INTRO

DUCTI
Nowadays, due to globalization, competition
has become stronger and company profits
are increasingly unstable, local markets are
smaller and borders have disappeared,
which is forcing companies to reduce costs,
increase productivity, be extremely efficient
and effective, reduce both the degree of risk
in their strategies and the error in decision-
making, for this some companies have reacted correctly to this problem, adopting new
philosophies under which they manage to adapt to changes in the environment and be
leaders in their markets.
The concept of quality has been changing and evolving throughout history. In the early
days, quality was ensured by direct contact between buyer (user) and manufacturer.
With the emergence of theories on mass productivity, a separation has occurred
between the producer and the consumer, which has affected the quality of the
products. The achievement of increased productivity has led to the separation of
execution from planning, which has prevented workers from having the possibility of
deciding on their work and therefore, being responsible for its quality.

DEFINITIO
Construction quality in works is the set of standards and/or activities that allow the
evaluation of the procedures for planning, execution and finishes in a work. This must
be taken into account as it will accompany the entire development of the construction.
CURRENT REALITY
The requirement for quality control should be implemented as a general rule, to avoid
not only user dissatisfaction, but also risks and losses due to poor or non-existent
quality control in construction works. Mass construction contributes to the quality of
construction being minimized or not enough importance being given to the steps to
follow, such as poor planning, poor use of materials, budget and/or poor verification
and motivation of its workers.
Competitiveness is currently one of the main factors that lead construction companies
to implement a quality assurance system or model, thus allowing them to expand their
markets and compete with more developed companies. This competitive environment
demands a business culture, inclined towards customer satisfaction, and this is
achieved through the constant improvement of production processes.
Quality assurance is associated with the continuous improvement of all activities
carried out in a company, from the acquisition of inputs, services, design, training,
employee motivation, marketing processes, etc. In this way, an increase in productivity
and competitiveness of organizations is achieved.

ASPECTS
Quality control in a construction project must be considered from three different
aspects:
1. Project quality control: approach, plans, calculations, etc.
2. Quality control of materials.
3. Quality Control of Execution.

The Real Estate Developer must be the first

interested party in demanding quality control
in construction, and thus avoid unpleasant
surprises, which always turn into excessive
costs, an inflexible compliance with all
technical and economic aspects that
influence the approach to a construction
project is necessary. If the work has been
previously contracted without these
approaches, it may be found with cost excesses due to vagueness of the project,
deficiencies in the materials that do not correspond to what was contracted and what
we are willing to pay for them, or with deficiencies in the execution that can cause
accidents and losses of all kinds, including human losses of the construction works and
depending on their degree of complexity, its sole work of inspection and surveillance is
not enough, but it is necessary to resort to hiring third parties, such as quality control
laboratories that allow the necessary technical checks to be carried out. It is evident
that the establishment of said control implies a cost (personnel, tests, etc.) that is
usually contractually established in various ways: - Fully borne by the Project
Promoter. - Fully borne by the contractor who budgets it in his offer, if it contains the
Control Plan to be carried out. ISO 9001/9002 standards emphasize planning and
prevention rather than inspection and work.

REQUIREMENTS
1.- MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY.
2.-QUALITY SYSTEM
3.-REVIEW OF THE CONTRACT
4.- DESIGN CONTROL
5.- DOCUMENTATION AND DATA CONTROL
6.- PURCHASES
7.- CONTROL OF PRODUCTS SUPPLIED BY CUSTOMERS
8.- PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY
9.- PROCESS CONTROL
10.- INSPECTION AND TESTING
11.- CONTROL OF INSPECTION, MEASUREMENT AND TESTING EQUIPMENT
12.- INSPECTION AND TESTING STATES
13.- CONTROL OF NON-CONFORMING PRODUCTS
14.- CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
15.- HANDLING, STORAGE, PACKAGING, CONSERVATION AND DELIVERY
16.- CONTROL OF QUALITY RECORDS
17.- INTERNAL QUALITY INSPECTIONS
18.- TRAINING
19.- AFTER-SALES SERVICE
20.-STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

WHAT IS THE OBJECTIVE?

