylakoid
membrane of a chloroplast.

15. Name the plant organelle which is the site for photosynthesis.
Ans: Chloroplast

16. Differentiate between Stroma and Grana.

Ans:
Stroma:
● It is the region in chloroplast which helps in the dark reaction in
photosynthesis.
● Chlorophyll is absent
● Light independent reactions takes place
Grana:
● It is the region in chloroplast where the chlorophyll is present which helps
in light reactions in photosynthesis.
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● Chlorophyll is present
● Light dependent reactions takes place

17. What is the natural source of light and its function?

Ans: Sunlight, which is absorbed by chlorophyll and later helps in splitting of
water molecules.

18. Define Photolysis of water.

Ans: Photolysis is the process of breakdown or splitting of water molecule on
action of chemical energy which was converted from sunlight by chlorophyll.
Or
It is the splitting of water molecules in the presence of light into a proton,
electron, and oxygen. It occurs in the lumen of thylakoid sacs.

19. The leaves which are partly green and partly white are called
Ans: variegated leaf

20.How do Autotrophs obtain CO₂ and N₂ to make the food?

Ans: CO₂ from atmosphere. Nitrogen which is used for the synthesis of proteins
is obtained in the form of inorganic Nitrates and Nitrites or in the form of
organic compounds formed by bacteria using atmospheric Nitrogen.

2 marks
1. Variegated leaves do not undergo photosynthesis. Do you agree?
ANS: No, Variegated leaves which have green parts in them turn blue black
when tested for starch. So they too undergo photosynthesis.

2. Why are the stomatal pores always not open?

ANS: Plants lose the majority of their water through stomata. Thus, they close
their stomata at night to prevent excess loss of water through them. Stomata can
not be closed in the daytime, because the plant has to intake carbon dioxide for
the process of photosynthesis.

3 marks
1. What are the steps involved in the process of photosynthesis?
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Ans:The biochemical process in which organisms utilise inorganic compounds

such as CO₂ and H₂O and prepare organic Glucose in presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll
Steps involved in photosynthesis
● Absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll.
● Conversion of light energy to chemical energy for splitting of water
molecule
● Reduction of CO₂ into Glucose or carbohydrate

2. How leaf structure helps in the process of photosynthesis?

ANS: Leaves are designed and adapted to allow photosynthesis to take place.
● They are flat and broad to capture as much of the light energy from the
Sun as possible due to large lamina
● They also contain lots of tiny holes called stomata which allow for the
diffusion of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen.
● Large number of chloroplast in the mesophyll cells of leaf
● Freely arranged cells allows easy diffusion of Carbon dioxide.
● Mid rib of leaf which contains vascular bundle helps in transporting water
and synthesised food.

CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by Heterotrophic mode of Nutrition? Name the various types of
this mode of nutrition.
Ans: Heterotrophic nutrition is the process of obtaining nutrition from the
autotrophs as they lack photosynthetic pigment. Heterotrophs cannot prepare
their own food.
Types include:
● Holozoic: humans
● Parasitic: tapeworm
● Saprophytic: fungi

2. The process of pushing of food in the Oesophagus is called peristalsis

3. The movement of contraction and relaxation of walls pushing the digested

food in to the stomach is called peristalsis
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4. What is meant by saprophytic mode of Nutrition? Name some saprophytes.

Ans: The process of obtaining nutrition from the dead and decayed organisms is
called saprophytic nutrition. The organisms obtain the broken down food.
Examples include mushroom, Rhizopus etc..

5. Define Parasitic mode of Nutrition.

Ans: The process of obtaining nutrition from the host or other organism with or
without killing the organism.
Consists of Ectoparasite like leech lice which obtains nutrition from the body
surface of the host.
Consists of Endoparasite like tapeworm, liverfluke which obtains the nutrition
inside the host body.

6. Define Holozoic Nutrition.

Ans: The process of obtaining nutrition as a whole and breaking down inside
the organism.
Examples include humans, yeast etc.

7. Give examples of plant and animal parasites.

Ans: Plant parasite include Amar bell or Cuscuta.
Animal parasite include tapeworm, leech etc.

8. What kind of nutrition takes place in Yeast?

Ans: Saprophytic nutrition.

