BARRACK’S BUDDY

CHEMISTRY
Matter and our surroundings
WHAT TO LEARN

What is matter
Classification and properties
Mixtures V/S pure substances
Physical and Chemical Change
Separation processes
Mind maps
PYQs
MATTER

NCERT: Everything that has a mass and occupies space is matter

Has more mass and

volume of air
 CLASSIFICATION
Matter

Physical Classification Chemical Classification

Solid
Bose- Einstein
Gas Pure-substance
Condensate Mixtures

Liquid
Element
Plasma
Compound
Homogenous

Heterogenous
PHYSICAL STATES
Solids:
Fixed shape and volume
Regular and closed packed
Less space between particles

Liquids:
Fixed volume
Loosely packed
Enough space between particles
Flows
Gas:
No fixed shape and volume
Highly compressible
Randomly spread
Free, constant, and random
Has kinetic energy
Diffuse quickly
PHYSICAL STATES Plasma:
Neither definite shape nor volume
Ionized particles moving freely
Large
Very fast and energetic
Flows in all ddirections

BEC:
Neither fixed volume or shape
Particles clump together as a single
quantum entity
Very less interparticle space
Extremely low energy state
Flows like a superfluid
Used in clearing lasers, atomic clocks
Ultra-precise measurements
Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, and Wolfgang
Ketterle - 2001 Nobel prize.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Mass Volume Density

Amount of matter The amount of Distribution of mass
SI - Kg space an object accourd to volume.
occupies i.e. Mass per unit
Units: volume [m/v]
Kg Litre (l)
Mililitre (ml)
Cubic meter (m³)
Cubic centimeter (cm³)
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Melting Point Fusion Boiling point

Temperature @ Solid turns When two Particles Temperature at
liquid. collide to form a which a liquid's
Melting point of Ice = 32°F heavier particle vapor pressure
(0°C) Two H atoms equals
combine to form atmospheric
one He atom pressure.
Liquid -> Gas
H He
Equilibrium
H Energy
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Latent Heat of Latent Heat of Evaporation

Fusion Vaporization Liquid -> Gas
Amout if heat required to Amout if heat Below Boiling point
change 1 Kg of solid to required to change
liquid at it’s melting point. 1 Kg of liquid to gas
at it’s boiling point.

0°C 100°C
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Factors Affecting Evaporation
Temperature: Higher temperature increases
Evaporation
evaporation.
Liquid -> Gas
Below Boiling point Surface Area: Larger area enhances
evaporation.
Humidity: High humidity reduces
evaporation.
Wind Speed: Faster wind boosts
evaporation.

Cooling effect of evaporation: Liquid absorbs

energy to overcome inter-particle forces,
causing cooling. Sweating cools the body as
evaporation absorbs heat.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Condensation Sublimation
Gas -> liquid Solid -> Gas
Due to change in Due to change in
presssure and temperature.
temperature. It is specific to
It can occur at any Solids like Dry Ice,
tempearture Ammonium
between 0°C and Chloride.
100°C
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Reverse Of Sublimation: Deposition

Gas -> Solid

Water vapors turn into frost @ really low
temperature
Ammonium chloride gas transforms back
into solid.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

Chemical Classification
Have cosntand properties and
composition?

Pure-substance
Mixtures
Can it be simplified
Is it unifrom througout?
chemically?
Element
Compound
Homogenous

Heterogenous
PURE SUBSTANCES

Definition: Have a consistent and definite composition.

Distinct physical and chemical properties

CDS 2 2023

Elements and compounds

Tin

Gold

Sulfur
 ELEMENTS

Made of only single atom

Exist in different physical states

Represented by chemical symbols on the periodic table.

 COMPOUNDS

2 or more elements combine in fixed proportions

Have unique properties, different from elements.

Can be broken down into simpler particles

Can be classified into :

Ionic compounds
Covalent compounds
Acids and bases
 MIXTURES

Mixture of 2 or more substances combining physically

Retain their physical properties.

Homogenous and Heterogenous.

(Solution) (Suspention)
(Colloids)
(Soild Mixtures)
HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

Mixtures having definite compostion througout.

Hard to separate annd distinguish.

Examples:
Solution
Alloys
Gases

KYA MATLAB GASES KA

EXAMPLE DEKHNA HAI
TOH DELHI DEKH LO!
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES

Mixtures which do not have definite compostion througout.

Easy to separate and distinguish.