The objective of a CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER is to execute the works according to the
budgeted COST, with the projected QUALITY and in the scheduled TIME.

WHY SHOULD WE KNOW THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES IN BUILDINGS?

To master the work and thus achieve our goals.
Because through knowledge of the Construction Processes and Construction
Procedures, we obtain the following information:
• Order of execution.
• Construction details.
• Needs of each execution.
• Estimated execution times based on all of the above.

That is to say, in order to carry out our work correctly, we must control its Systems, its
Processes and its Procedures. Otherwise, the following actions necessary in the
Management of any Work become impossible:

• Hire or subcontract appropriately.

• Have foresight.
• Organize the work.
• Optimize technically.
• Detect technical errors or improve
construction details.
• Optimize on time.
• Therefore, optimize economically.
 • Troubleshoot technical issues appropriately.
• Recover deadline.
• To financially defend the work.
• Technically and economically plan Direct Costs and Indirect Costs.

In short, project management becomes practically impossible, which means that all
objectives are affected to a greater or lesser extent.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CIVIL WORKS

PROCESS:
o OBJECTIVE: To establish the necessary methods for the planning, development
and control of civil works in accordance with the standards, plans, technical
specifications and other established requirements.
o SCOPE: This process covers everything from planning to verification of civil
works, complying with the requirements, standards, plans and technical
specifications.
o SUPPLIER: Ministry of Roads and Transport, CAR, Public Works Secretariats,
Planning Offices, Municipalities.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
The construction process is a series of procedures that must be followed when
constructing a building with the aim of carrying out these procedures in an efficient
and organized manner to save time and money.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES:
 PLAN: Analysis of civil works program and management of technical, human
and financial resources.
 DO: Development of procedures for the construction of civil works.
 VERIFY: Compliance with program, budget calculated by activity and checklists
to ensure the quality of the process.
 ACT: Take actions to continuously improve the performance of processes, using
tools such as: Corrective actions, Preventive actions, Control of non-conforming
products and management review.

TRADITIONAL SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES - Set of elements, materials,
techniques, tools, procedures and equipment that are
characteristic of a type of building.

CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS

CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS: It is a set of
elements, materials, techniques, tools, procedures and equipment, which are
characterized for. A particular type of building, a clear example of an element, is the
so-called “brick”.

QUALITY IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

QUALITY SITUATION IN CONSTRUCTION.

If we start by locating the position of QUALITY, with respect to the other two aspects
that affect the execution of a work (COST and TIME), we will find that, at least in
appearance and with regard to our country, this "ideal situation" proposed in the
introduction, in which the three aspects have the same importance, is not yet fully
established.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:

Construction systems:

The materials, labor and equipment used make the constructions

classified as:
•Handmade
•Manufactured
•Industrial
•Artisanal Construction: This is the type of construction that is made
with various materials, typical of the region, that is, natural resources
such as wood, guadua or bamboo, palms, clay, etc. are used.
•Manufactured Construction: It is done using mainly labor throughout
the construction process. Common materials such as blocks, cement,
bricks, etc. are used. They are used to build: houses, low-rise
buildings, agricultural and livestock facilities. They are generally low-
rise buildings, formwork structures and cast on site.
•Industrialized Construction: This is used for very large urbanizations
and equipment for serial work. Machines and equipment are
displacing human work, buildings are being built quickly and with
economical work systems.
Specific areas of a Construction:
In the development of a work, three areas are distinguished:
•Structures
•Facilities
•Finishes
  Structures: This is the part of the construction formed by the
foundations, floors, columns, beams, walls, floors and roof,
which together give the building its shape; they support their
own weight and that of the loads for which it is built: people,
animals, furniture, equipment, vehicles, etc.
 Facilities: This is the construction phase where all the services
are placed to make the building comfortable and hygienic. The
basic facilities are: water, electricity and sewage or drainage. In
addition to these there may be: air conditioning, elevators,
motor pumps and equipment in general.
 Finishes: In works, the finishes give the presentation, that is,
its aesthetics. The most common finishes are: plastering and
cladding on walls, floors and ceilings, stucco, paint, etc.

