International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

5G Network in Telecommunications
Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

In today’s fast-paced digital world, mobile communication has Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
become an integral part of our daily lives. 5G represents a significant Sadiku "5G Network in
leap forward in the evolution of mobile communications, unlocking Telecommunications" Published in
International
new possibilities for connectivity, productivity, and technological
Journal of Trend in
innovation worldwide. It is the latest innovation in wireless Scientific Research
technology that promises to deliver faster speeds, lower latency, and and Development
greater reliability than its predecessors. Central to its appeal is its (ijtsrd), ISSN:
capacity to handle vast volumes of data generated by increasingly 2456-6470,
complex devices connected to its networks. It is a game-changer Volume-8 | Issue-6, IJTSRD71606
across various industries including telecommunications. Although December 2024,
this upgrade will be expensive, it is essential to beat the competition. pp.370-378, URL:
This paper explores the applications of 5G networks in www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd71606.pdf
telecommunications.
Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
KEYWORDS: 5G network, telecommunications industry, 6G, 7G International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
The introduction of 5G technology is set to spectrum has been assigned to 5G in mmWave bands.
revolutionize the way we communicate, work, and 5G will use multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO)
live. 5G stands for the fifth generation of cellular to significantly increase network capacity [3,4].
networking, surpassing 4G LTE. 5G technology is The telecom industry continues to be a beacon of
developing rapidly to enable the next generation of digital transformation, integrating innovative
wireless communications and pave the way for more technologies to enhance connectivity and
than just super-fast data transfer. The 5G wireless communication. The telecom infrastructure is known
technology will usher in an era of gigabit speeds for for its complexity, as typically shown in Figure 2 [5].
everyone, reducing latency for customers and 5G connectivity promises to break traditional data
organizations. The advent of 5G technology will not delivery paradigms by providing network
only transform our devices but will also significantly
connectivity almost everywhere. The capabilities of
change the way businesses operate, communicate, 5G have opened opportunities for the telco industry to
connect, and share data. 5G is expected to be a game- serve customers closer to the edge of the network
changer in the business world [1]. Figure 1 shows the with more solutions. Americans all over the nation
symbol of 5G [2]. are using 5G to create the future and enhance
5G is the newest generation in wireless networking, America’s economic competitiveness. 5G is
with greater capacity and higher speed. It will connecting students to learning opportunities, making
integrate with infrastructure, buildings, and farms more sustainable, fighting wildfires, making
appliances, creating an Internet of things (IoT). It manufacturing smart, and driverless cars a reality.
supports interactive multimedia, voice, video,
OVERVIEW OF 5G NETWORK
Internet, and other broadband services. To support
5G is the fifth-generation wireless cellular technology
increased throughput requirements of 5G, a new that will provide faster and more reliable

