Reviewer on Comparative Mythology and Folklore

PANTHEONS -​ Titaness
-​ Sister and wife of Cronus
GREEK MYTHOLOGY -​ Mother of Zeus, Poseidon,
Hades, Hera, Hestia, and
I.​ PRIMORDIAL DEITIES Demeter
A.​ Chaos -​ She fooled Cronus into
a.​ Tartarus - deepest part of thinking that a rock
the underworld covered in a towel is their
b.​ Gaia - earth/land child and had him swallow
i.​ Nesoi the rock instead of their
ii.​ Ourea last child, Zeus.
iii.​ Pontus -​ She brought Zeus to Crete
iv.​ Uranus and had the nymphs raise
c.​ Eros - love (said to be the him there secretly.
first to emerge from c.​ Oceanus
Chaos) -​ Represents the ocean
d.​ Erebus d.​ Hyperion
e.​ Nyx -​ Associated with the sun
i.​ Nemesis and light
ii.​ Thanatos e.​ Mnemosyne
iii.​ Hypnos -​ Titaness of memory &
​ ​ with Erebus mother of the muses
iv.​ Thalassa f.​ Themis
v.​ Aether -​ A titaness associated with
vi.​ Hemera divine law, order, and
B.​ THE TITANS justice.
a.​ Cronus g.​ Prometheus &
-​ Leader of the titans Epimetheus
-​ Youngest son of Gaia and -​ Titan brothers who sided
Uranus with Zeus during
-​ Killed his father, Uranus, Titanomachy.
with his Scythe C.​ THE OLYMPIANS
-​ He ate 6 (to him, 7) of his a.​ Zeus
children because of a -​ The god of sky, lightning,
prophecy that one of them thunder, law, order, and
will be strong enough to justice
overthrow him. -​ Son of Cronus and Rhea
b.​ Rhea
-​ Had a lot of romantic -​ Daughter of Cronus and
affairs (with mortals and Rhea
immortals) -​ One of the virgin
-​ Killed his father Cronus goddesses
and freed his siblings. -​ She took the vow of
-​ Titanomachy is his most chastity
famous narrative -​ Sometime’s not included in
b.​ Poseidon the Olympians because
-​ God of sea and water she gave up her place in
-​ Son of Cronus and Rhea Olympus to let Dionysus
-​ Husband of Amphitrite join.
-​ Often seen with his trident f.​ Demeter
and riding a golden chariot -​ Goddess of harvest,
on the ocean agriculture, fertility,
-​ Played a significant role in seasons, nature
the story of Medusa and -​ Daughter of Cronus and
the Cretan Bull. Rhea
c.​ Hades -​ Had an affair with her
-​ God of the underworld brothers, Zeus and
-​ Son of Cronus and Rhea Poseidon
-​ Husband of Persephone -​ She is popularly known for
-​ Commonly seen wearing a the etiological tale of
far-framed helmet which Persephone and Hades,
makes him invisible which explains why Greek
-​ His most popular stories has 4 seasons.
are “The Rape of g.​ Ares
Persephone” and -​ God of combat, war,
“Orpheus and Eurydice” murder, violence
d.​ Hera -​ Son of Zeus and Hera
-​ Goddess of marriage, -​ Aphrodite is his famous
women, family, childbirth, consort but he got involved
heavens. with other females.
-​ Daughter of Cronus and -​ Played a huge role in
Rhea Aphrodite’s affair.
-​ (Principal) Wife of Zeus h.​ Athena
-​ Known for her participating -​ Goddess of war, wisdom,
in the birth of Hephaestus courage, inspiration,
e.​ Hestia strategy, law, justice
-​ Goddess of hearth, home, -​ Born from the union of
domesticity, state, family. Zeus and Metis, but some
 accounts say that she was carrying Zeus’
born from Zeus alone. children, she cursed
-​ Her birth story is quite Leto by not letting
popular: her find and give
-​ (with Metis) Zeus birth on any solid
received a land.
prophecy that he -​ Daphne found a
will have a son with floating island
Metis. This son will where Zeus
be strong enough to emerged out of
defeat him nowhere where she
-​ In fear, her turned finally gave birth to
Metis into a fly or a Apollo and Artemis.
droplet and -​ Artemis’ birth was
swallowed her painless, but Apollo
-​ What he didn’t took 9 days
know was that, because Hera
Metis was already kidnapped the
pregnant. goddess of
-​ (with or without childbirth.
Metis) Zeus then -​ However, Hera
experienced an didn’t stop sending
extreme head pain. earth-born
He told Hephaestus creatures to kill Leto
to cut his head and her children
open, then Athen until Apollo was
jumped out of his finally strong
head, grown and enough to protect
fully-armored. them.
i.​ Apollo -​ The floating island
-​ God of music, poetry, became Delos, a
archery, medicine, light, sacred island for
and knowledge Artemis and Apollo.
-​ Son of Zeus and Leto j.​ Artemis
-​ His popular consort is -​ Goddess of hunt,
Daphne wilderness, wild things,
-​ He and his twin sister, virginity, the moon
Artemis’ story is popular: -​ Daughter of Zeus and Leto
-​ When Hera found -​ One of the virgin
out that Leto is goddesses
-​ Popular for her birth -​ Goddess of love, beauty,
-​ Also popularly known for lust, passion
the story of Actaeon: -​ Daughter of zeus and
-​ Actaeon is an Dione
amazing hunter -​ Some accounts say that
-​ During his hunt, he she’s the oldest pantheon,
heard voices born from the blood of
nearby. He followed Uranus when he was slain
the voices. by Cronus, then Aphrodite
-​ He found a group of emerged from the
ladies by the lake, seafoam.
taking a bath. He -​ Aphrodite is popularly
sees their naked known in “Aphrodite’s
body. Affair” where Hephaestus,
-​ Those ladies were her husband, caught her
actually Artemis having an affair with Ares
and her nymphs. and trapped them to
-​ When Artemis humiliate them around
found Actaeon Mount Olympus.
watching them, she l.​ Hermes
got mad as the -​ God of thievery,
nymphs tried to messengers, merchants,
cover her body travels, trade
-​ Since she took the -​ Son of Zeus and Maia
vow of chastity, she -​ Had an affair with
is not to be seen Aphrodite, Merope, and
naked by any man. others.
-​ As punishment, she -​ Hermes once stole
turned Actaeon into something from Apollo
a deer, a beautiful which angered Apollo.
one. Zeus ordered him to
-​ He was later on apologize, he created a
found by his friends, lyre for Apollo instead.
a fellow hunter. m.​Hephaestus
Actaeon’s dogs who -​ God of fire, blacksmith,
were supposed to crafts, metals, volcanoes
assist him harassed -​ Son of Zeus and Hera
him as they didn’t -​ Some accounts say that
recognize him. he was born from Hera
k.​ Aphrodite alone.
-​ His one and only love
interest is Aphrodite who
later on cheated on him
with Ares.
-​ Some accounts say that
after humiliating Aphrodite
and Ares, he fell in love
with Athen who turned him
down.
-​ He was thrown out of
Mount Olympus by his
own mother because he
was born ugly. When he
grew up he tricked Hera
with a trapping chair and
demanded to welcome him
back to Mount Olympus.
n.​ Dionysus
-​ God of wine
-​ Son of Zeus and Semele
-​ Originally, Dionysus was
only a demigod because
his mother is mortal. But
when he discovered how
to create wine, people
loved him and began
worshiping him. His
popularity among mortals
became so powerful that
the Olympians considered
letting him join them on
Mount Olympus.
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY I.​ GODS AND GODDESSES