Stages in construction:
It includes the orderly and planned way in which a construction is
developed.
 Replanteo
It is the first step in the execution of
a construction. It consists of locating
and marking the building on the
ground, taking into account the
existing plans, to accurately trace the
future construction. Before starting
any urban construction, you must
request the parameter or
demarcation line and the level points from the local municipal
planning office.
 Excavation
They are of great importance in
constructions because the foundations
that transmit loads to the ground rest
on them. First, it is necessary to
remove the surface layer of topsoil,
which is the least resistant and whose
thickness varies greatly.
In this process, the resistance of the
land to be removed must be taken
into account. From this point of view, the following can be
distinguished:

 Loose soil. (sand, humus, light silt, fine gravel) that are
easily dug with shovels only.
 Medium consistency soils. (silt, clay) which must be
excavated with a shovel and hoe.
 Compact terrain. (clay, marl) that only break up with
blows from a hoe and a pickaxe.
Types of excavations
•Manual
That which is carried out by workers using their physical
strength, aided by hand tools such as shovels, picks, etc.
•Mechanics
It is carried out with heavy equipment or excavators. It should
be noted that whenever any excavation is carried out, the earth
being removed increases in volume by 20% to 40% depending
on the nature of the terrain.
 Foundations
Once the excavations are completed,
the foundation is poured. They are the
part of the construction that supports
the weight of the building, furniture,
people, animals, etc. and transmits it to
the ground.
 Overgrowth

It is built in concrete blocks or

reinforced concrete. The
foundation receives and
transfers the loads or weight
from the walls to the foundation.
It also serves as a retaining wall
for the terrain, when the
topography is irregular.

 Waterproofing
They are barriers that are placed on
the foundation to prevent moisture
from the floor or ground from rising
towards the brick wall, damaging it.
Types of Waterproofing
- Waterproofing fabrics. Made of
asphalt or polyethylene and other
materials that are waterproof and
resistant to oxidation and corrosion.
Quality and efficiency are given by the manufacturer.
- Comprehensive Waterproofing. They are liquids or
granules that are mixed directly into the mortar or concrete,
forming an integral part of the mixture. These additives
transform the mixture into a “water-repellent” mixture that is
used to waterproof foundations, sub-bases, walls, floors, walls,
dams, swimming pools, etc.

 Drains
The pipes or drains of a
building are the network
of conduits that link the
downpipes for rainwater
or pluvial water and black or residual water, leading them to the
outside of the building, to the sewers or public collectors.
Classification of waters.
-Domestic waste: Comes from kitchens, laundry rooms, toilets,
showers, siphons, washbasins and other installed sanitary
appliances.
-Industrial Waste: These come from industries, laboratories,
hospitals, etc. Their quality and nature characteristics depend
on their origin. Certain wastewaters (domestic and industrial)
may present risks of contamination and of attacking or
obstructing pipes. Therefore, prior treatment is required before
being discharged into the open air.
-Rainwater: It comes from precipitation and is collected by the
roofs for later use and in the depths by drains or filters.
 Walls
The construction of walls and
plastering is the most important part
in manufactured or traditional
construction. Masonry is used as a
structural element in single-family
homes to support and transmit the
loads of the building to the
continuous foundations, to protect
the home from the outside environment, and in dividing and
enclosing walls.
 Plastering
It is a layer of mortar
also called “Pañete” or
“Repello”, which covers
surfaces of walls,
floors, ceilings and
others.
Functions of
plastering
− Obtain smooth surfaces and give them a finish with stucco
and paint or veneer them.
− Achieve impermeable surfaces on facades, foundations,
basements, etc.
− Increase the wear resistance of walls and floors by applying
cement-rich mortars.
− Protect the structure against the action of fires as a thermal
insulator.
− Improving acoustics in interior environments with rustic
plastering.

 Floors (Pavements)
Before pouring the floor, the interior of
the facility must be filled so that the
floors can rest on a solid base. To do this,
and with the surplus soil from the
excavation, the trenches and the interior
must be filled with layers no greater than
10 – 15 cm, moistening it appropriately.