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
communication with low latency. Compared to its  Better connectivity irrespective of location
predecessor, it is estimated that the 5G mobile
 Larger number of supporting devices
network allows 1,000 times more data transmission
compared to 4G.  Lower cost of infrastructure development
Like its predecessors—3G, 4G, and 4G —5G utilizes Some of these features are illustrated in Figure 7 [13].
radio waves to transmit data. The development of 5G will not be from scratch but
will gradually build on 4G LTE. Major technologies
Evolution from 1G to 5G is depicted in Figure 3 [6],
enabling 5G include:
while the relationship between 3G, 4G, and 5G is
 D2D Communication: Direct connectively is
portrayed in Figure 4 [7]. Like any other cellular
achieved through device-to-device (D2D)
network, 5G networks send data through radio waves
technology. 5G cellular network will implement
and operate on a cellular infrastructure, where
D2D mm wave communication technology to
geographic regions are partitioned into cells, each
provide high-speed data rate, improve coverage,
supported by an antenna and a base station. Each cell
and offer peer-to-peer services. Much research
is connected to a network backbone through a wired
has been invested in characterizing D2D
or wireless connection. 5G may transmit data over the
connections as part of LTE [14].
unlicensed frequencies currently used for Wi-Fi. It
promises a smarter, faster, and more efficient  M2M Communication: While D3D
network. The goal of 5G is to have far higher speeds communication targets mobile radios, machine-
available, at higher capacity per sector, and at far to-machine (M2M) expands the scope and
lower latency than 4G. To increase network facilitates ubiquitous connectivity among mobile
efficiency, the cell is subdivided into micro and pico devices. It is estimated that there will be over 100
cells [8]. 5G will be a new mobile revolution as it is billion connected devices using M2M
expected to provide gigabit-per-second data rates communications in the 5G backbone [15].
anytime, anywhere. 5G uses towers, as typically  MIMO: Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)
shown in Figure 5 [9]. 5G towers are technology plays a crucial role in 4G and is
telecommunications sites capable of transmitting 5G expected to play an important function in 5G.
signals for wide-area coverage. 5G cell towers use a Massive MIMO extracts the benefits of MIMO on
combination of low, mid, and high-frequency bands a large scale by increasing the throughput and
for various connectivity use cases. Towers themselves spectrum efficiency.
are not 5G; it is the equipment on the tower that
makes it 5G. Figure 6 shows how 5G works [10]. Other enabling technologies of 5G include mmWave
communication, ultra-dense network (UDN), all-
In a 5G wireless network, every mobile phone will spectrum access (ASA), OFDM (orthogonal
have an IPv6 address depending on the location and frequency division multiplexing), and the Internet of
network being used. 5G utilizes the user-centric things. Industries that use 5G technology are shown
network concept World Wide Wireless Web in Figure 8 [6].
(WWWW) instead of operator-centric as in 3G or
service-centric as in 4G [11]. WWWW will be This section would be incomplete without mentioning
capable of supporting applications and services and the successors of 5G [16]:
interconnecting the whole world. 5G includes the  6G Network: Fifth-generation cellular technology
latest technologies, such as cognitive radio, the is replaced by sixth-generation wireless or 6G.
Internet of things, nanotechnology, and cloud The bandwidth and latency of 6G networks will
computing. be significantly higher than those of 5G networks
due to their ability to operate at higher
The key features of 5G include high throughput, frequencies. The main purpose of 6G internet is to
improved spectrum efficiency, reduced latency, better provide communications with one-microsecond
mobility support, and high connection density. 5G latency. 6G will employ satellites to connect the
technology has the following advanced features [12]: current 5G networks.
 Architecture will be device-centric, distributed,
programmable, and cloud-based  7G Network: Globally, the 7G Network provides
a faster means of communication. The advanced
 High data rates cellular technology that will be the successor for
 One to 10 Gbps connections to endpoints 5G and 6G. A 7G network is the quickest way to
make a call, whether it is local or international.
 One millisecond end-to-end round trip delay
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), or 7G,
 Low battery consumption requires access to all local and international

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telecommunications. 7G will be able to satisfy the implement smart cars, it needs to collaborate with
requirements of extremely high bandwidth, telecommunications companies. Autonomous
almost zero latency, and universal integration. driving vehicles need to rely on the 5G network
Although 7G will not be generally available until since it is the most efficient technology for
2030, a handful of countries are currently using it. transferring large amounts of data quickly,
These include Norway, Netherlands, South Korea, constantly, and in a stable way. These vehicles
and Hungary. They are the nations in the world to will be able to communicate with each other to
provide the fastest Internet speeds. avoid accidents and ease traffic, thanks to the
5G NETWORK IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS quick and reliable data 5G can send.
5G technology is one of the main forces behind the  Smart Cities: City life will become more efficient
ongoing change and evolution of the telecom sector. as 5G helps manage traffic flows, public
It is positioned to become the standard for mobile transport, and energy use, making cities cleaner
communications technology, ushering in a new era of and less congested.
connectivity, speed, and possibility. 5G is poised to
 Home Automation: 5G in the telecommunications
connect businesses, people, and processes at
sector is key to expanding home automation. This
enormous scale. It will enable new and creative use
includes the installation and usage of smart home
cases that are not feasible with today’s wireless
devices such as refrigerators, blinds, doors, light
networks.
bulbs, heaters, ovens, and other home appliances
5G signifies a significant advancement for the that can communicate with each other and mobile
telecom sector. It provides greater reliability, reduced devices for control and monitoring. Many
latency, and faster speeds, all of which are necessary countries in Europe have implemented a home
for the upcoming creation of new services and apps. automation tax benefit that is available, which
The telecom sector needs to engage in 5G if it wants provides tax deductions for smart home devices.
to remain competitive. Figure 9 shows a telecom field
BENEFITS
engineer [17].
5G will usher in a transformative era, particularly
APPLICATION OF 5G NETWORK IN unlocking new possibilities in urban settings where
TELECOMMUNICATIONS over two-thirds of the global population is estimated
5G is the fifth generation technology standard for to reside by 2050. There are many ways that
broadband in the telecommunications industry and the telecommunications companies can reap the benefits
successor to the 4G networks. 5G networks support from 5G’s low latency and higher transmission
applications requiring low latency, like industrial speeds. As the benefits of 5G have become more
automation, augmented reality, and autonomous accessible, businesses are planning to use 5G in their
vehicles, with unprecedented efficiency and operations, particularly in rural and field connectivity.
responsiveness. 5G in telecommunications can be Other benefits include the following [2,19]:
applied in the following ways [18]:
 Increased Speed: One of the most exciting
 Smart Roads: Telecommunications companies benefits of 5G is its faster upload and download
can collaborate with municipalities to implement speeds. We can expect to see 5G reach up to 10
the smart roads project. This is a technological Gbps, up to 100 times faster than 4G. The
plan that enhances road safety by using special increased speed of 5G mobile networks
sensors placed on crosswalks to inform passing introduces exciting possibilities for both
cars that a pedestrian is approaching. This is made consumers and businesses alike. This will enable
possible due to 5G technology. By reducing activities like streaming video, downloading
latency times to a minimum, information can be audio, browsing the web, and using social media.
immediately exchanged between multiple devices
 Enhanced Capacity: One of the significant
simultaneously.
benefits of 5G is its ability to support a massive
 Smart Cars: The advent of 5G technology has number of connected devices simultaneously.
revolutionized the field of autonomous vehicles, This capability is crucial for the growth of the
encompassing everything from self-driving cars Internet of things (IoT) and the deployment of
to drones. With the unparalleled connection smart devices. With the ability to provide up to
speeds of 5G, transport systems for various 1,000 times more capacity than 4G, 5G will take
modes of transportation, including cars and trains, IoT development to the next level and pave the
have experienced a substantial acceleration in way for smart cities and homes. 5G’s increased
performance. For the automotive industry to capacity has huge potential for industry.