Examples:
Suspension
Colloids
Solid mixtures
MIXTURES
 SOLUTIONS

Mixture of only 1 phase : no distinguished boundaries

Particles dissolve and fix with eachother Solute

Made of solute + Solvent

Examples:
Salt Solution
Sugar Solution Solvent
Acid, Base and Alcohol Solution
 SOLUTIONS

Can not be separated by physical method

Particle size is smaller than one nanometer

No Tyndall effect

Particles do not settle at the bottom

Types:
Solid-solid solution
Solid-liquid solution
Liquid-liquid solution
Gas-liquid solution
Gas-gas solution
SOLUTIONS

Type Examples Definition

Homogeneous mixtures of
Alloys (e.g., brass,
Solid-Solid metals/non-metals; components
steel)
inseparable by physical means.

Solute (salt) dissolves in solvent

Solid-Liquid Saltwater (water) by forming ions and occupying
intermolecular spaces.

Vinegar (acetic
Liquid-Liquid Formed by two miscible liquids.
acid in water)

Gas (e.g., CO2) dissolved in liquid, often

Gas-Liquid Soft drinks
causing effervescence.

Mixture of various gases (e.g., oxygen,

Gas-Gas Air
nitrogen, carbon dioxide).
 ALLOYS

A mix of metals (or metals and non-metals) to enhance properties.

Metals are melted, mixed, and cooled to form a solid with combined properties.

Enhanced features:
Stronger and tougher (e.g., Steel).
Rust-resistant (e.g., Stainless Steel).
Easier to shape. (alloyed gold for ornaments: 16K, 18K,
22K etc)
Adjustable conductivity of heat and electricity.
Cost-Effective: Sometimes alloys are cheaper and
more practical to use.
 ALLOYS

Alloy Components Uses Properties

Durability, resistance to wear,

Amalgam (Dental) Mercury, Silver, Tin, Copper Dental fillings
biocompatibility

Musical instruments, plumbing Workability, acoustic properties, good

Brass Copper, Zinc
fittings, decorative items electrical conductivity

Corrosion resistance, strength,

Bell Metal/ Bronze Copper, Tin Sculptures, coins, ship fittings
durability

Aluminum, Copper, Manganese, Aircraft components, automotive Lightweight, high strength, good
Duralumin
Magnesium parts corrosion resistance

Tableware, jewelry, decorative Malleability, aesthetic appeal, low

Pewter Tin, Copper, Antimony, Bismuth
objects melting point

Solder Tin, Lead Electrical connections, plumbing Low melting point, good conductivity

Safer alternative to lead solder,

Solder (Lead-Free) Tin, Zinc, Copper Electronics, plumbing
suitable for electronics

Construction materials, tools,

Steel Iron, Carbon (up to 2.1%) High tensile strength, good ductility
machinery, vehicles

Cutlery, kitchen appliances, medical Corrosion resistance, staining

Stainless Steel Iron, Chromium, Carbon, Nickel
instruments resistance, high strength
 SUSPENSIONS

Heterogenous mixture : particles do not dissolve.

Large particle size > 1 micrometres
Tyndall effect: observed
Example: Sand in water, Flour in water
IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS

2 liquids of different nature do not mix with each other.

Form separate layers.
Tyndall effect: not observed
Easy to separate

Examples: Any oil and water.

TYNDALL EFFECT

Scattering of light due to particles of a solution.

Larger particles scatter more light.
Mostly observed in colloidal solutions
In real life observed at:
Sunlight entering a dark room
Dust particles in sunlight
Light through canopy
Torch light against milk glass
 COLLOIDS

Solute spread throughout solvent evenly.

Particle Size: 1nm< Colloide solute <1000nm
Tyndall effect: well observed
Particles do no settle down

Examples: Milk, gelatine, fog, and paint.

Types (on basis of dispersed phase and dispersion medium):

Solid DP and Liquid DM : Sol = Milk of magnesia, Mud
Liquid DP and Gas DM: Aerosol = Cloud, Mist, Fog
etc.
COLLOIDS TYPES

Types and everyday use examples:

 MICELLE

Colloidal structure
Surfactant molecules aggregate together
Hydrophillic head and Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophobic tail points inward and head outwards

Trap dirt and excess oils and help in cleaning

Stabilise emulsions by decreasing surface tension

between immiscible liquids.
 DIFFERENCES

Aspect Mixture Compound

A combination of two or more substances that are not A substance formed when two or more elements are
Definition
chemically bonded. chemically bonded together.

Can vary in composition; the proportions of Has a fixed composition; elements are combined in a specific
Composition
components can change. ratio.

Has properties that are different from the individual elements

Properties Retains the individual properties of its components.
that make it up.

Components can be separated by physical means Can only be separated into its elements through chemical
Separation
(e.g., filtration, distillation, evaporation). reactions (e.g., electrolysis).