9. Define Ingestion.
Ans: The process of intake of food or nutrition by an organism.

10. Define Digestion.

Ans: The chemical and mechanical process of break down of ingested food
through digestive juices and enzymes.

11. Define Absorption.

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Ans: The process of absorbing the broken down nutrients or simple form of
nutrients through the finger-like projections called villi in the small intestine.

12. Define Assimilation.

Ans: The process of utilisation of nutrients in the cells of organisms for the
energy after transportation.

13. Define Egestion.

Ans: The process of removing the undigested food from the alimentary canal of
an organism.

14. What are enzymes? What is the other name given to it?
Ans: Enzymes are the biocatalyst which helps in increasing the rate breakdown
of the nutrients.
They are also called Biocatalyst.

15. State the location and function of gastric glands.

Ans: Gastric glands are located in the stomach.
Gastric glands helps in the secretion of the gastric juice which consists of
● HCl, which helps in acidifying, killing germs and activating pepsin
enzyme
● Mucus which helps in preventing the stomach inner lining from HCl.
● Pepsin which helps in breakdown of proteins to Amino acids

16. State the function of digestive enzymes.

Ans: Enzymes are the biocatalyst which helps in the increasing the rate
breakdown of the nutrients
Salivary and pancreatic Amylase helps in breakdown of starch and carbohydrate.
Pepsin and trypsin helps in breakdown of proteins
Lipase helps in breakdown of fats

17. Name the substances which are absorbed in the small intestine.
Ans : Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins and minerals.

18. Name the enzyme which is present in the Saliva. What is its action?
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Ans : Salivary Amylase.

It helps in breakdown of starch into simple sugars.

19. How is egestion and ingestion in Amoeba different from Paramecium?

Ans: Egestion in amoeba takes place through the body surface, whereas in
paramecium it takes place through anus in the oral groove.

20. The substance absorbed in the large intestine is water

21. Name the ivory-like substance by which teeth are made up of Enamel

22. Name the hardest substance of the body. Teeth

2 marks
1.How do the villi enhance absorption of food in the intestine??
Ans :
● Villi helps in increasing the surface area for absorption.
● Villi are present in large numbers for enhancing absorption
● Villi are surrounded by blood capillaries which also helps in easy
diffusion and transportation to other body parts

2. What happens to the test tubes A and B when drops of iodine are added to
them?
Test tube A has Starch solution and saliva. Test tube B has only starch solution.
Ans: Test tube A which has starch and saliva, when iodine is added it does not
turn the solution to blue black colour since the saliva breakdown starch. The
broken down starch does not react with iodine
Test tube B which has only starch, when iodine is added it does turn the
solution to blue black colour since starch reacts with iodine.

3. Which is the internal energy reserve in plants? Do animals have the same
energy reserve?
Ans: Starch. Animals also store the food in the form of glycogen

4. Explain the role of bile juice in digesting food.

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Ans:
● Bile is a juice secreted by the liver and stored in gallbladder.
● Bile helps in Alkalizing the acidified food.
● Alkaizing the food helps the digestive enzymes to act efficiently.
● Bile also helps in emulsification of fats that is breakdown of larger fat
globules into small globules.

5. Herbivores have longer small intestines while carnivores have shorter small
intestines. Give a reason.
Ans: Herbivores have longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestines because
● Herbivores consume plants which consist of cellulose, which usually
takes longer time for digestion and absorption.
● To have better digestion of cellulose, herbivores have longer small
intestines.

6. If a person does not clean his teeth properly, they get covered with a yellowish
layer 'A' of food particles and bacteria. The alkaline liquid 'B' secreted by the
glands 'Z' inside the mouth cannot reach the teeth surface to neutralise the
organisms. Identify A, B & Z.
Ans:
● A is dental plaque caused due to microorganisms.
● B is saliva.
● Z is salivary glands.

7. (a) How is fat digested in our body?

(b) Where does this take place?
Ans.
(a)
● Bile from liver helps in emulsification of fats that is breakdown of larger
fat globules into small globules
● Later the lipase enzyme acts on emulsified fats which break down fats into
fatty acids and glycerol.
(b) Digestion of fats takes place in the small intestine due to secretions of liver
and pancreas takes place in the small intestine.
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8. Explain the significance of peristaltic movement that occurs all along the gut
during digestion.
ANS:
● Helps in proper mixing of digestive juices and proper digestive health.
● Helps in the movement of food.