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 Lower Latency: A standout feature of 5G is its or fiber optic lines when using 5G to provide
substantially reduced latency, which measures the high-speed Internet connectivity to homes and
time required for data to travel from its original to businesses. 5G network seamlessly connects
its target location. Each generation of cellular everyone and everything worldwide.
communications technology has strived to reduce
 Increased Revenue: The increased speed,
latency, and 5G is no different. 5G is expected to
connectivity, and capacity of 5G networks will
transmit data in less than five milliseconds —
create new revenue opportunities for telecom
virtually no time at all. This dramatic latency
operators, such as offering premium services to
reduction enhances real-time responsiveness,
businesses or charging for access to high-speed
facilitating tasks such as file downloads and
networks.
cloud-based operations with remarkable speed
and efficiency. 5G’s lower latency will also  Customer Satisfaction: With market saturation
enable users to control devices remotely in real- and a high average churn rate, telcos have been
time. Reduced latency will transform how we under increased pressure over the past decade to
create, store, use, and share data in the business reinvent themselves as digital service providers.
sector. 5G’s lower latency will also enable users Customers are looking for a unified digital
to control devices remotely in real-time, offering experience from a single trusted provider who can
enormous benefits for businesses with multiple or offer services and products in a one-stop shop.
remote locations. This is opening an opportunity for providers to
complement core services with digital services.
 Increased Bandwidth: By increasing speeds and
For example, a T-Mobile customer can get mobile
network capacity, 5G will also open up the doors
service, along with subscriptions to streaming
to greater bandwidth than with 4G. This enables
services for shows and music, on one bill.
them to optimize network traffic better. For
businesses, 5G’s increased bandwidth will help  Enabler for Emerging Technologies: The demand
them gain access to big data. for faster speeds to support emerging technologies
such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of
 Improved Coverage: One of the subtler benefits
things (IoT), and machine learning (ML) has
of 5G is its frequency, which can provide speeds
escalated beyond the capabilities of 4G network.
much faster than 4G and even pass through
Those technologies will be fully developed
buildings to provide greater coverage indoors and
through the realization of 5G. This is because
outdoors. Although many telecommunications
these technologies require much higher
providers are rapidly expanding coverage across
processing powers for the constant streaming of
the country, 5G is not yet available everywhere.
massive volumes of data. 5G is expected to
By combining the latest 5G technology with
enable new applications such as augmented
satellite Internet, you can rest easy knowing your
reality, virtual reality, and smart cities, and
systems will stay online 24/7, even when cellular
transform industries such as healthcare,
connections are not possible.
transportation, and manufacturing.
 Enhanced Communication: For businesses that
 Investing In the Future: With 5G, telcos can take
already use IoT, AI, and machine learning, the
advantage of three distinct markets faster —
introduction of 5G will be a massive boost to their
cybersecurity, cloud services, and the Internet of
efficiency. Cloud computing is a critical part of
things (IoT). Telcos aiming to thrive in these
any modern business’s IT infrastructure, allowing
markets have used a two-pronged approach of
for the simple storage and transfer of large
freeing up cash, then re-investing those funds into
amounts of data between devices. With the
low-latency infrastructure (fiber optic network
addition of 5G, the cloud will become even more
and 5G) and cloud services companies.
integral to how businesses rely on their networks.
CHALLENGES
 Improved Connectivity: 5G is the new standard in
The implementation of 5G is not without its
mobile wireless networking that brings improved
challenges, including the need for significant
Internet connectivity in a digital-first world. 5G
investment in infrastructure, cost to consumers,
technology will allow for more devices to connect
spectrum availability, security concerns,
to the Internet simultaneously, with improved
interoperability, infrastructure investment, spectrum
network coverage and capacity. This will enable
availability, network security, and regulatory
the Internet of things (IoT) to become more
considerations. Besides, the challenges that hinder 5G
widespread, with a greater number of connected
infrastructure development include intense
devices and sensors. There is no need for cables