The ancient Romans had a rich A.​ Saturn

mythology, while much of it was derived -​ Greek Name: Cronus
from their neighbor and ancestors, the -​ God of time
Greek, but it still defined the rich history -​ Rules over the golden age.
of the Roman people as later they -​ Parents: Uranus and Gaia
became an empire. -​ Consort: Opis
-​ Children: Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune,
Roman mythology contained a number Juno, Ceres, and Vesta
of gods and goddesses, and because of -​ His story is very similar to its
early influence of Greece on the Italian Greek counterpart.
peninsula. With that, the Romans B.​ Minerva
adapted not only the culture and their -​ Greek Name: Athena
stories but many of their gods as well -​ Goddess of handicrafts,
and they even renamed them. professions, arts, and war.
-​ Parents: Jupiter and Metis
Originally, before their association with -​ Minerva is one of the Holy
the Greeks, some Romans were Capitoline triad––the three
associated with cults rather than myths. supreme leaders of the Roman
Eventually, this changed. However, the pantheons, along with Jupiter and
Romans turned from farming to war. Juno.
C.​ Jupiter
-​ Greek Name: Zeus
-​ The god of sky and thunder
-​ King of the gods
-​ He was the chief deity of Roman
state religion during the
Republican and Imperial eras
until Christianity became a
dominant religion in the empire.
-​ Parents: Saturn and Opis
-​ Consort: Juni, Maia, Semele,
Latona, and Ceres.
-​ Siblings: Pluto, Neptune, Juno,
Ceres, and Vesta
-​ Children: Mars, Minerva, Vulcan,
Mercury, Apollo, Diana, Bacchus,
and Persophina
D.​ Juno
-​ Greek Name: Hera also the god of wealth because
-​ Goddess of marriage, home, and diamonds and jewels came from
family the underground. A myth about
-​ Juno was a champion of women Pluto is that he took Proserpina,
and protector of the Roman the daughter of Ceres, to the
State. underworld to make her his wife.
-​ Parents: Saturn and Ops G.​ Neptune
-​ Consort: Jupiter -​ Greek Name: Poseidon
-​ Children: Mars and Vulcan -​ God of the sea and water
-​ Juno was one of the original gods -​ He is also the controller of wind
of Rome and a great temple was storms, and horses
built in their honor at the -​ Parents: Saturn and Opis
Capitoline which is one of the -​ Consort: Vesta
seven hills of Rome associated -​ Children: Benthesikyme, Rhodes,
with eternity. Triton, and Proteus
E.​ Venus -​ The Romans believed that
-​ Greek Name: Aphrodite Neptune helped give the early
-​ Goddess of love, beauty, desire, Latin tribes the culture and
sex, fertility, prosperity, and civilization to create Rome, and
victory he was very much respected for
-​ Parents: Uranus it.
-​ Consort: Mars and Vulcan H.​ Diana
-​ Children: Cupid, Pavor, Formido, -​ Greek Name: Artemis
and Himerus -​ Goddess of the Hunt
-​ Venus was very important to new -​ Rules over the woods, children,
brides. They made offerings to and childbirth. Fertility, chastity,
her before their marriage. Some the moon, and wild animals.
people say that they give their -​ Her worshippers believed she
child’s old toys to Venus when had the power to talk to woodland
they’re old enough to leave home animals and even control their
and marry someone. movements and behavior
F.​ Pluto -​ Parents: Jupiter and Latona
-​ Greek Name: Hades -​ Siblings: Apollo
-​ God of death -​ Diana was born fully grown and
-​ Rules over the underworld in was said to have been tall,
classical mythology beautiful, and youthful in
-​ Parents: Saturn appearance, often presenting
-​ Consort: Proserpina herself as a young woman
-​ Pluto is the god of the underworld between the ages of 12 and 19.
in Roman Mythology. Pluto was I.​ Mars
 -​ Greek Name: Ares
-​ God of war
-​ His role was 2nd only to Jupiter,
the leader of the pantheon.
-​ Parents: Jupiter and Juno
-​ Consort: Venus, and RHea Silvia
-​ Siblings: Vulcan
-​ Children: Romulus and remus
-​ Mars was known as the Roman
god of war. He was said to love
the violence and conflict. His
persona represented military
power and the noise and blood of
battle. Since he was the father of
Romulus and Remus, it was
believed he would come to the
aid of Rome during times of
conflict or war.