9. Why does the medium become acidic in the mouth? What is the ill effect of
this acidic medium? How can this be prevented?
ANS: Bacteria present in the mouth produce acid by the degradation of sugar
and food particles which remain in the mouth after eating. The ill effect of Acidic
medium: The acid produced in the mouth attacks the enamel and corrodes it
thereby, creating tooth decay. It can be prevented by brushing our teeth regularly.

10. What is the function of Gastric Sphincter and Anal Sphincter?

Ans: Gastric sphincter.
● The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a gastric sphincter
muscle which releases food in small amounts into the small intestine
Anal sphincter.
● The exit of this waste material that is undigested food from the rectum is
regulated by the anal sphincter.

11. Herbivores have longer small intestines as compared to carnivores. Give a

reason.
Ans: Herbivores have longer small intestine while carnivores have shorter small
intestines because
● Herbivores consume plants which consist of cellulose, which usually takes
longer time for digestion and absorption.
● To have better digestion of cellulose, herbivores have longer small
intestines

3 MARKS

1. In the human alimentary canal, name the site of complete digestion of various
components of food. Explain the process of digestion.
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Ans: Small intestine is the site of complete digestion for carbohydrates, fats and
proteins.
Process of digestion.
● Food particles are broken down into pieces in the mouth
● Saliva from salivary glands act on food making it juicer and tongue helps in
mixing it.
● Salivary amylase breaks starch to simple sugars.
● Food is then passed from mother to stomach through pharynx and
oesophagus through peristalsis.
● Stomach which secretes HCl, mucus and pepsin enzymes.
● HCl acidified food and pepsin breakdown proteins to peptides or amino
acids.
● Secretions from liver and pancreas are added to the small intestine.
● Bile helps in emulsification and alkalizing food.
● Pancreatic juice contains enzymes such as trypsin, lipase and amylase
which helps in breakdown of proteins, emulsified fats, and simple sugars
into amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol and glucose respectively.
● Later are absorbed by villi.

2. Mention the role of each of the following in the stomach:

(a) Muscles of stomach wall
(b) Hydrochloric acid
(c) Mucus
Ans
(a)The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with
more digestive juices.
(b) The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the
action of the enzyme pepsin. It also kills the germs.
(c)The mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the
acid under normal conditions.

3. (a)List two functions performed by dilute hydrochloric acid in our stomach.

(b) Name the raw materials required for photosynthesis.
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Ans:
(a)The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of
the enzyme pepsin. It also kills the germs.
(b) CO₂ and H₂O

4. Name the following:

(a) Site where food is completely digested.
(b) Juice that contains trypsin enzymes.
(c) Juice that contains pepsin enzymes.
(d) The gland which secretes bile juice.
(e) The organ which absorbs water from unabsorbed food.
(f) Two secretions released by gastric glands.
Ans.
a) Small intestine
b) Pancreatic juice
c) Gastric juice
d) Liver
e) Large intestine
f) HCl and mucus

5.(a) Give one difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

(b)What is the mode of nutrition in bacteria?

6. Mention the role of the following in digestion:

(a) Pepsin
(b) Saliva
(c) Villi
Ans:
(C) The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called
villi which increase the surface area for absorption. The villi are richly
supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and
every cell of the body, where it is utilised for obtaining energy, building
up new tissues and the repair of old tissues.
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7.What are peristaltic movements?

Ans: The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of digestive muscles for the
movement of food all through the gut is called peristalsis
The lining of the canal has muscles that contract rhythmically in order to push the
food forward.

5 Marks
1. Draw a well labelled diagram of human alimentary canal and label the
following
parts:
(i) Liver
(ii) Pancreas
(iii) Small Intestine
(iv) Rectum

2. Explain the following structure function in the digestive system.

(i) Liver
(ii) Pancreas
(iii) Small Intestine
(iv) Rectum
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Ans:
(i) Liver- Helps in secretion of bile which helps in alkalizing the food and
emulsifying the fats.
(ii) Pancreas- secretes Pancreatic juice containing enzymes such as trypsin, lipase
and amylase which helps in breakdown of proteins, emulsified fats, and simple
sugars into amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol and glucose respectively.
(iii) Small Intestine- site of complete digestion, as secretions of liver and
pancreas happen here. Absorption of food takes place due to large numbers of
villi.
(iv) Rectum- Store the undigested food temporarily and is lated egested out
through the anus

3. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba with the help of a diagram.