Air, saltwater, salad, sand mixed with iron filings, sugar Water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), sodium chloride (NaCl),
Examples
dissolved in water. glucose.

Can be homogeneous (uniform composition

Always homogeneous; consists of a uniform substance
Homogeneity throughout) or heterogeneous (non-uniform
throughout.
composition).

Generally, little or no energy change occurs when Energy changes (absorption or release of heat) often occur
Energy Changes
mixtures are formed or separated. during the formation or breaking of compounds.
 DIFFERENCES

Aspect Chemical Change Physical Change

A change that results in the formation of new chemical A change that affects one or more physical properties without
Definition
substances. altering the chemical composition.

Rusting of iron, burning of wood, digestion of food, vinegar Melting ice, boiling water, dissolving sugar in water, breaking
Examples
reacting with baking soda. glass.

The chemical composition of the substances is changed; The chemical composition remains the same; no new
Composition
new substances are formed. substances are created.

Often involves energy changes, such as heat, light, or Usually involves changes in physical state or form; energy
Energy Changes
sound being produced or absorbed. changes are typically minimal.

Generally, not easily reversible (e.g., burning wood cannot Often reversible (e.g., melting and freezing water can be
Reversibility
be reversed). reversed).

Colour change, gas production, formation of a precipitate, Changes in state, shape, or size; no new substances are
Indicators
or temperature change may indicate a chemical change. formed.

No rearrangement of atoms; the arrangement of molecules

Involves rearrangement of atoms and bonds; atoms are
Atomic Structure may change, but the molecules themselves remain
transformed into different molecules.
unchanged.
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Centrifugation
Uses Centrifugal force
Separates on basis of density difference
Denser particles settle at bottom
Example:
Churning of milk to separate cream
Separation of blood for pathological use
Washing machine
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Decantation
Separating immiscible liquids
Separates on basis of density difference
Denser liquid settle at bottom
Use of funnel
Example:
Oil and water
Water and benzene
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Sublimation
Sublimable substances turn into vapor
Separates sublimable and non sublimable substances.

Example: Separating ammonium chloride and sodium chloride.

SEPARATION PROCESSES

Chromatography
Separation of basis of particle on basis of mobility.
Particles move at different speed

Example:
Separation of colours in dye
Biochemical analysis of blood
Separation of plant pigments
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Distillation
Separation of basis of Different boiling point.
Low boiling point = vaporises first.
Cooling tube
Example:
Salt water distillation
Use in perfurme industries
Used to obtain distilled water
with low minreal content.
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Fractional Distillation
Separation of basis of Different boiling point.
Difference in boiling points = less

Example:
Acetone and water.
Crude oil and petroleum products.
Separation of gases: Oxygen,
nitrogen etc.
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Crystallization
Separate pure solids in cryatal form
Heating Solution: solute forms crystals.
Impurities remain in solutions
Example:
Copper sulphate crystals
Crystal salts from sea water
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Evaporation
Separation of volatile subbstances
Can be natural or artificially induced.
Non volatile or less volatile substances are left behind.
Example:
Formation of sea-salt.
Drying clothes.
Cooling of body (sweat evaporates)

Factors affecting rate of evaporation:

Heat and temperature.
Humidity
Surface area
Wind-speed
Pressure
SEPARATION PROCESSES

Other methods for soilds

Hand picking
Sieving
Magnetic separation
 MIND MAP Matter

Physical Classification Chemical Classification

Solid
Bose- Einstein
Gas
Condensate Pure-substance
Mixtures
Liquid
Plasma Element
Compound
Homogenous
Physical and Chemical Changes Heterogenous
Separation Processes
Centrifugation
Decantation
Solutions
Sublimation
Suspentions
Distillation and F.
Colloids
Distillation
Alloys
Crystallization
Other physical
methods
PYQS

Q: In which one of the following cases do both physical and chemical

changes take place?
CDS 2 2023
A) Burning of candle

B) Freezing of water

C) Cooking of food

D) Rusting of iron
PYQS

Q: Which one among the following substances is a compound?

A) Sugar CDS 2 2023

B) Air

C) Milk

D) Tea
PYQS

Q: Which one of the following apparatus is used for separating

benzene and water mixture?
NDA 1 2023
A) Round bottom flask

B) Conical flask

C) Separating funnel

D) Dean and Stark apparatus

PYQS

Q: Which one of the following processes involves chemical reaction?

A) Evaporation of petrol NDA 2 2023

B) Dissolution of salt in water

C) Storing of oxygen gas under pressure in a gas cylinder

D) Burning of magnesium ribbon in air

Thank You