II.​ ROMULUS AND REMUS

NORSE MYTHOLOGY -​ Land of ice

●​ Curiosity ●​ Ymir - First life with equal

○​ Not alone in the universe parts––male and female.
○​ See and interact with the ●​ Jotnar - Kids of Ymir
world
○​ Eagerness D.​ Ymir and Audhumbala
●​ Gods and Goddesses E.​ Buri
○​ Protect F.​ Borr
○​ Threaten
○​ Nothing to do III.​ CHILDREN OF BORR
The Aesir
A.​ Vili
I.​ ORIGIN OF NORSE B.​ Odin
MYTHOLOGY C.​ Vecde

Scandinavia - Region in Northern

Europe III. PANTHEONS
A.​ Odin
Large Influence -​ A master of wisdom, magic, and
Language - North Germanic languages poetry.
> Old Norse -​ Allfather and head of all gods
The Saga - History and fantasy -​ Decides to kill Ymir
Culture - Early Middle Ages > Norse -​ Hungry for knowledge
Culture -​ Ravens - Hunnin Munin
●​ Polytheistic -​ Myths:
●​ Never perceived as perfect -​ Mimir & Well of Urd
beings -​ One eye
●​ Movies -​ Yggdrasil for 9 days
●​ Social Structure -​ Runic alphabet & secrets
●​ Craftsman and art -​ Fate of the world
●​ Daily Life and Events -​ Steal the mead of poetry
B.​ Freya
II.​ BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GODS -​ Goddess of beauty and sex
A.​ Muspelheim -​ Main goddess and most sensual
-​ Land of fire -​ Love, beauty, fertility, and gold
-​ Vanaheim: Vanir goddesses
B.​ Ginnungagap -​ Myths:
-​ Bottomless abyss -​ The war between Vanir
C.​ Niflheim and Aesir
 -​ Peace: decided on an -​ His brother Hodr (blind) killed him
exchange G.​ Vidar
-​ Freyr and Freya - Asgard -​ Silent god of vengeance
-​ Mimir and Honir - -​ Son of Odin and Jotunn Gridr
Vanahheim -​ It was believed that Vidar was the
-​ Married Ode with 2 children second strongest of Odin’s
-​ Chariot pulled by wild cats children
-​ Magic cloak: Hawk feathers -​ One of the few gods that actually
-​ Giant builder: hand of the survived Ragnarok.
beautiful goddess as a payment H.​ Vali
-​ Thor’s hammer: giant thief -​ Son of Odin and Jottun Rindr
demanded the goddess as a -​ Bold warrior
ransom -​ He exist to fulfill prophecies
-​ Brisengammon necklace -​ Born to avenge the death of
-​ Seidir: War and Death Balder
-​ Friday - Freya’s day. I.​ Ragnarok
C.​ Frigg -​ Old Norse word meaning “fate of
-​ Goddess of vegetation and the gods” or “twilight of the gods”
fertility -​ End of the world
-​ Wife of Odin -​ Odin is swallowed by Wolf Fenrir
-​ Queen of Asgard -​ Thor succumb in serpent’s venom
-​ Blessed with power of divination -​ Destruction and renewal
D.​ Loki
-​ Trickster god
-​ His father is a giant
-​ Neither fully good nor evil
-​ Likes to create chaos
E.​ Thor
-​ God of thunder
-​ Son of Odin
-​ Hammer: Mjollnir
-​ Protector of humanity and tasked
to safeguard Asgard
F.​ Balder
-​ God of light and purity
-​ Son of Odin and Frigg
-​ Lived in the heavens but
occasionally dwelled in the
human realm of Miogard
-​ Balder’s kryptonite was mistletoe
 -​ Send thunder and lightning to
PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY strike the transgressors of his
laws.
- Philippine mythology includes deities, Lesser Divinities Assisting Bathala
creation myths, mythical creatures, and A.​ Idianali
beliefs. -​ Goddess of labor and good
- Ancient Philippine mythology varies deeds
among the many indigenous tribes of -​ In other sources, goddess of
the Philippines. agriculture and animal husbandry
- Some groups during the pre-Spanish -​ Natives used to call for her
conquest era believed in a single guidance in order to make their
Supreme Being who created the world work successful
and was revered as the “maker of all -​ She married Dumangan and had
things.” two offspring (Dumakulem &
- Others chose to worship a multitude of Anitun tabu)
tree and forest deities (diwatas). B.​ Dumangan
DIwatas came from the Sanskrit word -​ Deity of good harvest
“devata” which means “deity” , one of -​ In Zambales culture, Dumangan
the several significant Hindu influences (or Dumagan) caused rice to
on the Pre-Hispanic religion of the “yield better grains.”
ancient Filipinos. C.​ Dumakulem
-​ A strong, agile hunter who
I.​ LUZON DIVINITIES became the guardian of created
mountain
KALUWALHATIAN DIVINITIES -​ Son of Idiyanale and Dumangan
A.​ Bathala or Abba -​ Sister of Anitun Tabu
-​ The Highest ranking deity of the -​ He later married Anagolay
ancient Tagalogs D.​ Anitun Tabu
-​ Supreme god and creator deity -​ The fickle-minded goddess of
-​ Bathala’s origin is unknown wind and rain.
-​ Since historians and writers often -​ She was the daughter of
refer to him as god of the ancient Idiyanale and Dimangan and the
Filipinos, he became the sister of Dumakulem.
accepted representative deity of E.​ Amanikabli
the whole nation. -​ Lord of the sea
-​ Bathala was said to be creator of -​ Originally worshiped as the god
all things of Hunters
-​ “Bahala na” or “Bat-hala takes -​ In more modern stories, he has
care” philosophy of life become associated as the
 ill-tempered god of the sea, -​ Members of Bathala’s celestial
replacing Aman Sinaya. court
-​ Swore vengeance against -​ The myth of the sun god Arao
humans by sending turbulent and the moon goddess Buan
waves and horrible tempest after -​ Myth of the Tagalog traditional
his love was spurned by constellations
Maganda. I.​ Ikapati
F.​ Mayari -​ Goddess of the land cultivation
-​ Goddess of the moon -​ AKA Lakapati
-​ Also known as Kulalaying or -​ She was the most understanding
Dalagang nasa Buwan and kind among deities of bathala
-​ The most beautiful divinity in the -​ Her gift to man was agriculture.
court of Bathala From her came fertility of fields
-​ Had 2 sisters (Hana and Tala) and health of flocks and herds.
-​ Daughters of Bathala by a mortal -​ Ikapati was said to have married
wife Mapulon (god of seasons) and
-​ Members of Bathala’s celestial had a daughter named Anagolay.
court J.​ Mapulon
-​ The myth of the one-eyed -​ God of seasons
goddess -​ Revered for his various roles,
G.​ Hana including his association with
-​ Goddess of the morning health, agriculture cycles, and
-​ Sister of Mayari and tala courtship
-​ Daughters of Bathala by a mortal -​ It is believed that invoking
wife Mapulon’s favor can ensure
-​ Members of Bathala’s celestial favorable climatic conditions for
court cultivation.
-​ People offer her bountiful K.​ Anagolay