Ans : Amoeba takes in food using
temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface which fuse over
the food particle forming a food vacuole . Inside the food vacuole, complex
substances are broken down into simpler ones
which then diffuses into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material is
moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out

4. A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas and also state the way
in
where the gas evolved.
Ans: oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
The way oxygen is liberated is due to following process
(i) Absorption of light energy by
chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates with by-products of water and
oxygen.

5. In certain groups of plants, stomata remain closed during the day. How is food
synthesised by such plants? Also name them.
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Ans: Desert plants due to extreme hot climate have stomata closed during day to
avoid transpiration, take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate
which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day

6.How do you prove that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis?

● Take two potted plant with variegated leaves – for example, money plant or
crotons.
● Keep the plants in a dark room for three days so that all the starch gets
used up.
● Now keep one plant in sunlight for about six hours.
● Pluck a leaf from the plant. from the plant kept in sunlight and dark room
Mark the green areas in it and trace them on a sheet of paper.
● Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes.
● After this, immerse it in a beaker containing alcohol.
● Carefully place the above beaker in a water-bath and heat till the alcohol
begins to boil.
● Now dip the leaf in a dilute solution of iodine for a few minutes.
● Take out the leaf and rinse off the iodine solution.
● Observe the colour of the leaf and compare this with the tracing of the leaf
done in the beginning .
● With iodine test only the leaf from the pot that is kept in the sunlight shows
the presence of starch
● This shows light is essential for photosynthesis.

RESPIRATION

CONCEPT BASED QUESTIONS:

1. Where does aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?

Ans: Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria whereas anaerobic
respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.

2. Differentiate between breathing and respiration.

Ans: Breathing and respiration are two completely different but interrelated body
processes that assist body organs to function properly. Breathing is the physical
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process of exchanging gases whilst respiration is a chemical process that takes

place at a cellular level and produces energy.

3. What is the principle in exchange of gases?

ANS: "Diffusion" is the principle of exchange of gases.

4. What is Transpiration?
Ans: The loss of water in the form of water vapour through the stomata due to
low pressure is called transpiration.

5. Define fermentation process.

Ans: The process of breakdown of glucose into alcohol in absence of oxygen is
called fermentation.
Pyruvate may be converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.

6. Give the end products of anaerobic respiration. Name the site of anaerobic
respiration in the cells.
Ans: End products of anaerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, alcohol and
energy. The region where anaerobic respiration takes place is cytoplasm.

7. Define Glycolysis. Where does it occur?

Ans: The process of breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm is called Glycolysis.
It occurs in cytoplasm.

8. What is meant by cellular respiration?

ANS: The respiration occurring at the cellular level wherein the cells produce
energy by combining oxygen with food molecules is called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration helps in providing the body with energy to carry out regular
tasks.

9. Define pulmonary respiration.

Ans: Respiration that is exchange of gases in alveolar sacs through lungs is
called pulmonary respiration.

10. What are Glottis and Epiglottis? Name the floor of the chest cavity.
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Ans: Glottis is the muscular structure in the larynx which helps in producing
sound.
Epiglottis is the flap-like structure present in the pharynx which helps in
preventing the entry of food into the trachea.
Diaphragm is the floor of chest cavity

11. What is a ribcage?

Ans: The bone framework that acts as the protective structure for lungs and heart.

2 Marks

1. After long running, you may experience cramps in your leg muscles. What is
the reason behind this?
Ans: When there is a lack of oxygen
in our muscle cells, another pathway for the break-down of pyruvate is taken.
Here the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which is also a three-carbon
molecule. This build-up of lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity
causes cramps

2. Outline inhalation exhalation cycle.

3. Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multi cellular

organisms like humans?
Multi-cellular organisms like humans have very big body and require a lot of
oxygen to diffuse into body quickly in order to meet the oxygen requirement.
Diffusion is a slow process which will take a lot of time to circulate oxygen to
all the body cells. Because of its slow nature diffusion is insufficient to meet the
oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like humans.

4.Write a few lines on bronchi and bronchioles.

