MODULE 1 :

INTRODUCTION TO
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EMATH 003 – DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO’S)

At the end of this module, the students should be able to :

❑ Define Differential Equations (DE) and classify it according to its attributes
❑ Differentiate a General Solution from a Particular Solution of a DE
❑ Test the solution if it satisfies the given DE
❑ Derive a DE from a given function using Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
❑ Specify the methods used in eliminating the Arbitrary Constant
❑ Obtain the DE of a Family of Curves under given conditions
❑ Sketch several representative members of the Family of Curves
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Differential Equation – an equation that shows relationship between dependent and

independent variable/s and its derivative or differentials, and can be expressed explicitly
or implicitly.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−3 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
− + 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• The derivatives or differentials of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) can be expressed using the

following notations :
1. Lagrange’s Notation (Prime Notation)
𝑦′ = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑓′′(𝑥)
2. Leibniz Notation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2
2
= 2 [𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Independent Variable – the variable at the bottom of the derivative

• Dependent Variable – the variable at the top of the derivative

Example.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
, ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Determine which variable/s is independent and which is/are dependent.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦5

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 2
−3
𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑡
+
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑥 + 𝑦
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Classifications of Differential Equations

- A Differential Equation can be classified :
A. According to its Type
B. According to its Attributes
a. Order
b. Degree
c. Linearity
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Classifications of Differential Equations (DE)

A. According to its Type
1. Ordinary DE – contains only ordinary derivatives with respect to one and only
one independent variable
2. Partial DE – contains partial derivatives, and has a symbol ‘∂’. It may have two or
more independent variables.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its type.

𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 2
−
𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑡
+
𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑥 + 𝑦

∂𝑥 ∂𝑥
4. − 4𝑦 − 4 = 0
∂𝑦 ∂𝑧
3 2
∂2𝑥 ∂𝑥
5. −3 = 6𝑥
∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑧
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Classifications of Differential Equations (DE)

B. According to its Attributes
1. Order – refers to the highest order among the derivative present in the DE
2. Degree – refers to the highest power / exponent of the highest order derivative
found in the DE
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its order and degree.

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 2
−
𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0

3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 5
2. 𝑑𝑥 2
−
𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0

3 2
∂2𝑥 ∂𝑥
3. −3 = 𝑥5
∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑧
3
∂2𝑥 ∂𝑥
4. − 4 = sin 𝑥
∂𝑦 2 ∂𝑧
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Classifications of Differential Equations (DE)

B. According to its Attributes
3. Linearity – A DE is classified as a linear DE if the following conditions are
satisfied.
i. The dependent variable and its derivatives occur to the 1st degree only.
ii. The coefficients of the terms are either constants only or function of the
independent variable only.
Otherwise, the DE is non-linear.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its linearity.

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 2
−
𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. − + 6𝑦 5 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its linearity.

3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 5
3. 𝑑𝑥 2
−
𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. +𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its linearity.

𝑑𝑦
5. 1−𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6. + 𝑥3 + sin 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Classify the DE according to its linearity.

𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7. 𝑑𝑥 3
+ 3 2
𝑑𝑥
−2
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 0
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO’S)

At the end of this module, the students should be able to :

❑ Define Differential Equations (DE) and classify it according to its attributes
❑ Differentiate a General Solution from a Particular Solution of a DE
❑ Test the solution if it satisfies the given DE
❑ Derive a DE from a given function using Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
❑ Specify the methods used in eliminating the Arbitrary Constant
❑ Obtain the DE of a Family of Curves under given conditions
❑ Sketch several representative members of the Family of Curves
 SOLUTIONS TO
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Review Exercise.Verify if 2, −4 is a solution to the equation 5𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 30.

SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

What is a solution to a Differential Equation?