harvests and prayers during the -​ Goddess of lost things
entrance of a new age or a new -​ Known for her ability to find not
phase in a person’s life. only physical possessions but
-​ Rooster and the dawning sun also abstract concepts like lost
was Hanan’s emblem. opportunities and faded
H.​ Tala memories.
-​ Goddess of the stars -​ Married Dumakulem with whom
-​ AKA goddess of the morning and she had two children, APolaki
evening stars and Dian Masalanta.
-​ SIster of Mayari and hana L.​ Apolaki
-​ Daughters of bathala by a mortal -​ The god of war, sun, and the
wife chief patron of warriors
 -​ In other stories, he is known as -​ The only male agent of Sitan
the son of Bathala and brother of -​ He was to emit fire at night and
Mayari when there was weather.
-​ Patron god for modern day -​ Like his fellow agents, he would
warriors especially those who change his form to that of a
practice Filipino martial healer and then induce fire at his
arts/arnis/eskrima/kali. victim’s house. If the fire were
M.​ Dian Masalanta extinguished immediately, the
-​ Goddess of love, childbirth, victim would eventually die.
peace, and the protector of lovers -​ His name remains today as witch.
-​ SHe is prayed to stop storms, D.​ Hukluban
deluges, and earthquakes -​ The last agent of Sitan could
-​ Incarnation of Maria Makiling change herself into any form she
(forest nymph or fairy) desired.
-​ The most living goddess who was -​ She could kill someone by simply
punished to be thrown in the raising her hand and could heal
keeping her on Earth with the without any difficulty as she
mortals wished.
-​ Obando fertility rites -​ Her name literally means “Crone”
or “hag”
KASAMAAN DIVINITIES
A.​ Sitan II.​ IFUGAO DIVINITIES
-​ The chief deity of kasamaan A.​ Kabunian
-​ The chief deity of Ifugao
The Agents of Sitan -​ The Legend of 3 races
A.​ Mangangauay
-​ She was the first agent of Sitan Divinities Assisting Kabunian
and was primarily blamed as the A.​ Bulol
cause of diseases. -​ Gods of household
-​ Sometimes, she would change -​ Used in ceremonies associated
herself into a human form, with rice production and with
appearing as a false healer. healing
-​ If she wished to kill someone, she B.​ Gatui
employed a magic wand. -​ Divinities of practical jokes
B.​ Manisilat -​ Feast on the souls of the unborn
-​ The second agent of Sitan and cause miscarriages
-​ She was tasked to destroy every C.​ Tayaban
happy and united family that she -​ God of death
could find -​ Feasted on men’s souls
C.​ Mankukulam
-​ Tiny flying monsters covered with -​ The Libligayu were responsible
shiny scales, so that they look for causing abdominal pains
like fireflies during night time. K.​ Banig
D.​ Kakilan -​ Ghosts that permanently haunt
-​ Two-headed monster serving as hillsides, caverns, and
bodyguards of Tayaban and uninhabited houses.
Gatui L.​ Hadit
E.​ Munduntug -​ God of rituals
-​ Evil spirits of the mountains M.​ Imbagyan or Lingayan
-​ AKA mountain ghost -​ Messengers of death and guides
-​ Cause hunters to get lost of souls.
F.​ Makalun N.​ Halupi
-​ Messenger of the gods -​ Spirit of remembrance.
-​ Their duty consisted in running -​ These spirits were responsible for
errands for the superior deities of reminding villagers about what
the skyworld and summoning their priests wanted them to
other divinities to attend the remember.
various ceremonies performed by O.​ Fili
the priests of the village. -​ Guardians of property
G.​ Bakayauwan P.​ Makiubaya
-​ Good spirits of the mountains, -​ Spirits of gates
unlike the Munduntug, were Q.​ Binudnud
friendly and helpful to the -​ Spirits of feasts
hunters. -​ They were invoked to check on
H.​ Mahipnat men’s appetite during festivals.
-​ Great spirits of sacred places R.​ Hipagis
I.​ Bibao -​ Spirit of war
-​ Spirits of ordinary places
-​ Found in the cliffs, house-roofs III.​ BISAYAN DIVINITIES
boulders and in the streams
-​ Steal souls and cause sickness IBABAWNUN (Upperworld)
-​ When bribed with a sumptuous A.​ Tungkung Langit
feast, they become very kind and -​ The all-powerful male diwata
helpful; giving the celebrant -​ His name means “pillar of the
prosperity, peace, and happiness. skies”
J.​ Libligayu -​ Visayan creation myth: Tungkung
-​ Spirits of sickness. langit and Alunsina”
-​ Sometimes known as
“Liverspearers” Lesser gods assisting Tungkung
Langit
A.​ Bangun-Bangun -​ Goddess whose charge was to
-​ The deity of universal time who keep the balance of earth and
regulated the cosmic movements maintain the succession of night
B.​ Bahulangkug and day and so many other
-​ The diwata who changed the heavenly chores.
seasons
C.​ Ribun-Linti PAGTUNG-AN (middleworld)
-​ God of lighting and A.​ Paiburong and Bulawanon
thunderstorms -​ Paiburong’s duty is to guard the
D.​ Sumalongson mighty expansion from island
-​ God of river and seas invaders, pirates, to even lost
-​ Lives in Tinagong Dagat lake in souls who escaped the world
Lambunao below.
-​ Mythical “goldfish” -​ AKA Idadalmun
E.​ Santonilyo -​ Burigadang Pada Sinaklang
-​ The deity of good graces Bulawan gave him a wife named
-​ Panay legend: santonilyo Bulawanon (maiden of gold)
-​ Agipo (Driftwood) -​ They had 5 children
F.​ Munsad Burulakaw B.​ Ginbitinan
-​ The god who had direct power -​ She became the wife of Munsad
over men (deity of human affairs Burulakaw
and politics) C.​ Matanayon
-​ The most respected and feared -​ Goddess-wife of Sulod
among the deities of the upper culture-hero, Labaw Dunggun
world D.​ Layang Sukla
-​ Patron of Datus, heroes, war -​ Goddess of beauty
leaders, the chief, babaylan, E.​ Surangaun
doctors, and young adults due to -​ God of the sea
his power of affecting a person’s F.​ Tugang tubig
fate, either good or bad. -​ The god of rivers, streams, and
G.​ Alunsina lakes.
-​ The all-powerful female diwata G.​ Paubaya and Durunuun
-​ The goddess of the eastern skies -​ The lesser divinities of
H.​ Muropuro Pagtung-an.
-​ Goddess of the spring, rivers,
and lakes. IDADALMUNUN (underworld)
I.​ Labing Daut A.​ Panliugon
-​ Goddess-in-charge of rain-clouds -​ The highest ranking diwata
J.​ Tibang-Tibang -​ Diwata of earthquake
 -​ His wife, Luyong Kabig, the
diwata who controlled the stream
of snakes at the entrance of the
underworld.

