Infr .

structure of
Come the
Internet, the Web and Electronic
the Mobile Platform
Goals:
• Analyze the origins of the Internet.
• Identify key technological concepts of the Internet.
• Describe the role of Internet protocols and utility programs.
• Explain the current structure of the Internet.
• Explain what the electronic commerce infrastructure consists of.
What is @0 Internet 0for You8

• The Internet is a decentralized set of interconnected communication

networks that use the TCP/IP protocol family, ensuring that the
heterogeneous physical networks that compose it function as a single
logical network with global reach.
Questions?
• ARPA: (Advanced Research Projects Agency) United States government
agency created to counter Russia's military technological challenges.
• ARPANET: (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was created by
order of the United States Department of Defense as a means of
communication for the country's different agencies. Disappeared in 1990.
• TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
• WWW: (World Wide Web) is a set of protocols that allows, in a simple
way, the remote consultation of hypertext files. This was a later
development (1990) and uses the Internet as a transmission medium.
Created by Tim Berners Lee.
Key Concepts
• Packet Switching: is a method of sending data on a computer
network. A packet is a group of information consisting of two parts:
the data itself and the control information, which indicates the route
to follow through the network to the packet's destination. There is an
upper limit on packet size; if it is exceeded, the packet needs to be
split into smaller ones.
• NSF: (National Science Foundation) began the development of
NSFNET which became the main tree network of the Internet, later
complemented by the NSINET and ESNET networks, all of them in the
United States.
• DNS: Internet Domain Name System.
• CERT: (Computer Emergency Response Team) group of experts who
handle computer security incidents.
• CERN: (European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Questions?
Protocols and their Services
Sending email (SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol/
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Ig3-
• File transfer (FTP- File Transfer Protocol and P2P- peer-to-peer, peer-to-peer
network, peer-to-peer network or point-to-point network)

Online conversations (IRC- Internet Relay Chat, is a

text-based real-time communication protocol)
Protocols and their Services
• Instant and in-person messaging

The transmission of content and multimedia

television (IPTV)

communication - telephony (VoIP),

• Electronic bulletins (NNTP - Network News Transport Protocol)
Protocols and their
Services
Remote access to other devices (SSH - Secure Shell/ shell interpreter)
secure commands and Telnet - TELecommunication NETwork or network
(which
protocolis used to manage a machine remotely) Telnet Telnet
Client Server

Output from server

to client display

Online games.
Input from client
keyboard to
server
Current structure of the Internet
• The current structure of the Internet is based on the interconnection
of networks in a more or less hierarchical manner with several levels,
known as tiers. In general terms There are three levels
known as Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3.
• The main features of each level are:
• Tier 1 networks are the networks of large global operators (Global Carriers)
that have fiber optic networks on at least two continents. From a Tier 1
network you can access any point on the Internet because it is a necessary
condition that all Tier 1 networks have to be connected to each other.
• It can be said that Tier 1 networks form the current backbone of the Internet.
Some examples of
Companies that own Tier 1 networks are:
• AOL via ATDN (AOL Transit Data Network)
• AT&T
• Verizon
• Intelligent
• NTT Communications
• Telefonica International Wholesale
Services (TIWS)
• Tier 2 networks are more regional operators that cannot reach all
points on the Internet and need to connect to a Tier 1 network to do
so. Its main function is to offer connectivity services to Tier 3
operators. Examples of Tier 2 operators:

• Cable&Wireless
• British Telecom
• SingTel (Singapore Telecommunications Limited)
• Tier 3 networks belong to operators that provide Internet connection
service to residential users and many companies, which we know as
ISPs (Internet Service Providers) or Internet access providers. Some
examples are:

• In Spain: Movistar, Vodafone, Orange, Ono…

• In Latin America: Movistar, TELMEX, AXTEL, Claro…
Current structure of the Internet
Questions?
Infrastructure in Electronic Commerce
• The implementation of electronic commerce requires the creation of
an adequate technological infrastructure, an appropriate legal
framework and strong security, which guarantee commercial
transactions and electronic payment.
• “Doing” e-commerce is not as easy as it might seem. It requires
carrying out a process that ranges from determining the products and
services you want to promote online, to redefining your sales,
distribution, collection, marketing and customer service processes.
Infrastructure in Electronic Commerce
• Creating a technological infrastructure involves achieving a high level
of automation and developing networks to provide maximum access
to the Internet and email.
1. Communication Systems
• Communication systems are very important in trading systems in
general.
• For some authors, railway networks were what computer and
telecommunications networks are today.
• Among the most widely used communication systems is PSTN (Public
Switched Telephone Network) or simply the telephone network.
• Current trends among telecommunication service providers are to
reach convergence: “double, triple and quadruple play”. The
combination of data, voice, video and other on-demand services.
1. Communication Systems
• Initially, communication systems were dedicated to ensuring good
quality of service (QoS).
• Current trends in connectivity indicate that technologies of
wireless communication are successful at SOHO (
Small Office - Home Office) level, but not at business level. By
that
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1. Communication Systems
• Another characteristic of communication systems is fault tolerance,
that is, the way to ensure that information reaches its destination.
• The Internet is a fault-tolerant network, which has a hierarchical
topology.

At the end of the day, communication systems bring

businesses together.
2. Payment System
• The fundamental difference between a web portal and an e-
commerce site lies in the ability to collect a monetary transaction
directly from the site, so in this case the site is seen as if it were a
terminal.
• The website must validate this transaction with a centralizing banking
entity.
• This transaction validation can be done at that time or the data can
be saved to do manual validation. Ultimately, there needs to be
human validation in the process.
3. Distribution and Delivery
• An important part of any business's infrastructure is logistics, and e-
commerce is no exception.
• Among other activities, logistics includes distribution and delivery
processes, which in the case of E-Commerce form the connection
between virtual and real commerce.
• For the vast majority of e-commerce sites, the best scheme for
distribution and delivery is to delegate this activity to a third party
(courier companies).
• Since E-Commerce purchases are not made immediately, it is
necessary to provide the user with a follow-up regarding the status
of their purchase.
4. Network Interconnection
• Networks are the interconnection of various elements for a specific
purpose. For example, we talk about distribution networks, social
networks, etc.
• Why should multiple networks be merged? Because a single network
in most cases cannot solve all problems.
• At a commercial level, if you have good relationships with other e-
commerce sites, you can use them to sell goods or services, apply
discounts, among other commercial strategies.
Questions?
• There is no single software for E-Commerce sites but it must have
certain characteristics in order to work properly.
1. The software must be able to run on a computer network, preferably a
distributed system.
2. You must carry out economic transactions automatically or semi-
automatically.
3. It must be fault-tolerant, so in many cases it must be redundant, in
addition to having the ability to perform frequent backups.
4. It must be a secure system in all its processes.
 It must be easily upgradable, so it must be modular, so that if it needs
5. maintenance, the entire service does not have to be suspended.
It must have good interfaces, so that it can work with other software from
other companies.
6. E-commerce applications must make use of databases or other
mechanisms that allow the transportability of information.
7.
6. The
Hardware
• The hardware for e-commerce sites is varied.
• In general, the computers that host the main software must be
computers with high computing power (RAM, fast processors, large
hard drives, etc.) and should preferably be dedicated to that activity
only.
• Hardware fault tolerance is very important, so hotswap devices
should be used. Memories, microprocessors, peripherals, hard drives,
etc.
• For hard drives, schemes such as RAID or high-performance
computing architectures such as Blade servers should be used.
6. The
Hardware
• E-commerce systems must have the versatility to adapt to various
input and output peripherals such as: numeric keypads, magnetic
card readers, barcode readers, smart card readers, touch monitors,
fingerprint recognition devices, etc.
• With regard to hardware on the client side, it must be ensured that it
uses as few resources as possible so that it can be easily accessible
by all clients or terminal users of our system.
7. Security
Security is a very important aspect in any
E-Commerce system.
• Security is divided into two levels depending on where it is
implemented: physical and logical. This security can be associated
with both hardware and software.
• Physical security deals more with human resources. This is the most
forgotten of all. There are many measures, for example: using
restricted, non-visible areas, tolerant to climate and catastrophic
events, etc.
7. Security
• Logical security implements the same measures as physical security
but through software.
• Mechanisms that allow authentication and authorization of services
to users locally or remotely must be used, for example: the use of
passwords, biometric devices, artificial intelligence.
• Perhaps the most important aspect of security in E-Commerce
systems is the security of the communication and payment
infrastructure that forms the backbone of the business.
7. Security
• To ensure this security, the information that travels through
these media must be encrypted, so that if it is intercepted, it is
very difficult to interpret.
Questions?