Ans: The main 2 airways, called bronchi which divide at the end of the trachea .
Bronchi which later branches off into smaller and smaller passages are called
bronchioles, lead to tiny air sacs called alveoli.
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5.When a person breathes in air through 'A', the air enters into his body to an
organ "Y" through two small branches Z'. Identify X, Y & Z.
Ans:
● A is Nose
● Y is lungs
● Z is Bronchi

6. What is the function of epiglottis in man?

Ans: Epiglottis is the flap-like structure present in the pharynx which helps in
preventing the entry of food into the trachea.

7. Respiration is an Exothermic Reaction" Justify this statement giving a

chemical equation for the reaction involved.
Ans: During respiration, the carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose.
This glucose combines with oxygen in our cells and provides energy (heat).
C6H12O6+6O2 → 6CO2+6H2O+Energy.

8. What prevents the entry of food into the trachea while swallowing?
Ans: Epiglottis in pharynx

9. Breathing rate in humans is fast. Is there sufficient time in lungs, for oxygen to
be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released? Justify your answer,
Ans: During the breathing cycle, the residual volume of air in lungs provides the
advantage as it prevents the lungs from collapsing. Also, due to the presence of
residual volume, there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the
carbon dioxide to be released during breathing.

10. List in tabular form three differences between aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration.

11. Why do aquatic animals have a faster rate of breathing as compared to

terrestrial animals?
Ans: Aquatic animals breathe at a faster rate than the terrestrial animals because
the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is fairly low compared to the amount
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of oxygen in the air. To meet the oxygen needs aquatic animals breathe faster to
intake more oxygen.

11. Why do the walls of the trachea not collapse when there is less air in it?
Ans: In trachea , there are C shaped rings of cartilage which helps to hold them
even when the air is less in it . Hence they do not collapse.

12. How do you prove that exhaled air contains carbon-dioxide?

Ans : Take a test tube, fill it with freshly prepared lime water, take a straw, dip it
inside lime water and then exhale. You will find that the lime water turns its
colour to white like milky colour. This shows that the air which we exhale is
carbon dioxide.

13. How Oxygen and Carbon-dioxide are transported in human beings?

Ans: Oxygen is transported through the Haemoglobin as it has high affinity to
oxygen.
Carbon dioxide is transported in the form of dissolved state on the plasma

3 marks
1. List three characteristics of lungs which make it an efficient respiratory surface.
Ans: Human lungs are efficient respiratory surfaces because of the thin and large
surface for easy diffusion,
moist air sacs with mucus for dissolving the gases. In addition, the air sacs are
surrounded by a network of blood capillaries with a good supply of blood so that
more exchange of gases can happen.
Or
● large number of alveoli
● Large surface area
● Large volume along with residual volume
● Network of blood capillaries

2. With the help of a schematic flowchart, show the breakdown in glucose in a

cell to provide energy. (i) In the presence of oxygen
(i) In the absence of oxygen
(i)When there is lack of oxygen
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3. How is ATP formed? How much energy is released? What are the uses of ATP?
Ans: ATP are formed during the cellular respiration due to addition of phosphate
to ADP
ATP are used in energy releasing which is approx 30.5KJ/mol. ATP fuels up the
other activities carried in an organism

5 marks

1. (a) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label the following:
(i) Part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus.- NASAL CAVITY
(ii) Part which terminates in balloon- like structure.- BRONCHIOLES
(iii) Balloon-like structure where exchange of gases takes place.- ALVEOLI
(iv) Part which separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.-
DIAPHRAGM.

TRANSPORTATION
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1. Why is the colour of blood red?

Ans: Due to presence of Haemoglobin pigment in RBC

2. What are antibodies?

Ans: The chemical substances produced by WBC which helps in fighting
against the disease causing microbes.

3. What are blood platelets?

Ans: Blood cells that help in clotting of blood during the leak in blood vessels
are called platelets.

4. Life Span of WBC is 12- 20 days

5. What is meant by single circulation? In which animals is it seen?

Ans: The circulation where the blood enters the heart only once is called single
circulation. This occurs as the respiratory organs will supply the blood to the
entire body. In Fishes we can see single circulation.