Kapitan And Dialaon or Kaptan And

Magwayen
A.​ Kapitan
-​ Sky god
-​ Supreme god of these early
Visayans
-​ The first man (kalak) and woman
(kabay).
B.​ Magwayen/Maguayan
-​ Goddess of the sea and the
underworld

IV.​ MINDANAO DIVINITIES

A.​ Pamulak Manobo
-​ The highest ranking deity in
Bagobos Mindanao
B.​ Tagbusan
-​ Most powerful among the
Manobo in Mindanao.
CHINESE MYTHOLOGY -​ Breath - wind, mist, clouds
-​ Voice - thunder
I.​ HISTORY OF CHINESE -​ Left eye - moon
RELIGION -​ Right eye - sun
A.​ Xia Dynasty (2000-1500 BCE) -​ Head - mountains
-​ People worship snakes which -​ Blood - river
eventually change into -​ Flesh - fertile land
dragons––the symbol in Chinese -​ Beard - stars
Mythology. -​ Fur - forest and plants
B.​ Shang Dynasty (1500-1066 -​ Bones - minerals and
BCE) jewels
-​ People worship natural forces -​ Sweat - rain
and elements. They perceived -​ Fleas - animals
Shang Ti as the highest god. B.​ Nuwa & Fuxi
C.​ Zhou Dynasty (1066 BCE) -​ God and Goddess of humanity
-​ Ancestor worship is more -​ Nuwa is a goddess associated
important and the religion of with the creation of humans
Confucianism and Taoism had an -​ Fuxi is a God that provides
enormous influence. human knowledge
D.​ Qin Dynasty (213 BCE) -​ Both were depicted as
-​ Original sources of Chinese human-dragons with human
mythology and literature were heads and dragon bodies or
lost. This action also resulted in human bodies to the waist and
the organization of Chinese dragon legs and tails.
mythology. -​ The Folklore of Nuwa and Fuxi:
The Origins of Humanity
II.​ CREATION GODS III.​ MAIN GODS
A.​ Pangu A.​ Jade Emperor
-​ God of creation -​ God of heaven
-​ The first living being that -​ The supreme god of law, order,
emerged from a cosmic egg and and justice
stood between yin and yang––the -​ The great ancestor of all Chinese
two opposite forces of the -​ He gave the Chinese people their
universe. culture, architecture, skill in
-​ He is described as a hairy horned battle, agriculture,
beast -​ He controlled the weather, and
-​ The natural things were emerged regulated the seasons
from his body after he died -​ He was the king of gods, human
-​ The creation myth: Pangu and beings, and nature
the Birth of the Universe
 -​ His origin was that he was once a -​ She is described as having the
crown prince providing help to appearance of a human woman,
people in need though she retained some
-​ Story: The Seamstress and the beastly traits––notably, tiger’s
Cowherd, The Zodiac Animals, teeth and leopard’s tail.
Journey to the West -​ Story: Peaches of Immortality
B.​ Tudigong E.​ Cashien
-​ Earth god -​ God of Money and Wealth
-​ Chinese tutelary deity of a -​ Known as the Chinese alchemist,
specific location Cashien is believed to have the
-​ Earth god differs from one ability to transform iron, stone,
village/community to another. and lead into pure gold
Chinese people believed that the -​ His statue shows a wealthy man
Earth God is who they believed to seated in a silk robe holding
have interacted with human in the riches in both hands. He is
community they protected. sometimes accompanied by two
C.​ Yan Wang attendants carrying bowls of gold.
-​ God of the Underworld -​ He was not only worshiped for
-​ Presdies over the ten layers of material wealth but also for a rich
Diyu life.
-​ The judge of the dead F.​ Chang’e
-​ He is depicted as a powerful king, -​ Goddess of moon
relentless and heartless, a large -​ Often depicted as an elegant
man with a scowling red face, young woman with flowing robes,
bulging eyes, and a long beard. pale skin, jet black hair, blood red
He wears traditional robes and a lips. Sometimes she is painted
judge’s cap or a crown which holding the disk of the moon in
bears the Chinese character for her hand or with a white hare.
“king” (王). -​ CHinese moon goddess and the
-​ The two fearsome guardians of wife of the mythical archer Hou
Hell: Ox-Head and Horse-Face Yi.
-​ Hell Money or Joss Paper -​ Known for the story of Elixir of
Other main gods Immortality.
D.​ Xiwangmu G.​ Guanyin
-​ Queen Mother of the West -​ Goddess of Mercy
-​ Holds the power of life and death, -​ Physical embodiment of
creation and destruction compassion and portrayed as a
-​ The giver of eternal life, and powerful, benevolent figure who
embodiment of sacred yin energy. is motivated by a supreme sense
of compassion.
-​ All-seeing, all-hearing being who
is called upon by worshippers in
times of uncertainty, despair, and
fear.
-​ Her name represents her ability
to hear all the cries of the
suffering in the world and her
infinite compassion.
-​ Although she is reincarnated
multiple times, Guanyin was
originally the daughter of King
Zhuang of Chu and his wife, Lady
Fan.
-​ Story: The Legend of Miao Shan.
H.​ Niu Lang & Zhi Nu
-​ God and Goddess of Love
-​ From them comes the Seventh
Night of the Seventh Moon which
officially was dedicated to the
women’s art in sewing and
weaving but unofficially was a
night for romance.
-​ Zhi Nu is the star Vega in the
constellation of Lyra, and Niu
Lang is the star Altai in the
constellation of Aquila, separated
by the Milky Way except for once
a year.
-​ Story: The Seamstress and the
Cowherd. (Festival of the
Seventh Night of the Seventh
Moon)
JAPANESE MYTHOLOGY -​ Depicted as fat, bearded
fisherman who often carries a rod
It is a body of stories compiled from oral in his hand, and a sea bream
