Design and Construction of Formwork
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ScribdTranslationsFORMWORK DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas - April 2014
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FORMWORK: FUNCTIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS
► Formwork is a structure, made up of temporary
or eventually permanent molds, to contain
concrete while it is in its plastic or fresh state.
► They allow obtaining shapes and measurements
specified in the construction plans.
► They must be considered as structures, subject
to loads and actions that reach significant
magnitudes.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FORMWORK SYSTEMS: REQUIREMENTS
QUALITY
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FORMWORK SYSTEMS:
PROFITABILITY FACTORS
► Design
► Selection of materials
► Planning for reuse
► Maintenance
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
TYPES OF SYSTEMS FOR
FORMWORK
► MODULAR FORMWORK prefabricated in
metal or plastic. It allows work to be done SLIDING FORMWORK
It is used for constructions in vertical or
faster and with greater precision, in
horizontal structures, which have a
addition to safety. constant or very similar section.
It is suitable for modular works.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
TYPES OF SYSTEMS FOR
FORMWORK
► TRADITIONAL SYSTEM is
built on site, with pieces of
wood or tryplay panels.
► It is mainly used for medium
and small projects, where it is
cheaper than renting modular
formwork.
► They are quite flexible, so a
wide variety of shapes can be
produced.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FIGURE 117 LIGHTENED ROOF.
Planks
Friezes
2"x4"
slabs
Pie^^
/deivchos
90 cm
Wedge
s
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FORMWORK FOR COLUMNS
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
TYPICAL FORMWORK:
BEAMS
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
TYPICAL FORMWORK: WALLS
TABLE FOOT
The board foot is the unit of
volume measurement used in
the United States and Canada
to measure lumber.
MEASURES
The volume of a Board Foot
would correspond to a board 1
foot wide by 1 foot long and 1
inch thick.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
TRADITIONAL
FORMWORK DESIGN WITH WOOD
► Design Philosophy
Applied stresses < Allowable stresses
Deformations produced < Allowable deformations
Allowable stresses = Failure stress/failure factor
security
LOADS ACTING ON FORMWORK
► DEAD LOADS OR OWN WEIGHTS
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
► Weight of concrete
► Weight of formwork
► Weight of bricks in lightweight slabs
► Fresh concrete pressure on vertical elements (columns and
walls)
► LIVE LOADS OR OVERLOADS
► Construction loads: personnel, equipment, concentrated,
impact, etc.
FORMWORK DESIGN
Formwork is designed to resist vertical and horizontal
loads until the concrete can take them.
► VERTICAL LOADS
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
► Own weight of concrete = 2,400 kg/cm2
► Self-weight of the formwork = 15/75 kg/m2 may eventually be
neglected due to its small magnitude in relation to the higher
estimates of the live load.
► Live load: 700 kg/m2 for decking (concentrated loads possible)
► Rest of formwork 250 kg/cm2 -300 kg/cm2
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
SELF-WEIGHT OF LIGHTWEIGHT SLABS
CONVENTIONAL
THICKNESS (m) WEIGHT kg/m²
0.17 280
0.20 300
0.25 350
0.30 420
TRADITIONAL FORMWORK DESIGN WITH
WOOD
"It must be considered that wood is not an isotropic
material because it does not have the same resistance
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
in all its directions, in this sense it is necessary to
distinguish between compression parallel and
perpendicular to the direction of its fibers"
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
ADMISSIBLE STRESS
Description “Screw” “National Plywood”
Kg/cm² “Oregon Pine” Kg/cm²
Kg/cm²
Flexion 70 85
Parallel Compression 70 85 90
Compression 20 28 12
Perpendicular
Longitudinal Shear 10 14 4
Modulus of Elasticity 85,000 105,000 84,500
Ref. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures – Harmsen, Teodoro, Edit. PUCP
BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK DESIGN:
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS
The maximum bending stress is given by the expression: fm
= Mc/I
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
The bending moment is M = wl²/10 (continuous beam,
with equidistant supports and linearly distributed load)
The formula resulting from the two expressions is:
l = 1.29 (h) √ (bfm/w)
Where: l = spacing between supports
h = height of the beam b = width of the beam
fm = allowable stress w = linearly distributed
load on the beam
DEFLECTIONS
The formwork must not present excessive
deflections because it can affect the designed
concrete section.