 Roof Trusses (Roof Frames)

A truss is a structural element
composed of a series of straight
pieces arranged and joined in
such a way that the external
loads applied to their joints
produce only direct stresses on
said pieces.
The only geometric figure that
does not deform without its sides changing their length is the
triangle. That is why it constitutes the basic form of the
arrangement of the elements of an armor. Simple trusses are
substituted for beams when spans and loads are too great to
permit the economical use of conventional beam sections.

 Columns
They are vertical elements
made of reinforced concrete
that confine the walls of the
building.
 Functions
•Resist axial loads
•Tie the walls of the
building.

 Covers
They are usually the last stage
in the construction process. It
is the structural element
responsible for protecting the
installation from the elements
and their agents such as: sun,
rain, wind, cold, heat and
light. The main characteristics
that a cover must have are:
Waterproofing and Insulation.
 QUALIT
The requirement for quality Ycontrol should be
implemented as a general rule, to avoid not only
CONTR
user dissatisfaction, but also risks and losses due
to poor or non-existent quality control in
construction works.
OL
Quality control in a construction project must be
considered from three different aspects:

1. Project quality control: approach, plans,

calculations, etc.
2. Quality control of materials.
3. Quality Control of Execution.

The Real Estate Developer must be the first interested party in demanding quality
control in construction, and thus avoid unpleasant surprises, which always turn into
excessive costs, an inflexible compliance with all technical and economic aspects that
influence the approach to a construction project is necessary. If the work has been
previously contracted without these approaches, it may be found with cost excesses
due to vagueness of the project, deficiencies in the materials that do not correspond to
what was contracted and what we are willing to pay for them, or with deficiencies in
the execution that can cause accidents and losses of all kinds, including human losses.
In order to correctly approach quality control in a construction project, the developer
has the valuable help of the Facultative Management, Architect, engineers and
surveyors or technicians involved in some phase, who should be required as
professionals in the field to propose a quality monitoring program, appropriate to each
type of work; in most construction projects and depending on their degree of
complexity, their sole work of inspection and surveillance is not enough, but it is
necessary to resort to hiring third parties, such as quality control laboratories that
allow the necessary technical checks to be carried out.
It is clear that the establishment of such control implies a cost (personnel, tests, etc.)
that is usually contractually established in various ways:

Totally borne by the Promoter of the Work.

The contractor who budgets it in his offer, if it contains the Control Plan to be
carried out, is responsible for it.
Mixed system, in which the charge depends on the goodness or not of the
result of the tests to be carried out, the content of the contract can be very
variable and, in turn, cover one or several phases, of which, in general, we can
divide the process:

1. Project Quality
 2. Quality of Materials
3. Quality of construction execution

WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION QUALITY?

In civil works
Since there are no express regulations as is the
case in construction, companies or
administrations that promote civil works usually
hire the same type of company that carries out
building control. Therefore, in their contracting
procedures, they usually require that the control
agents comply with the obligations required by
law in the case of construction. This voluntary requirement arises from the need to
trust those control companies that are able to demonstrate and prove their technical
and financial sufficiency.

QUALITY CONTROL COMPANIES

The quality of the building or construction project.

The quality of the materials
The quality of the execution of housing construction and civil construction.
Risk control and building or construction safety
The guarantee and control of the Sustainability of building and civil works.
The suitability of the soil through tests and geotechnical studies for building and civil
works.

WHEN IS IT CONTROLLED?
Quality, in its most general formulation, basically consists of a specification of the
product or service and correct compliance with that specification in the manufacturing
or delivery process. Both aspects determine quality, since a poorly specified product
cannot have quality, nor can a manufacturing process that does not meet the
specification.
Quality in the construction process can be controlled in all its phases:
Before:
 Project Control: Safety, Functionality and Durability
During:
 Execution Control: The adequacy of what was actually built and the
solutions used to the project and current regulations through inspections
and tests during the execution of the work.
 Control of materials used: The suitability of the materials used to the
requirements of the project through documentary controls or tests.
In the end:
  Carrying out final tests prior to commissioning the works and especially the
facilities.