traditions concerning the legends, gods, -​ Represented by various animals,
ceremonies, customs, practices, and such as whale sharks and
historical accounts of the Japanese jellyfish
people. -​ Associated with abundance and
luck
Written Sources -​ Partially paralyzed due to his lack
●​ Kojiki of bones
-​ Records of ancient matters -​ His being able to be worshiped
-​ This was compiled in A.D. 712 anywhere in the world
●​ Nihon Shoki B.​ Kagutsuchi
-​ Chronicles of japan -​ Also known as Hi-no-Kagutsuchi
-​ It was completed in A.D. 720 -​ God of fire
-​ Extremely hot to touch
I.​ CREATOR GODS -​ Impregnating eight new kami
A.​ Izanami C.​ Fujin
-​ Goddess of creation -​ God of wind
-​ Sister and wife of Izanagi -​ Portrayed with green skin and
-​ Goddess of death wild hair
-​ Gave birth to numerous deities -​ Controlling the storm
and islands of Japan D.​ Raijin
B.​ Izanagi -​ God of storms
-​ Father to the chief Gods of -​ Surrounded by drums
Heaven -​ Protector of temples and shrines
-​ Ensures more births than deaths III.​ THREE NOBLE CHILDREN
each day A.​ Amaterasu
-​ Wields Ame-no-nuboko -​ Goddess of the Sun
-​ Father of Shinto rituals (marriage -​ Queen of the Kami
and misogi) -​ “Shines from heaven”
II.​ THE CHILDREN OF IZANAGI & -​ Amaterasu-omikami
IZANAMI -​ “The great and glorious kami who
A.​ Ebisu illuminates from heaven.”
-​ First born of Izanagi and Izanami -​ Ohirume-no-muchi-no-kami
-​ God of fishermen and luck; B.​ Tsukuyomi
regarded as a patron of -​ God of moon
fishermen and artisans in Japan -​ Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto
-​ Husband of Amaterasu
-​ Killed Uke Mochi
C.​ Susanoo
-​ God of the sea and storms
-​ Takehaya-Susanoo-no–Mikoto/
Kamususanoo
-​ Kushinada-hime
 HINDU MYTHOLOGY into a golden egg; (2) Self-born
The triune God and the Lesser out of a lotus flower which grew
Gods from the navel of Vishnu
-​ Four arms, each representing
- Hinduism can be defined as a something:
collection of the religion, culture, -​ Rosary - cycle of time
and philosophy of ancient India. -​ Book - knowledge
- It is characterized by a belief in -​ Pot of holy water - cosmic
reincarnation as well as in a energy
supreme god or entity called -​ Lotus flower - nature and
Brahman who has multiple essence of life
manifestations as a variety of 3.​ SARASWATI
deities. -​ Goddess of knowledge, arts,
- Most HIndus believe that they wisdom, music
are trapped in samsara, a cycle -​ Wife of Brahma and emerged
of birth and rebirth/reincarnation, from his teeth
and can find liberation (moksha) -​ Instrumental in creating form on
from the cycle by achieving their the universe
dharma (duty). And if the right -​ Sitting on a white lotus and
actions are done, the possibility wearing a white sari
of karma will be inherited in life. -​ In her hands, she holds a book,
crystal mal, and her veena
I.​ THE TRIUNE GODS & -​ Cursed Brahma and Indra.
OTHER LESSER GODS -​ She is sort of a version of Devi.
1.​ DEVI 4.​ VISHNU
-​ The Mother Goddess: also known -​ God of preservation, husband of
as Mahadevi or “Great Goddess” Lakshmi
-​ Seen more as an abstract -​ Depicted as having sky-blue skin,
principle symbolizing his infinite,
-​ Not confirmed to a single form; immeasurable power like the
rather, she manifest in numerous ocean and sky.
forms and aspects -​ He represents the power of
2.​ BRAHMA creation and destruction that
-​ God of creation work together to find the balance,
-​ Often depicted with four heads, order, or dharma in the world.
originally had five -​ Four arms, representing his
-​ Brahma's vahana (vehicle): presence in the human world
Divine Swan (fronts arms) and spiritual realms
-​ Birth of Brahman: (1) From (back arms)
Brahman’s seed that transformed
-​ Holds on conch, the chakra or -​ Depicting same ornaments and
discus, the club, and the lotus same weapons as Vishnu
flower. -​ Can be pictured either as a
5.​ LAKSHMI gigantic turtle or a human torso
-​ Goddess of wealth and fortune joined to a turtle body
-​ Wife of Vishnu and rise out of the -​ Used to obtain amrita, the elluxur
ocean of immortality.
-​ Instrumental in restoring the 8.​ VARAHA
order of the universe -​ Vishnu’s third incarnation,
-​ Standing on a pink lotus and noar-like avatar
wearing a pink sari -​ Boar as the upper half and man
-​ In her hands, she holds pink as the lower part
lotuses -​ Symbolizes salvation, in this
-​ Grants wealth, perseverance, appearance, Vishnu used his
knowledge, and awakening to her tusks to lift the earth out of the
devotees. water
6.​ MATSYA -​ Depicting same ornaments and
-​ Vishnu’s first incarnations, same weapons as Vishnu
fish-like avatar -​ AS half boar and man, standing
-​ Man as the upper half and the with one leg bent expresses
fish as the lower half shyness and joy.
-​ Symbolizes protection, in this 9.​ NARASIMHA
appearance, Vishnu saved the -​ Vishnu’s fourth incarnation,
world from a great flood. lion-like avatar
-​ Represented with four hands — -​ Lion as the upper half and man
holding conch shell, the discus, as the lower part
pose of conferring a boon, and -​ Symbolizes power and authority,
protection-affording pose. in this appearance, Vishnu came
-​ Can be pictured as a gigantic fish out of pillars to disembowel the
or a human torso joined to a fish’s devil.
tail. -​ The lion face is known for its
-​ Noah’s Ark-like concept pacific expression
