International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Emerging Technologies in Space Exploration

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Space exploration has always captured our imagination, and it Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
continues to be an essential avenue for scientific discovery and Sadiku "Emerging Technologies in
human achievement. Technology has been the key enabler of Space Exploration" Published in
International
space exploration. Space technology plays an important role in
Journal of Trend in
weather forecasting, climate monitoring, navigation, and Scientific Research
telecommunications. Space exploration requires cutting-edge and Development
technology that pushes the boundaries of what we thought was (ijtsrd), ISSN:
possible. Emerging space technologies are transforming societies, 2456-6470,
economies, and geopolitics. This chapter explores emerging Volume-8 | Issue-6, IJTSRD71620
technologies used in the space industry. December 2024,
pp.474-482, URL:
KEYWORDS: emerging technologies, space exploration, aerospace, www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd71620.pdf
artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, drones, blockchain
Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Space exploration conjures up images of rockets discoveries in space exploration. It plays a crucial
blasting off to distant planets. It addresses the role in space exploration and unlocking the mysteries
fundamental questions about our universe and the of the cosmos [2].
history of our solar system. Imagine floating in zero BREIF HISTORY OF SPACE EXPLORATION
gravity, gazing down at earth, and experiencing the The field of space technology is an ever-evolving and
awe-inspiring vastness of space, as shown in Figure 1 highly dynamic modern industry.
[1]. By addressing the issues related to space
exploration, humans find opportunities to advance Throughout the 20th century, researchers were
mining, material science, and life science research. obsessed with the quest to explore the universe and to
Researchers and engineers are pushing the limits of invent new space technology. More than half a
known science. century after NASA’s Apollo Program enabled the
first astronaut to set foot on the Moon’s surface, the
Weather forecasting, remote sensing, GPS navigation, space industry continues to embrace game-changing
satellite television, and long-distance communication
technologies. In the latter half of the 20th century,
all depend on space infrastructure. Space systems rockets were developed that were powerful enough to
continue to become more and more integral to overcome the force of gravity to reach orbital
homeland defense, weather surveillance, velocities, paving the way for space exploration to
communication, navigation, imaging, and remote become a reality.
sensing for chemicals, fires, and other disasters.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Nazi Germany saw the
The realm of space exploration has witnessed possibilities of using long-distance rockets as
remarkable advancements in spacecraft technology. weapons. In 1957, the Soviets launched the first
Technology is the driving force behind the artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space. 1961,
magnificent achievements and groundbreaking

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Russian Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit technology enable mass production. Deployment
earth in Vostok 1. The first US satellite, Explorer 1, of small satellites enables a wide range of
went into orbit in 1958. In 1961, Alan Shepard missions from Earth observation to deep space
became the first American to fly into space. Landing exploration at a lower cost. A low-earth orbit
a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth (LEO) is relatively close to Earth’s surface and is
within a decade was a national goal set by President normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km but
John F. Kennedy in 1961. By the early 1970s, could be as low as 160 km above Earth. LEO
orbiting communications and navigation satellites satellites and multi-satellite constellations are
were in everyday use. In April 1981, the launch of the increasingly in use for communication, spying,
space shuttle Columbia ushered in a period of reliance earth monitoring, and other imaging applications.
on the reusable shuttle for most civilian and military For example, advanced communication systems
space missions. The space shuttle, shown in Figure 2 specifically designed for LEO satellites focus on
was the first reusable spacecraft to carry people into enhancing signal strength and reducing latency to
orbit [3]. On Febuary 1, 2003, the shuttle broke apart ensure reliable data transmission. The latest
while reentering the Earth’s atmosphere, killing all generation of satellites is far more advanced than
seven crew members. The final shuttle mission was their predecessors, offering enhanced capabilities
completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, in communication, earth observation, and
2011, closing the 30-year space shuttle program. scientific research.
One of the most prominent space missions of our  Rockets: At the core of space exploration lies
times is NASA’s Artemis return-to-the-moon rocket technology. Early rockets provided the
program. The Artemis space program is widely initial steppingstones into space, but
different from the first race to the Moon of the 1950s, advancements over the years have transformed
and 60s and 70s. This time, NASA is playing the long space travel. More powerful engines, advanced
game and wants to establish a permanent human materials, and improved fuel efficiency have
presence on the Moon. Modern space exploration is allowed us to reach farther into space.
reaching areas once only dreamed about. Mars is Singaporean Equatorial develops a commercial
focal point of modern space exploration, and manned sub-orbital rocket capable of delivering small
Mars exploration is a long-term goal of the United payloads above the Karman line, the boundary
States. The space race was then followed by an era of between space and atmosphere. As we continue to
space cooperation, highlighted by the International push the boundaries of rocketry, innovative
Space Station. Beyond US space exploration, other solutions like reusable rockets, next-generation
nations are making technological progress, and China propulsion systems, and more efficient
has become the main contender. manufacturing processes promise to make space
travel more accessible and cost-effective.
CONVENTIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGIES
Technology is the driving force behind the  Propulsion: Propulsion systems are a key trend in
magnificent achievements and groundbreaking the SpaceTech industry, offering innovative
discoveries in space exploration. Space technologies solutions for space travel. Examples include
have the potential to guard life on Earth. Progress in electric propulsion systems, which use electrical
space is largely reliant on technology that lowers energy to accelerate propellant at high speeds, and
costs while maintaining or improving upon reliability green propulsion systems, utilizing
and safety. Traditional space technologies will environmentally friendly fuels like hydrogen and
include satellites, antennas, materials science, oxygen. Water-based propulsion uses water as a
propulsion, rockets, and communication systems [1]. propellant, offering a safe and cost-effective
option. There is increasing demand for advanced
 Satellites: Satellites play a pivotal role in space
and sustainable propulsion solutions in space
exploration technologies. Satellites have come a
missions. Advanced propulsion is a critical aspect
long way since the days of the infamous “beep-
of making space travel feasible. Future missions
boop” sounds. Today, they play a crucial role in
communication, navigation, and Earth demand faster travel times and energy-efficient
propulsion systems. The farther into space a
observation. Satellites play a pivotal role in space
exploration technologies. Figure 2 shows some vehicle ventures, the more capable its propulsion
systems need to be to maintain its course on the
satellites [4]. Small satellites have become a
journey with precision and ensure its crew can get
leading trend in SpaceTech, especially in 2025.
home. Figure 4 shows electric propulsion system
Their miniaturization allows for cost-effective
designs, and advancements in industrial [5].