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−3 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Solution to Differential Equation

A function is a solution to a DE if :
i. It contains no derivative.
ii. It shows the functional dependence of the dependent variable to the
independent variable.
iii. If when substituted to the DE, satisfies the equation.
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• Types of Solution to Differential Equation

1. General Solution – solution that contains at least one arbitrary constant
2. Particular or Exact Solution – solution that contains no arbitrary constants
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Identify if the given function is a solution to the given DE. If so, classify the type of the
solution.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; −3 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Example. Identify if the given function is a solution to the given DE. If so, classify the type of the
solution.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; −3 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑥 + 4𝐶 𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝐶1 𝑒 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 ; = 𝐶1 𝑒 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Example. Identify if the given function is a solution to the given DE. If so, classify the type of the
solution.
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ; 𝑦′′ − 6𝑦′ + 13𝑦 = 0
Example. Identify if the given function is a solution to the given DE. If so, classify the type of the
solution.
2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ; 𝑦′′ − 6𝑦′ + 13𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ = −2𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 5𝑒 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − 12𝑒 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥
SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Exercise.
The equation 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 5.TRUE or FALSE.
Exercise.
The equation 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 5.TRUE of FALSE.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO’S)

At the end of this module, the students should be able to :

✓ Define Differential Equations (DE) and classify it according to its attributes
❑ Differentiate a General Solution from a Particular Solution of a DE
❑ Derive a DE from a given function using Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
❑ Specify the methods used in eliminating the Arbitrary Constant
❑ Obtain the DE of a Family of Curves under given conditions
❑ Sketch several representative members of the Family of Curves, and
❑ Test the solution if it satisfies the given DE
 ELIMINATION OF
ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

• Elimination of Arbitrary Constants – the process of eliminating the arbitrary constants

present in a given function to obtain a differential equation

• Methods in Eliminating the Arbitrary Constants

1. By Differentiation and Combination
2. By Isolation of Constants
3. By Determinants
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

• In performing Elimination of Arbitrary Constants,

Step 1 : Count the number of arbitrary constant/s in the function.
Step 2 : Differentiate the given function based on the number of arbitrary constants.
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Differentiation and Combination.
1. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 3
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Differentiation and Combination.
2. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Differentiation and Combination.
3. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Differentiation and Combination.
3. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = −𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′ = −2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
4. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 3 ; 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
5. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
5. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
6. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
7. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Isolation of Constants.
7. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Determinants.
8. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥 3 ; 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶𝑥 2
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Determinants.
9. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Determinants.
9. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS

Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Determinants.
10. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
𝑦 ′ = 5𝐴 cos 5𝑥 − 5𝐵 sin 5𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −25𝐴 sin 5𝑥 − 25𝐵 cos 5𝑥
Example. Derive the Differential Equation from the given general solution using Elimination of
Arbitrary Constants – Determinants.
10. 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 5𝑥 + 𝐵 cos 5𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ + 25𝑦 = 0
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO’S)

At the end of this module, the students should be able to :

✓ Define Differential Equations (DE) and classify it according to its attributes
✓ Differentiate a General Solution from a Particular Solution of a DE
❑ Derive a DE from a given function using Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
❑ Specify the methods used in eliminating the Arbitrary Constant
❑ Obtain the DE of a Family of Curves under given conditions
❑ Sketch several representative members of the Family of Curves, and
❑ Test the solution if it satisfies the given DE
FAMILY OF CURVES
FAMILY OF CURVES

• Family of Curves – a set of curves, each of which is given by a function in which one or
more parameters is given.
FAMILY OF CURVES

• Family of Curves is represented by a Differential Equation which can be obtained by

eliminating the arbitrary constant/s in the equation.
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
1. Family of lines intersecting the origin
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
1. Family of lines intersecting the origin
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
2. Family of circles whose center is on the x-axis
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
2. Family of circles whose center is on the x-axis
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
3. Family of ellipse centered at the origin and transverse axis is x.
Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
3. Family of ellipse centered at the origin and transverse axis is x.
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
4. Family of parabolas with vertex and focus on the x-axis.
FAMILY OF CURVES

Example. Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves being described.
4. Family of parabolas with vertex and focus on the x-axis.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO’S)

At the end of this module, the students should be able to :

✓ Define Differential Equations (DE) and classify it according to its attributes
✓ Differentiate a General Solution from a Particular Solution of a DE
✓ Test the solution if it satisfies the given DE
✓ Derive a DE from a given function using Elimination of Arbitrary Constants
✓ Specify the methods used in eliminating the Arbitrary Constant
❑ Obtain the DE of a Family of Curves under given conditions
❑ Sketch several representative members of the Family of Curves, and
END ☺
REMINDERS

• Assignment 1 –

• Quiz 1 -