THOSE IN CHARGE OF MONITORING QUALITY CONTROL

The requirement for quality control should be
implemented as a general rule, to avoid not only
user dissatisfaction, but also risks and losses due
to poor or non-existent quality control in civil
engineering construction works. Quality control in
a construction project must be considered from
three different aspects:
1. Project Quality Control:
approach, plans, calculations, etc. The plans approved for construction must indicate
the quality requirements to be met.
2. Quality control of materials.
Activities related to quality: tests, trials, analysis, knowing that all of these have the
objective of ensuring that the product of the construction process reaches satisfactory
quality.
3. Quality Control of Execution.
Quality control and assurance in construction must begin at the project design stage,
drafting specifications, construction plans and through to the proper drafting of
contracts. These documents are the basis for obtaining results, since they constitute
what we know as the contract documents to which all parties involved must adhere
during the construction stage.
The Real Estate Developer should be the first interested party in demanding quality
control in the construction, and thus avoid unpleasant surprises. The developer has the
valuable help of the Technical Management, Architect, engineers and surveyors or
technicians involved in some phase, who should be required as professionals in the
field to propose a quality monitoring program. Supervision is required to ensure that
what was indicated in the plans is being fulfilled at the time of the construction phase.
This indicates that training of the personnel responsible for the work is a fundamental
aspect to raise the technical and cultural level. Quality must be based on the good
execution of work and the ability to detect problems, communicate them and solve
them.

CONSEQUENCES
The work or company that has been successful is that which has been able to make its
employees aware of the importance of quality management. Likewise, making
customer satisfaction the company's priority objective not only serves as a basis, but
also allows staff to be guided and united towards achieving the company's key goal. In
some companies, the joint development of the quality system in the office and on-site
has enabled the generation of a flow of information between them that has been
decisive in improving the system, obtaining very significant advantages. In addition, in
relation to the execution of the works, continuous site visits have been established, in
order to be able to check "in situ" and from the beginning the progress of the
subcontractors' work and to detect possible faults as soon as possible. The message
that is conveyed to the business sector with the draws to win consultancy and
construction contracts is totally negative, as it tells us that it is not necessary to have
and offer the best conditions or to worry about the training of professionals, to acquire
the best technologies, etc., but rather it is a matter of having a bit of luck and that is
enough. On the other hand, the market trend is: “search for competitiveness within a
globalized market.” This shows us that the Peruvian State's contracting system needs
to be significantly modified. It will be necessary for all those involved in the life cycle of
construction projects to become more competitive, which will achieve direct positive
effects on our own organization, but will also provide greater benefits to the country.

Management Commitment to Quality

Another important aspect related to quality
is management's commitment to quality and
productivity. Tactics and plans for
improvement cannot be implemented
without clearly established policies and
strategies by management, aimed at
increasing productivity and, consequently,
better quality of products and services. This
commitment must be so intense that it
allows us to change those aspects that hinder the achievement of these objectives,
which are mainly the search for short-term gains and the lack of long-term plans and
aspirations. Construction has - one of its most negative characteristics - a great inertia
to technological and administrative changes. It will be a fundamental function of
management to determine and propose mechanisms to overcome it and thus achieve
the introduction of a productive and quality awareness in the company.

COST AND QUALITY.

The interrelation between these two aspects is often a cause of controversy. When
trying to improve the economic characteristics of something, one must be very careful
to clearly define what one is seeking: falling into greed is as bad - or perhaps worse -
than falling into waste; both cases - especially the first - are pathetic examples of a
poorly understood economy. It is also very common to consider that some option is
better simply because it involves a lower outlay in the initial phase, even if it requires
high maintenance costs during its useful life (which are often indolently ignored).

QUALITY CONTROL
It is very common among engineers who are dedicated to the construction of civil
works to be concerned with aspects related to the concepts of work in order to
achieve maximum efficiency in all construction operations and, therefore, the greatest
possible economic benefit. This results in a radical neglect of the technical aspects
closely linked to the conception, execution and Quality Control of a project.
QUALITY LEVEL: Set of qualitative and quantitative characteristics that the materials,
installations and components of the work must satisfy in the aspects of resistance to
the loads to be supported, total and differential settlements, deformations, geometry,
appearance, durability, load capacity, etc.