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 Space Communication Systems: These are a significant departure from existing technologies
significant trend in the SpaceTech industry, or processes.
focusing on advanced methods for transmitting
 Potential for Disruption: Emerging technologies
and receiving data in space. The use of laser
have the potential to disrupt existing markets,
communication relay systems offers faster data
industries, or ways of doing things. They may
rates and more secure communication compared
also displace existing businesses or industries.
to traditional radio frequency systems
 Uncertainty: Because emerging technologies are
 Remote Sensing: Space-based telescopes and
still in the early stages of development, there is
remote sensing technologies have transformed our
often a high uncertainty surrounding their future
understanding of the cosmos. Telescopes like the
potential and impact. It can be challenging to
Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb
predict how they will evolve.
Space Telescope have provided stunning images
and critical data that deepen our knowledge of the  Rapid Change: Emerging technologies often
universe’s vastness and complexity. evolve rapidly, with new developments and
innovations emerging frequently. It can make
 Camera Phones: In the 1990s, a team at NASA's
keeping up with the latest trends and
Jet Propulsion Laboratory worked to create
advancements challenging.
cameras with scientific quality that were small
enough for spacecraft.  Interdisciplinary: Emerging technologies often
involve multiple disciplines or fields of study,
 Space Suit: RTX (a diverse team of explorers) has
such as computer science, engineering, and
shaped the history of space exploration. The team
biology. They may require collaboration across
designed the first space suit that allowed
different fields and industries to develop their
astronauts to walk on the moon, as well as the suit
potential fully.
NASA astronauts currently use when operating
outside the International Space Station. Figure 5 Emerging technologies are worth investigating. They
shows an astronaut with space suit [6]. are responsible for developing new products or
devices. The military often looks to emerging
WHAT ARE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES?
technologies for new services or tools that will help
Technology may be regarded as a collection of
them create a competitive business advantage.
systems designed to perform some function. It can
help alleviate some of the challenges facing business EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SPACE
today. Emerging technology is a term generally used EXPLORATION
to describe new technology. The term often refers to Emerging technologies usher in a new era of space
technologies currently developing or expected to be exploration. The space industry utilizes emerging
available within the next five to ten years. Any technologies, like artificial intelligence, 3D printing,
imminent, but not fully realized, technological 5G, robotics, biotechnology, and quantum computing,
innovations will have some impact on the status quo. to enhance operations in space. We now consider
these technologies in detail [9,10]:
Emerging technologies are shaping our societies.
 Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
They continue to affect the way we live, work, and
has permeated various industries, transforming
interact with one another. Emerging technology (ET)
how businesses operate and deliver services. It
lacks a consensus on what classifies them as
has become an integral part of space missions,
“emergent.” It is a relative term because one may see
from enabling autonomous navigation to
a technology as emerging and others may not see it
analyzing vast amounts of data. AI can help with
the same way. It is a term that is often used to
many problems that accompany spaceflight. AI
describe a new technology. A technology is still
algorithms aid in identifying patterns, predicting
emerging if it is not yet a “must-have” [7]. An
space phenomena, and optimizing mission
emerging technology is the one that holds the promise
operations. The European Space Agency (ESA)
of creating a new economic engine and is trans-
notes several possible uses for AI, including
industrial. ET is used in different areas such as media,
helping constellations of satellites avoid
healthcare, business, science, education, or defense.
collisions, analyzing large amounts of data, and
The characteristics of emerging technologies include enabling rovers or probes to operate
the following [8]: autonomously when human input can be minutes
 Novelty: Emerging technologies are typically new or hours away because of their distance from
or novel, meaning they have yet to be widely earth. The vast amounts of data collected during
adopted or used. They often represent a space missions require sophisticated analysis. AI

