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DPCO Unit 4

The document outlines the components of a computer system, including input/output devices, memory, and the CPU. It discusses various addressing modes, instruction formats, and the roles of the control unit and instruction register. Additionally, it covers concepts such as high-level languages, assembly language, machine language, compilers, and interpreters.

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4 views

DPCO Unit 4

The document outlines the components of a computer system, including input/output devices, memory, and the CPU. It discusses various addressing modes, instruction formats, and the roles of the control unit and instruction register. Additionally, it covers concepts such as high-level languages, assembly language, machine language, compilers, and interpreters.

Uploaded by

viji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

UNIT IV
1. What are the components of a computer system?
The components of a computer system are Input Devices Output Devices Memory CPU or processor
Network

2. What are the addressing modes?


Immediate addressing mode Register addressing mode
Base or displacement addressing mode PC-relative addressing
mode
Direct addressing mode

3. State the need for indirect addressing mode. Give an example.


In direct addressing mode, the length of the address field is usually less than the word length,
thus limiting the address range. To overcome this, in indirect addressing the address field refer
to the address of a word in memory, which in turn contains a full- length address of the
operand.
Example: MOV AX, [BX]

4. What is an instruction register?


IR is the part of a CPU's control unit that holds the instruction currently being executed
or decoded. The output of the IR is available to control circuits which generate the
timing signals that control the various processing elements involved in executing the
instruction.

5. What is instruction set architecture?


The Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is the part of the processor that is visible to the
programmer or compiler writer. The ISA serves as the boundary between software and
hardware.The ISA of a processor can be described using 5 categories: Operand Storage in
the CPU
Number of explicit named operands Operand location
Operations
Type and size of operands

6. Brief about relative addressing mode with an example.


The PC-relative addressing mode is used to load a register with a value stored in program memory
which is a short distance away from the current instruction. It can be seen as a special case of
the "base plus offset" addressing mode, one that selects the program counter (PC) as the "base
register"
Example: JNZ BACK

7. What are the functions of control unit?


The control unit co-ordinates and controls the activities among the functional units. The basic
function of control unit is to fetch the instructions stored in the main memory, identify the
operations, the devices involved in it and generate control signals to execute the desired
operations.

8. List various instruction formats with example. Three –


address instruction – ADD A,B,C Two –address
instruction – ADD A,B One address instruction – ADD
A
Zero address instruction – CMA

9. What is Big endian byte ordering?


In this scheme, high-order byte is stored on the starting address (A) and low-order byte is stored
on the next address (A + 1).

10. What is Little endian byte addressing?


In this scheme, low-order byte is stored on the starting address (A) and high-order byte is stored
on the next address (A + 1).

11. What is aligned addess?


Word length is typically a multiple of 8 , CPU word length is 8,16,32 and 64 bits.IN case of 32 bit
word length natural word boundaries occur at addresses 0,4,8…. Words are said to bealigned
in memory if they begin at the natural word boundaries. The address of such words are called
aligned address.

12. What is operation codes?


Operation code is the part of a machine code instruction that defines the operation to be
performed.

13. What is addressing mode?


The term addressing modes refers to the way in which the operand of an instruction is specified. The
addressing mode specifies a rule for interpreting or modifying the address field of the
instruction before the operand is actually executed
14. What is an effective address?
An effective address is the value which is used by a fetch or store operation to specify which
memory location is to be accessed by the operation from the perspective of the entity (i.e.
process, thread, interrupt handler, kernel component, etc) issuing the operation.

15. What is High level Language?


A high-level language is any programming language that enables development of a program in a
much more user-friendly programming context and is generally independent of the computer's
hardware architecture.
C/C++ and Java are popular examples of high-level languages.

16. What is assembly language?


Assembly Language is at times termed as Assembly programs or abbreviated as ASM which is a
low-level computer language where the commands are more close to machine level language
and equally understandable to human also. Assembly language programs get compiled or run
by the assembler only. MOV, ADD, CALL, PUSH, NOT are examples of such commands.
17. What is machine language?
Machine language is a low-level language made up of binary numbers or bits that a computer
can understand. It is also known as machine code or object code and is extremely tough to
comprehend. The only language that the computer understands is machine language.

18. What is a compiler?


Compiler is a software that converts the source code to the object code. In other words, we can say
that it converts the high-level language to machine/binary language. Moreover, it is necessary to
perform this step to make the program executable. This is because the computer understands only
binary language.Some compilers convert the high-level language to an assembly language as an
intermediate step. Whereas some others convert it directly to machine code. This process
ofconverting the source code into machine code is called compilation.

19. What is Interpreter?


An interpreter is a program that executes instructions written in a high-level language. Interpreters
enable other programs to run on a computer or server. They process program code at run time,
checking the code for errors line by line.

PART: B
1. Explain various instruction formats and illustrate the same with an example.
2. Explain with an example about the operations and operands of the computer hardware
3. Explain in detail the various components of computer system with neat diagram.
4. Explain the different types of addressing modes with suitable examples.
5. Discuss about the various techniques to represent instructions in a computer system.
6. Assume a two address format specified as source, destination. Examine the
following sequenceof instructions and explain the addressing modes used and the
operation done in every instruction..
a. Move (R5)+, R0
b. Add (R5)+, R0
c. Move R0, (R5)
d. Move 16(R5), R3
e. Add #40,R5
7. Explain the structure of Von Neumann Machine.
8. Explain in detail about memory address and operations.

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