6. What is meant by Double Circulation? In which animals is it seen?

Ans :The circulation where the blood enters the heart only twice is called single
circulation.
Ex; Aves and mammals

7. Define Heart Beat.

Ans:Heartbeat is defined as rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart
muscles per minute. The average number of beats per minute is 72
At rest is 60-100beats/minute

8. What is Systole and Diastole?

Ans: ventricular contraction is called systole and ventricular relaxation is
called diastole

9. What is meant by Cardiac Cycle?

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Ans: The cardiac cycle is defined as a sequence of alternating contraction and

relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to pump blood throughout the body.

10. What is meant by Blood Pressure?

Ans: The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called blood
pressure.

11. Define Systolic and Diastolic pressure.

Ans: The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular systole
(contraction) is called systolic pressure and pressure in artery during ventricular
diastole (relaxation) is called diastolic pressure

12. What is the function of a "Sphygmomanometer"?

Ans: Helps in measuring the blood pressure.

13. Name the two conducting tissues of the plant.

Ans: Xylem and phloem

14. The other name of WBC is

Ans: Leukocytes

15. The largest artery in our body is

Ans: Aorta.

16. The other name of lymph is

Ans: Tissue fluid

17. Define Translocation.

Ans: The process of movement of food from synthesis region to storage sites
such as root, fruits through the phloem is called translocation.

18. Define Transpiration.

Ans: The loss of water in the form of water vapour through the stomata due to
low pressure is called transpiration.
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19. What is transported by lymph?

Ans: Absorbed fatty acids and glycerol is transported through the lymph.

2marks

1.Vimal made a slide of a leaf peel and then viewed it under a microscope. He
observed some green dot-like structures, which seemed to be tiny pores present
on the surface of the leaves. He showed the slide to his teacher and asked about
the structures.
What are these structures and what is their function?
Ans : Stomata which helps in gaseous exchange and transpiration.

2.How are the hair-like structures in the nose useful?

Ans: Nasal hair is the hair inside the nose. It is one of the body's first line of
defence against harmful environmental pathogens such as germs, fungus, and
spores that are inhaled. Another purpose of nasal hair is to provide additional
humidity to the inhaled air along with mucus.

3. Transpiration in plants is very important to justify your answer.

Ans : Transpiration helps in the conduction of water and minerals to different
parts of the plants. Due to the continuous elimination of water from the plant
body, there is a balance of water maintained within the plant.

4. Ifwe write the blood pressure as 120/80 what does this represent?
Ans : It represents normal blood pressure. systolic pressure is about 120 mm of
Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg

5. What are the two important theories which explain the upward movement of
water and minerals?
Ans:
1. Root pressure theory
2. Transpiration pull theory.
The upward movement of water from root to leaves in a plant is known as
Ascent of sap. It is carried out by xylem tissues that take water and minerals from
the roots to the aerial parts unidirectionally with help of transpiration.
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6. The liquid connective tissue 'X' circulates in our body continuously without
stopping. This tissue contains a pigment 'Y' imparting it a colour 'Z' identify X,Y
& Z.
Ans:
● X is Blood
● Y is Haemoglobin.
● Z is red

7. Why white blood cells are called "Soldiers of the body"?

Ans: White blood cells are called soldiers of the body, because white blood cells
provide immunity to our body. They help in fighting against diseases, infections,
allergies and foreign particles.

8. What is meant by the vascular system?

Ans: The vascular system, also called the circulatory system, is made up of the
vessels that carry blood and lymph through the body. The arteries and veins carry
blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
and taking away tissue waste matter.

9. The human body has a double pumping organ 'A'. The oxygenated blood from
the lungs through a blood vessel 'B' enters the upper left chamber 'C' of the
pumping organ. Identify A, B and C.
Ans
● A is Heart
● B is pulmonary veins
● C is left atrium

10. Why do ventricles have thicker and more muscular walls than atria?
Ans: The muscular walls of ventricles are thicker compared to atria as they have
to pump blood out of the heart. They pump blood at a higher pressure to ensure
it reaches all parts of the body

3 marks
24

1. Give three kinds of blood vessels present in the human circulatory system and
write their functions in tabular form.
Ans: Blood vessels circulate blood throughout your body. They help deliver
oxygen to vital organs and tissues, and also remove waste products. Blood
vessels include veins, arteries and capillaries.
VEINS ARTERIES CAPILLARIES
Thin muscles Thick muscular wall to One cell thick
withstand high pressure
Valves are present to No valves No valves
prevent backward flow
Lumen is large Narrow lumen Wide lumen
Blood flows in low Blood flows in high
pressure pressure
Carries deoxygenated Carries oxygenated blood Exchange of materials
blood except pulmonary except pulmonary artery take place
vein
Carry blood towards Carry blood away from
heart heart

2. a)What is lymph? How is the composition of lymph different from blood

plasma?
List two functions of the lymphatic system.
Ans: Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into
intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is
similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein
Lymph helps in transportation of absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess
fluid back into intercellular spaces and helps in fighting against the diseases

3.Give any three differences between arteries and veins.