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and machine learning have become indispensable  3D Printing: 3D printing (also called additive
tools for processing and interpreting the complex manufacturing) is a new technology that has
data sets. With AI at the helm, we can explore the changed lots of industries. Instead of carving
furthest reaches of the universe with unparalleled something out of a big block of material, 3D
precision and efficiency. While AI offers printing builds things layer by layer from a digital
numerous benefits, it also raises ethical and social design. Manufacturing launch vehicles and
concerns. The deployment of AI must be satellites require precise engineering and can be a
managed with a focus on ensuring fairness, lengthy, expensive process. The 3D printed parts
transparency, and accountability. As AI were used in the March 2023 launch of the Terran
technology advances, its applications will become 1 rocket, and this additive manufacturing
more widespread, making it an integral part of approach to fabrication is likely to be used in
everyday life. The end goal of AI is to translate future space explorations. NASA has made a 3D
and fully understand human languages. print rocket engine components using a copper-
 Robotics: Robots are the unsung heroes of space based alloy. 3D printing holds significant promise
exploration. Before sending humans into the as a technique that can be harnessed to prepare
cosmos, robotic missions paved the way for tailor-made medicines and even food to address
exploration. Unmanned missions allow us to take specific remedies or nutritional element
risks, explore hazardous environments, and gather substitution for the well-being of space travelers.
vital data without jeopardizing human lives.  Nanotechnology: The heavier the payload, the
Future space technologies will rely heavily on more energy it takes to send a rocket to space.
robotics and AI to assist human teams of Hence the appeal of nanotechnology, a branch of
astronauts. Robotic mining equipment designed engineering that aims to dramatically shrink the
for extreme space environments is capable of size of electronic components like microchips and
autonomously drilling and extracting resources. sensors. Lower costs are not the only benefit of
With each advancement, the line between human working with nanotechnology, as manufacturing
and robot exploration blurs, and the collective at ever-smaller scales can pack more processing
effort to uncover the secrets of the universe power onto a chip or sensor. Nanotechnology is
becomes clearer. all about working with super tiny stuff—atoms
 Drones: These machines (flying robots) go where and molecules. Because things act differently
humans cannot, gathering data and paving the when they are that small, it opens up a whole
way for future missions. world of possibilities for making stuff with
unique properties we cannot get at bigger sizes.
 Big Data: Big data analytics are being employed
to manage and process the enormous datasets FUTURE OF SPACE EXPLORATION
collected by satellites, facilitating efficient data The future of space exploration is here. As we gaze
storage, retrieval, and utilization for various space up at the night sky and ponder the vastness of the
applications. universe, it’s hard not to get excited about the state of
the space industry. The era of space exploration is no
 Blockchain: Cryptocurrencies are perhaps the longer solely the domain of governments. Public-
most well-known application of blockchain private partnerships have become a driving force for
technology. They are digital or virtual currencies innovation in the industry. Gone are the days when
that use cryptography for security, making them space exploration was limited to government-funded
difficult to counterfeit. By providing a transparent missions. With their ambitious goals of colonizing
and immutable ledger, blockchain allows for the Mars and making space tourism a reality, the industry
secure and efficient tracking of products from is experiencing a renaissance like never before. Space
manufacturer to consumer. This transparency exploration holds immense significance for the future
helps in reducing fraud, errors, and inefficiencies. of humanity. Whether it is Elon Musk sending a Tesla
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with into orbit or Jeff Bezos planning to establish a lunar
the terms of the agreement directly written into outpost, their larger-than-life personalities have
code. They run on blockchain technology, breathed new life into the field [11].
allowing them to be secure and immutable.
Researchers are also leveraging blockchain Space exploration is an enabling sector that
technology to ensure secure and tamper-proof transcends the boundaries of traditional industries.
data transmission, enhancing the reliability of This is an exciting moment for space enthusiasts.
communication between satellites and ground NASA’s initiative to send humans back to the moon
stations. is well underway and space tourism has finally gotten