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competition for higher spectrum bands, the need for deploying virtual and centralized RAN is rapidly
numerous antennas and base stations due to increasing among network service providers to
interference issues, the high costs of upgrading reduce the overall infrastructure costs and
infrastructure, navigating complex government network complexities.
regulations for cybersecurity and spectrum
 Decline: The telecoms industry is arguing that a
availability, and ensuring ultra-secure cloud-based
“perpetual decline in terms of profitability” and
and data virtualization services to defend against
this is affecting the sector’s ability to deliver
cybersecurity threats associated with increased
high-speed connectivity - an issue that big tech
connectivity [20]. Other challenges include the
can help ameliorate by contributing to the costs of
following [21]:
network infrastructure. Recent figures illustrate
 Security: 5G network is managed by software,
how the industry has been displaying symptoms
which is easily susceptible to vulnerabilities. And
of a longer-term decline.
this creates a path that is accessible by hackers to
breach privacy, systems, data and much more. CONCLUSION
Due to the growing number of connected devices 5G represents a monumental leap forward in wireless
and the use of new technologies, 5G networks are technology, offering unparalleled capabilities to meet
susceptible to security risks like cyberattacks and the escalating demands of the digital era. It is
hacking. New security protocols and steps are positioned to become the standard for mobile
needed to ensure the security of 5G networks. communications technology, ushering in a new era of
connectivity, speed, and bandwidth. Businesses and
 Regulatory Compliance: Telecommunications
consumers may finally have it all: high capacity,
firms may find it difficult and time-consuming to
ultra-reliability, low latency, reduced energy usage,
comply with the stringent regulatory compliance
and massive connectivity.
standards that apply to the rollout of 5G. This
covers observing data privacy laws, network Many nations are launching 5G networks, making
security requirements, and other rules pertaining services increasingly available to consumers. The
to the installation and use of 5G networks. integration of 5G with other emerging technologies
such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and
 Cost: Consumers may pay more for 5G
the Internet of things (IoT) will unlock new
technology than for earlier wireless technology
opportunities for innovation and disruption. We can
generations. This may limit the use of 5G in some
expect to see greater advances in areas such as virtual
markets and make it impossible for some users to
and augmented reality, smart cities, and autonomous
finance the new technology.
vehicles.
 Confusion: Although the “race to 5G” has been
The future of 5G in the telecommunications industry
widely publicized, the fundamental issues and
is highly promising and holds immense potential to
realities underpinning the transition to 5G
revolutionize multiple industries including healthcare,
technology are still widely misunderstood. Many
transportation, manufacturing, entertainment, and
people find the transitions by the broadband
telecommunications. More information on the
cellular networks from 3G to 4G and now to 5G
implementation of 5G networks in the
confusing and do not understand the reasons
telecommunications industry is available from the
behind these changes. This issue of EUC will
books in [22-25].
address some of this confusion and discuss a
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Figure 1 The symbol of 5G [2].

Figure 2 The telecom infrastructure is known for its complexity [5].

Figure 3 Evolution from 1G to 5G [6].

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Figure 4 Relationship between 3G, 4G, and 5G [7].

Figure 5 A typical 5G towers [9].

Figure 6 How 5G works [10].

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Figure 7 Some of the features of 5G [13].

Figure 8 Industries that use 5G technology [6].

Figure 9 A telecom field engineer [17].

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