7.​ KURMA -​ The animal aspect is shown by a
-​ Vishnus’ second incarnation, curly mane of hair, sharp, curved
turtle-like avatar. teeth, and leonin facial features.
-​ Man as the upper halp and turtle 10.​VAMANA
as the lower part -​ Vishnu’s fifth incarnation, a short
-​ Symbolizes foundation, in this man avatar
appearance, Vishnu became the -​ Often depicted as a dwarf sie
stand for the other gods. human
-​ Symbolizes restoration and order, -​ Pictures of him carrying archer
in this appearance, Vishnu because he displays his mettle as
became a dwarf to teach lesson a great archer defeating demons.
to the devil 13.​SITA
-​ Sculptures may depict him as a -​ Goddess of prosperity, wealth,
deformed dwarf or as a monastic and beauty
student dressed in the deerskin, -​ Wife of Lord Rama, in Vishnu’s
loincloth, and a sacred thread of 7th incarnation
the student, and with the -​ Rama won her as his bride by
student’s tufted hair. bending Shiva’s bow
-​ Known for his three strides. -​ Standing with beauty and
11.​PARASURAMA wearing a pink sari
-​ Vishnus’s sixth incarnation, a -​ Mother of twins Kusha and Lava
warrior-saint avatar -​ Worshiped as an incarnation of
-​ A guy who resolved political Lakshmmi
dispute between brahmin 14.​BALARAMA
(priests) and kshatria (warriors) -​ Vishnu’s eighth incarnation, a
-​ Given an ax by Lord Shiva in philosopher and guide warrior
exchange for his penance -​ Known as Baladeva, Balabhadra,
-​ Symbolizes fairness and and halayudha. He was Lord
vengeance, in this appearance, Krishna’s older brother.
Vishnu ended the dispute -​ An agricultural deity, depicted as
-​ It is believed that Parashuram is holding a plowshare and a pestle,
still alive and performing penance with a snake canopy above his
on Mahendragiri mountain head.
despite being an immortal -​ Shown in paintings with fair skin,
Chiranjivi. in contrast to Krishna’s blue
12.​RAMA complexion
-​ Vishnu’s seventh incarnation, a -​ Stories emphasize his love of
prince/king of Ayodhya avatar. wine and his enormous strength.
-​ Venerated as the archetypal 15.​KRISHNA
brave male, considered the -​ Vishnu’s ninth incarnation, a
epitome of moral virtue and royal philosopher and guide warrior
conduct -​ God of compassion, protection,
-​ Symbolizes bravery, in this and love.
appearance Rama fought against -​ Krishna was adored for his
devil to regain back his wife, Sita mischievous pranks; he also
-​ Rama is the most wise, virtuous, performed many miracles and
and obedient son. slew demons.
-​ Renowned as a lover, the sound -​ Exists beyond the cycle of birth
of his flute prompting the gopis to and death
dance with him. -​ Both destroyer and
-​ He also plays tricks to save restorer-regeneration and
people and fight demons. renewal.
16.​KALKI 18.​PARVATI
-​ Vishnu’s tenth incarnation, an -​ Goddess of power, childbirth, and
eternity/white horse avatar. marriage
-​ The last incarnation that Vishnu -​ Consort: Shiva
will take -​ Son: KArtikeya, ganesha
-​ Hasn’t appeared yet, his role is to -​ Symbolism: Lotus flower, trident,
announce the end of time. elephants, tridents
-​ If Kalki returns, he will do so -​ Nurturing and caring mother
mounted atop a white horse and -​ Durga and Kali-other form to
brandishing a flaming sword. combat demons, embodying the
-​ Symbolizes ending and new protective destructive aspects.
beginnings 19.​SATI
-​ Often pictured as a man riding a -​ Goddess of marital felicity
winged horse. -​ Wife of Shiva
-​ Daughter of King Daksha and
Queen Prasuti
-​ Represents as an ideal lady
20.​DURGA
-​ Goddess of war, preservation,
strength, and protection
-​ Symbols Trishula, Chakra, Conch
shell, lion
-​ Depicted as a sign of power and
protection
-​ Most famous mythological story
is her battle
17.​SHIVA
-​ Seen as a fierce goddess.
-​ The god of destruction
21.​KALI
-​ Wife: Parvati
-​ Goddess of time, creation, death,
-​ Children: Kaltikeya and ganesha
destruction, and power.
-​ Symbolisms: third eye, trishula
-​ A demon who is thriving in kali
(trident), damaru (drum), nandi
yuga,
(bull), ashes (bhasma).
-​ Symbolism: Khadga
-​ Often depicted as formless and
(crescent-shaped sword or a
eternal, not born in the traditional
giant sickleP, a trishul (trident), a
sense.
 severed head, and a bowl or -​ Son: Shubba (auspiciousness)
skull-cup (kapala) collecting the and Labha (proft)
blood of the severed -​ Daughter: Santonishi mata
-​ She protects her people against (goddess of satisfaction)
evil by doing what others cannot
do to protect those she loves.
22.​KARTIKEYA
-​ God of war
-​ Symbols: peacock, vel (spear)
-​ Son of Lord Shiva and Goddess
Parvat
-​ Depicted with 6 faces
-​ Becomes the commander-in-chief
of the celestial army, leading
them to victory against demons.
23.​GANESHA
-​ God of wisdom and remover of
obstacles
-​ Consort: Ridhi and Sidhi
-​ Son: Shubba (auspiciousness)
and Labha (Profit)
-​ Daughter: Santonishi Mata
(Goddess of Satisfaction
-​ Also known as Vinayaka
Ganapati
-​ Symbolism: elephant head, large
ears
-​ Has the power to remove
obstacles and bring fortunes.
24.​RIDDHI
-​ God of wealth and prosperity
-​ Consort: Ganesha
-​ Son: Shubba (auspiciousness)
and Labha (proft)
-​ Daughter: Santonishi mata
(goddess of satisfaction)
25.​SIDDHI
-​ God of intellectual and spiritual
powers
-​ Consort: Ganesha
 CREATION MYTHS responsible for bringing death to
humankind.
AFRICAN

