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Chi square test

The document explains the Chi-Square test, a statistical method used to compare observed data with expected data based on Mendelian ratios. It provides the formula for calculating Chi-Square and illustrates its application through examples involving pea plant breeding data. The document also outlines a step-by-step procedure for testing hypotheses and determining the significance of results using the Chi-Square distribution table.

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2 views

Chi square test

The document explains the Chi-Square test, a statistical method used to compare observed data with expected data based on Mendelian ratios. It provides the formula for calculating Chi-Square and illustrates its application through examples involving pea plant breeding data. The document also outlines a step-by-step procedure for testing hypotheses and determining the significance of results using the Chi-Square distribution table.

Uploaded by

gayatridk5320
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lab -3-

The Chi-Square Test ( χ ) 2

An important question to answer in any genetic experiment is how can


we decide if our data fits any of the Mendelian ratios we have discussed. A
statistical test that can test out ratios is the Chi-Square.so, Chi-square is a
statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would
expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis The chi-square test is
always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that
there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result.

The formula for calculating chi-square ( χ 2) is:

χ2 = (o-e)2/e
That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared difference between observed (o)
and the expected (e) data , divided by the expected data in all possible
categories.

E = sum of (O) / sum of the mendelian ratio* proposed mendlian ratio


Degrees of freedom (Df) = n-1

where n is the number of classes

e.g when breeding pea plants we gets the following data : 42 yellow seeds
and 18 green seeds, Let's test the following data to determine if it fits a 3:1
ratio? When table χ2 ( 1,0.05) = 3.84

classes Observed (O) ratio Expected (E)


yellow 42 3 45
green 18 1 15
Sum=60 Sum=4
E1= 60/4*3=45

E2=60/4*1=15
Calculated χ2 = (o1-e1)2/e1 + (o2-e2)2/e2
χ2 = (42-45)2/45 + (18-15)2/15= 0.2+0.6= 0.8

χ2 < table χ2 so there is no significant difference between the


Calculated
expected and observed result ( no significant error).

e.g in a study, we found that the number of resulted pea plants


were : 2134 Round Yellow Seed, 920 Wrinkled yellow Seed, 951 round
green Seed, 987 Wrinkled Green. Let's test the following data to determine if
it fits a 9:3:3:1 ratio when table χ2 (3.0.05)=9.4, table χ2 (1.0.05)=3.84 .

classes Observed (O) ratio Expected (E)


Round Yellow 2134 9 2808
Wrinkled yellow 920 1 312
Round green 951 3 936
Wrinkled Green 987 3 936
Sum=4992 Sum=16
E1=(4992/16)*9=2808

E2=(4992/16) *1=312

E3=(4992/16)*3= 936=E4

Calculated χ2 = (o1-e1)2/e1 + (o2-e2)2/e2+(o3-e3)2/e3 + (o4-e4)2/e4


2
= (2134-2808) /2808+(987-936)2/936+(951-936)2/936+(920-312)2/312

= 1349.6
Degrees of freedom (Df) = n-1=4-1=3

Calculated χ2 > table χ2 so there is a significant difference between the


expected and observed result ( significant error) and the data is not
fitting a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
Step-by-Step Procedure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating
Chi-Square

1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results.

2. Determine the expected numbers for each observational class. Remember


to use numbers, not percentages.

3. Calculate χ2 using the formula.

4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the


value.

a. Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate


column.

b. Locate the value closest to your calculated χ2 on that degrees of


freedom D.F. row.

c. Move up the column to determine the p value.

5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis.

a. If the p value for the calculated χ2 is p > 0.05, accept your hypothesis.
The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it.
A p value of 0.6, for example, means that there is a 60% probability
that any deviation from expected is due to chance only. This is within
the range of acceptable deviation.

b. If the p value for the calculated χ2 is p < 0.05, reject your hypothesis,
and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the
deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0.01 means that
there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone.
Therefore, other factors must be involved.
Chi-Square Distribution

Degrees
of

Freedom Probability (p)

(df)
0.95 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.50 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.01 0.001
1 0.004 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.46 1.07 1.64 2.71 3.84 6.64 10.83

2 0.10 0.21 0.45 0.71 1.39 2.41 3.22 4.60 5.99 9.21 13.82

3 0.35 0.58 1.01 1.42 2.37 3.66 4.64 6.25 7.82 11.34 16.27

4 0.71 1.06 1.65 2.20 3.36 4.88 5.99 7.78 9.49 13.28 18.47

5 1.14 1.61 2.34 3.00 4.35 6.06 7.29 9.24 11.07 15.09 20.52

6 1.63 2.20 3.07 3.83 5.35 7.23 8.56 10.64 12.59 16.81 22.46

7 2.17 2.83 3.82 4.67 6.35 8.38 9.80 12.02 14.07 18.48 24.32

8 2.73 3.49 4.59 5.53 7.34 9.52 11.03 13.36 15.51 20.09 26.12

9 3.32 4.17 5.38 6.39 8.34 10.66 12.24 14.68 16.92 21.67 27.88

10 3.94 4.86 6.18 7.27 9.34 11.78 13.44 15.99 18.31 23.21 29.59

Nonsignificant Significant

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