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off the ground. To continue our journey into the CHALLENGES
cosmos and unlock the secrets of the universe, we Space exploration and utilization have historically
must embrace the spirit of innovation. Companies and been fraught with technical challenges. The reality of
researchers are constantly pushing the bounds of space travel is far from accessible for most people
space technology. and remains largely a “billionaire's dream.” While
BENEFITS consumers may remain largely in the dark on the role
Space technologies are expected to become as played by space technology, industry leaders
integral to daily life. They have a much more recognize its impact. Other challenges include the
immediate and profound impact on our daily lives following [11]:
than many of us imagine, including weather  Safety: Safety tops the list of challenges, as
forecasting, climate monitoring, navigation and strapping yourself to a rocket and hurtling into
telecommunications. There are so many space space is no walk in the park. There are also
applications that really affect our everyday lives. ethical concerns about the environmental impact
Night-time imagery can help monitor unregulated of space tourism and the potential exploitation of
fishing, track sea ice movements, and help reduce celestial bodies.
light pollution. Other benefits include the following  Space Debris: Space is increasingly cluttered with
[11]: debris. The growing presence of space debris
 Automation: Process automation and robotics are necessitates innovative solutions to prevent
subfields of AI technology that involve potential collisions and ensure the long-term
programming computer applications to replace sustainability of space activities.
many human activities for more productivity.  Sustainability: Exploring the infinite reaches of
Automation plays a crucial role in the space space does not mean we can neglect our
industry, particularly for long-term exploration responsibility to be environmentally conscious.
and missions. The impact of AI on employment, Sustainable practices in space exploration ensure
with the automation of certain jobs, also presents that we leave as small a footprint as possible.
a social challenge. From reducing space debris to minimizing
 Privatization of Space: From science to resource consumption, sustainability is key to the
manufacturing, exploration, and even space long-term success of the industry.
travel, private companies are stepping up and  Human Colonization: Mars has proven to be a
alleviating governments from their monopolistic treasure trove of scientific discoveries. But
role while bringing in new resources and capital colonizing Mars is no picnic. With its thin
influx. The privatization of space has started atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and lack of
recently, and we will see new and established readily available resources, it is a hostile
players engaging in healthy competition and environment for humans. However, plans are
pushing space missions and technology further already in motion to overcome these challenges.
than ever before. In space, there are no borders or rivalries, only a
 Space Travel: This is a distant dream for most, shared fascination with the unknown.
but space technology is already playing a crucial  Climate Change: This is not just a terrestrial
role in our daily lives. issue; its effects ripple through the cosmos.
 Space Tourism: Space tourism is no longer a pipe Understanding the impacts of climate change on
dream. It is rapidly becoming a reality. space exploration is crucial for mitigating risks
Companies like Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin and planning future missions. Extreme weather
are pioneering this industry, offering suborbital events have implications for launching rockets,
flights to private individuals. Thanks to the efforts satellite communication, and the overall
of private companies, space tourism is on the cusp sustainability of space activities. It is a reminder
of becoming a reality. Commercial space travel that our actions on earth have consequences that
companies are the driving force behind the future reach far beyond our atmosphere.
of space tourism. As with any new industry, space  Heat: Going to the Moon is no easy task. The
tourism comes with its fair share of challenges farther a spacecraft travels in space, the more heat
and considerations. Figure 6 shows space tourism it will generate as it returns to Earth. Getting back
[5]. safely requires technologies that can help a
 Global Challenges: Space technologies can also spacecraft endure speeds 30 times the speed of
help to address global challenges, including sound and heat twice as hot as molten lava or half
disaster response and climate monitoring. as hot as the sun.

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 Sustainability: Space is not just a vast expanse of Mars and beyond, the possibilities are limitless. More
emptiness. Sustainability concepts that have never information on emerging space technologies is
been applied to the space sector are expected to available from the books in [12,13].
become the norm. Sustainable practices in space
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Figure 1 Floating in zero gravity [1].

Figure 2 The Space Shuttle [3].

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Figure 3 Some satellites [4].

Figure 4 Electric propulsion system [5].

Figure 5 An astronaut with space suit [6].

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Figure 6 Space tourism [5].

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