VEINS ARTERIES
Thin muscles Thick muscular wall to
withstand high pressure
Valves are present to No valves
prevent backward flow
Lumen is large Narrow lumen
25

Blood flows in low Blood flows in high

pressure pressure
Carries deoxygenated Carries oxygenated blood
blood except pulmonary except pulmonary artery
vein
Carry blood towards Carry blood away from
heart heart

4. With the help of a schematic flow chart, show the break-down of glucose in a
cell to provide energy.
(a) In the presence of oxygen.
(b) In the absence of oxygen.

5. Give reasons for the following:

(a) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is separated in the heart of mammals.
(b) Ventricles have thicker and more muscular walls than atria.
Ans:
a) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is separated in the heart of mammals
to ensure efficient supply of oxygen to the organism as they require high
energy needs as they are required to maintain the body temperature,
since they are warm blooded animals
b) The muscular walls of ventricles are thicker compared to atria as they have
to pump blood out of the heart. They pump blood at a higher pressure to
ensure it reaches all parts of the body

6. (a) Explain the following:

(i) Blood goes only once through the heart in fishes
26

(ii) Plants have low energy needs.

(b) What are capillaries?
Ans:
i) Blood goes only once through the heart in fish known as single circulation; this
occurs as the respiratory organs will supply the blood to the entire body. .
(ii) Plants do not move, and plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in
many tissues. As a result, plants have low energy needs, and can use relatively
slow transport systems.
(b) The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are called
capillaries. Exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells takes
place across this thin wall

7. Define transpiration. State its two functions.

Ans:Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour
through stomata. Transpiration helps in water transportation through xylem due
to transpiration pull and also helps in regulating the temperature of plants.

8. What is lymph? How is the composition of lymph different from blood plasma?
List two functions of lymph.
Ans: Some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into
intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is
similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein
Lymph helps in transportation of absorbed fat from intestine and helps in fighting
against the diseases

9. How is transportation through xylem different from transportation through

phloem?
● Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour
through stomata. It helps in transportation of water in xylem. It happens
unidirectional. Movement is from roots to aerial parts. Does not use energy
● The process of movement of food from synthesis region to storage sites
such as root, fruits through the phloem is called translocation. It helps in
bidirectional movement. It uses energy to translocate.

5 marks
27

1. (a) Draw a sectional view of the human heart and label:

(i) Pulmonary Artery
(ii) Right Ventricle
(iii) Vena cava
(iv) Pulmonary Vein

2. (a) Explain the ascent of sap in plants.

(b) What is a cardiac cycle? Name its various events.
Ans;
A)The upward movement of water from root to leaves in a plant is known as
Ascent of sap. Root pressure theory&Transpiration pull theory helps in
ascent of sap. The root pressure ensures that water and minerals are entered
into xylem from root hairs through osmosis which occurs due to concentration
difference.this occurs all through day and night. During day it is carried out
by xylem tissues that take water and minerals from the roots to the aerial parts
unidirectional with help of transpiration in case of large plants and trees.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour
through stomata.Transpiration helps in water transportation through xylem
due to transpiration pull due to adhesive property of water.

B) The cardiac cycle is defined as a sequence of alternating contraction and

relaxation of the atria and ventricles in order to pump blood throughout the body.
28

Ventricular contraction and relaxation are the events that takes place in cardiac
cycle.

3. (a) State two advantages of transpiration to the plant body.

(b) List in tabular form two ways in which 'transpiration is different from
translocation.
(c) Why do plants have a slow transport system?
Ans:
a) Transpiration helps in water transportation through xylem due to
transpiration pull and also helps in regulating the temperature of plants.
b) Transpiration is the process of loss of water in the form of water vapour
through stomata. It helps in transportation of water in xylem. It happens
unidirectional.
The process of movement of food from synthesis region to storage sites
such as root, fruits through the phloem is called translocation. It helps in
bidirectional movement
c) Plants do not move, and plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells
in many tissues. As a result, plants have low energy needs, and can use
relatively slow transport systems.