Deflections in the formwork may be limited to 1/360 or
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
1/8”, whichever is less; however, the limit deflections
must be set in the specifications according to the type
of work.
The deflection generated by the load can be
calculated by the following expression;
∂ = (1/145) wl⁴/EI
BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK DESIGN:
SHEAR STRESS ANALYSIS
The maximum shear force for uniformly loaded continuous
beams is V = 0.6 wl (V= 0.5wl for simply supported beams)
The tendency of the fibers to move in the horizontal plane
and parallel to the neutral axis is called horizontal shear
and its expression is Vh = (3/2)V
Considering that the critical shear occurs at a distance “h”
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
from the support, the shear force produced can be
expressed as follows:
fv = 0.9w(l-2h)/bh
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
RESISTANCE OF STRAIGHT FEET AND
STRUTS
► The “upright feet” are slender
pieces, that is, the sections of the
upright feet are small in relation to their
length.
► Any eventual failure of these occurs
due to buckling rather than
compression or crushing.
► The load capacity of slender parts
depends largely on the ratio of the
section dimensions to their length.
It is substantially smaller the greater its slenderness.
RESISTANT CAPACITY OF THE STRUTS OR
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
“STRAIGHT FEET”
► The struts whose slenderness does not exceed 10 are
classified as "short columns", in which case the failure
occurs by crushing Pm = fc*A
► If the slenderness is greater than 10 and less than k =
0.642√ E/fc, they are classified as “intermediate
columns” Pm = fc*A ( 1 – (1/3)(ג/k)⁴)
► If the slenderness is greater than k and less than 50
they are classified as “long columns”
Pm = 0.274*E*A /² ג
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FRESH CONCRETE PRESSURE
► From placement to hardening, concrete exerts
considerable pressure on the formwork panels of
walls and columns.
► If fresh concrete were a perfect liquid and
remained in this state during pouring, the
pressure at any point in the formwork would be =
(height)*(density)
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FRESH CONCRETE PRESSURE
► AB represents the formwork board of a wall.
► When the fresh concrete reaches a height
H1 the pressure is P1 and equal to 2400
H1, and will continue to increase until
reaching a maximum value Pm at height
Hc.
► This pressure will no longer increase,
remaining unchanged up to height Hc.
► When the pouring reaches height Hc, the
pressure begins to decrease linearly until it
reaches zero at the upper edge of the
formwork.
► The value of the maximum pressure
depends on various factors, mainly the
filling speed and the temperature of the
concrete.
► The pressure will be greater
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FRESH CONCRETE PRESSURE
the faster the emptying is done. The filling speed is
related to the length and thickness of the wall and, of
course, to the equipment used for pouring.
► Ifplacement is carried out with pumping equipment,
the maximum pressure will reach significant values,
which can cause deformation or collapse of the
formwork if it is not properly reinforced.
► The other determining factor of the magnitude of the
pressure is the temperature of the concrete.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FRESH CONCRETE PRESSURE
► At low ambient temperatures, concrete hardens
slowly, developing very high pressures; for example,
at temperatures between 5°C and 10°C the pressure
is approximately one and a half times greater than
that corresponding to an ambient temperature of
21°C.
► However, if the temperature during emptying is 30°C,
the maximum pressure will be more or less 80% of
that produced at 21°C.
• Regarding the filling speed, when it is controlled - not
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FRESH CONCRETE PRESSURE
exceeding, for example, 0.60m of height per hour -
the maximum pressure is approximately half of the
pressure that can be expected if the emptying
progression is 2 m/hour.
► In cases where concrete pouring is expected at
low temperatures, the filling speed must be
reduced and, of course, the formwork must be
properly reinforced.
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
FORMWORK DESIGN FOR VERTICAL
ELEMENTS
Pressure of fresh concrete on the formwork
Columns: P = 732 + (720,000*V)/(9T+160)
Walls:
V < 2 m/hr - P = 732 + (720,000*V)/(9T+160)
V > 2 m/hr - P = 732 + (1,060,000 + 24,000*V)/(9T+160)
Where: P = Maximum pressure in kg/m²
V = Filling speed in m/hr
T = temperature of fresh concrete in ºC
Maximum pressure limit values:
Columns: 2,400H or 14,650 kg/m²
Walls: 2,400H or 9,765 kg/cm²
Eng. Manuel A. Villalobos Vargas
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