4.(a)Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore and label guard cells and
chloroplast.
(b) State two functions of stomata.
(c) How do guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomatal pore?

Ans:
b) Stomata helps in
● Exchange of gases.
● Transpiration
29

● Excretion.
c) The opening and closing of the
pore is a function of the guard cells. The guard cells swell when water
flows into them, causing the stomatal pore to open. Similarly the pore closes if
the guard cells shrink.

EXCRETION
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS:

1. Define Excretion.
Ans: The biological process involved in the removal of these harmful metabolic
wastes from
the body is called excretion.

2. What is meant by Osmoregulation?

Ans: Osmoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism that regulates the optimum
temperature of water and salts in the tissues and body fluids. It maintains the
internal environment of the body through water and ionic concentration

3. What is Renal Failure?

Ans : A condition in which the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and
balance fluids.

4. On what does the amount of water reabsorbed depend on?

Ans : The amount of water re-
absorbed depends on how much excess water there is
in the body, and on how much of dissolved waste there
is to be excreted

5. What causes the liquid part of blood to filter out from the glomerulus into the
Renal tubule?
ANS: In the glomerulus, the diameter of the arteriole is reduced. This causes
an increase in the pressure of blood. Due to high pressure, the nitrogenous
30

wastes and the water comes out and falls into the Bowman's capsule through the
pores present in glomerulus.

6. What is the principle seen in the process of dialysis?

ANS: The movement or diffusion of solute particles across a semipermeable
membrane.
The principle is diffusion and the process is osmosis.

2 MARKS
1. A pair of bean shaped organs 'A' have numerous tiny filters 'B' to clean the
dirty blood by removing the waste product C. The waste product along with other
wastes, salt and excess water forms a yellowish liquid 'D' a) Identify A, B, C, D
Ans :
● A is kidneys
● B is nephrons
● C is urea and uric acid.
● D is concentrated urine.

2. Which organelle of a plant body helps in osmoregulation and which organ in

animals helps in osmoregulation?
Ans: VACUOLE in plants,
Kidneys in animals.

3. In case of kidney failure, an artificial kidney is used to replace a non-

functional or damaged kidney. In the process, blood of the patient is allowed to
pass through the long cellulose tubes dipped in a tank containing dialyzing
solution having the same ionic concentration as plasma. The waste substances
diffuse out of blood into the tank and the cleansed blood is returned back into the
patient through a vein.
(a) What is the function of the Kidney?
(b) Name the three main parts of nephron
Ans: a) The main function of the kidney is to filter out metabolic waste from the
body.
b) The mains parts are
● Renal capsule.
31

● Renal tube
● Collecting duct.

4. What is the composition of urine? Mention the purpose of urine formation.

Ans: The composition of urine is urea and uric acids along with regulated water.
The purpose of urine formation is to remove the metabolic waste produced in the
body.

5. During summer we drink a lot of water in comparison to winter, yet we pass

urine fewer times in summer than in winter. What is the reason behind this
fact?
Ans: During summer, the surrounding temperature is high, people drink a lot of
water and lose it as it goes out of the body in the form of sweat. Therefore,
kidneys retain water for maintaining the fluidity of the blood and less urine is
formed.

6.How can we control the urge to urinate?

Ans: Urine is stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure of the expanded
bladder leads to the urge to pass it out through the urethra. The bladder is
muscular, so it is
under nervous control, hence we can control the urge to urinate.

5 Marks:
1.(a) Draw a diagram of human excretory systems and label the part, (i)In which
urine is produced.
(ii) Which stores the urine
(iii)Which connects (i) and (ii) (iv)Through which urine is passed out. (b)Name
the factors on which the amount of water reabsorbed along the tubular part of
nephron depends
32

Ans:
i) Kidneys
ii) Urinary bladder
iii) ureters
iv) urethra.
b) The amount of water re-
absorbed depends on how much excess water there is in the body, and on how
much dissolved waste there is to be excreted.
If there is large water in the body, less Reabsorption so diluted urine is produced.
If there is less water in the body, more Reabsorption, so concentrated urine is
produced.