I.​ THE CREATION (Ugandan

Story)

A.​ Kintu - The first human in

Ugandan myth
B.​ Nambi - Daughter of Magulu
C.​ Muggulu/Ggulu - The creator of
all things, lived in Heaven
D.​ Wrumbe/Walumbe - He is the son
of Ggulu and the brother of
Nambi
E.​ Nabagereka - The queen of the
Underworld

​ THE FIVE TEST OF KINTU

A.​ Gathering of Food: Importance of
resourcefulness and provision
B.​ Test of Strength: Demonstrating
physical prowess and
determination
C.​ Journey to Ggulu’s Realm:
Perseverance in the face of
adversity
D.​ Trial of Wisdom: Emphasizing the
value of intelligence and wise
decision-making
E.​ Test of Faith/Loyalty: Highlighting
commitment and devotion

II.​ THE ORIGIN OF DEATH

(Nigerian Tale)
●​ Comes from the Bura people of
Nigeria in West Africa.
●​ “The message that failed”
●​ Agadzagadza - a mythological
trickster from Nigeria who is
SI MALAKAS AT SI MAGANDA III.​ SI MALAKAS AT SI MAGANDA

The tale of Malakas and Maganda Malakas at si Maganda is a Filipino

explores the creation of humanity but myth about the first man and woman
also embodies the essence of strength, who emerged from a bamboo tree split
beauty, and resilience in the Filipino by a bird. According to the myth, after
culture. Malakas and Maganda emerged from
the bamboo tree, they had many
I.​ BACKGROUND children, who eventually became the
●​ What we know ancestors of various ethnic groups and
The deity Bathala, who was the races in the Philippines.
supreme god, looked down upon Earth
and decided to bring light to dispel the IV.​ SYMBOLISM
gloom. Bathala ordered the birds to 1.​ Malakas - strength but it doesn’t
create a bamboo, and this bamboo soon only pertain to physical might but
revealed two human figures nestled also resilience, determination,
within—Malakas and Maganda. and unity.
2.​ Maganda - not on physical
●​ What we don’t know beauty but also the intrinsic
Malakas is also known as Sikalak, while beauty found in the Filipino
Maganda was also once known as culture.
Sikabay. 3.​ Bamboo - adaptability, strength,
and resourcefulness.
II.​ HISTORY AND CULTURE 4.​ Bird - the symbol of divine
intervention or guidance in the
●​ History process of creation and the
The story of Malakas and Maganda is shaping of the world.
rooted in the ancient oral traditions of
the Philippines, where storytelling has
played a vital role in passing down
cultural heritage through generations.

●​ Culture
Men as strong and sturdy (Malakas)
where the family depends on them,
while women as beautiful, sweet and
soft (Maganda).
 people before the arrival of Spanish
V. COMPARISON colonizers.
Si Malakas Similarities Adam and e.​ CONTEMPORARY
at si Eve PERSPECTIVE
Maganda - It serves as a reminder of the
interconnectedness of humanity and
- Emerged - two - Form nature, promoting environmental
from a individuals from the
stewardship and sustainable living
bamboo - two sexes dust on the
tree Start of the ground practices.
Suggests human - The God
gender creation extracted
equality Eve from
the left rib
of Adam
underneath
his heart
- Suggests
a
subordinat
e role for
women

VI. IMPORTANCE OF THIS MYTH TO

THE TAGALOGS

a.​ CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

- The myth is a foundational to Tagalog
culture, shaping beliefs and values
b.​ MYTHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
- It recounts the emergence of the first
man and woman from a bamboo stalk,
symbolizing the beginnings of life and
the interconnectedness of all living
beings.
c.​ MORAL LESSONS
- It teaches the importance of unity,
resilience, and the intrinsic beauty of
their culture.
d.​ HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- The myth provides insights into the
worldview and beliefs of the Tagalog
BIBLE MYTHOLOGY (GENESIS AND
THE GREAT FLOOD) Building the Ark
God instructed Noah to build an ark and
In the Beginning, God… Noah did exactly as God commanded
him (genesis 6:13-22).
“Now the earth was formless and empty,
darkness was over the surface of the Construction time: less than 75 years
deep, and the Spirit of God was Size: 515x85.8x51.5 ft
hovering over the waters.” Genesis 1:2
During and After the Flood
I.​ 7 DAY CREATION Duration of flood: 40 days, 40 nights
Day 1: Light
Day 2: Firmament Noah sent out a dove to see if the water
Day 3: Dry Ground and Plants had receded.
Day 4: Sun, Moon, and Stars
Day 5: Birds and Sea Creatures “Never again shall be there flood to
Day 6: Land animals and humans destroy the earth.”
Day 7: God rested “I set my rainbow in the cloud.”

Note: The creation of Adam and Eve

(D6) was the reason behind Marriage,
Sexes and Anthropocentrism.

II.​ THE FALL

III.​ CAIN AND ABEL
IV.​ THE GREAT FLOOD

God chose the flood because water

symbolizes rinsing.

A wicked world…
The Lord saw how utterly wicked people
on earth had become; every thought
was only evil all the time (Genesis 6:5-7)

Noah, the Righteous

But Noah found with God for he alone
was righteous among the people of his
day (Genesis 6:8-18, 18).
 HEROES AND OTHER uses the opportunity to get Kumaso
MYTHOLOGICAL PERSONAGES drunk. Prince Yamato reveals his true
identity and swiftly kills him with a
PRINCE YAMATO dagger. Takeru attempts to flee, but
Prince Yamato pursues and kills him as
I.​ YAMATO AGAINST BRIGANDS well

Characters II.​ THE WOODEN SWORD

a.​ Emperor Keiko - Emperor of
Japan, father of Prince Yamato Summary
b.​ Yamato Take - the brave Prince When the Prince was on his way to the
of Japan who fought with capitol, he encountered another outlaw
brigands. His real name was named Idzumo Takeru. He pretended to
“Ousu.” be friendly with him. He cut a sword of
c.​ Prince Yamato’s aunt - the wood and rammed it tightly into the
caretaker at the Temple of Ise. sheath of his own steel weapon. PRince
d.​ Princess Ototachibana - loyal Yamato invited Takeru to swim with him
wife of Yamato in the river Hinokawa. While the brigand
e.​ Kumaso and Takeru - the brother was swimming down-stream, the Prince
that Yamato slayed. secretly landed, and, going to Takeru’s
f.​ Idzumo Takeru - clothes, to change the swords, putting
his wooden sword on in place of the
Summary keen steel sword of Takeru. When
King Keiko ordered his youngest son, Takeru came out of the water and put on
Prince Yamato, to go forth and slay a his clothes, the Princes asked him to
number of brigands. Before his show his skills with the sword. Takeru
departure, the Prince prayed at the tried to unsheathe his sword. It stuck
shrines of Ise, seeking for the blessing fast, because it was the wooden one.
of Amaterasu. His aunt, a high priestess WHile the brigand was struggling,
at one of the Ise temples, presented him Yamato cut off his head. Once again
with a silk robe to wish him luck. Prince killed his enemy using deception and
Yamato travels to the Southern Island of they celebrated when he returned to the
Kyushu with his wife, Princess palace and received many gifts from the
Ototachibana, and his followers to slay King.
the brigands. Prince Yamato devises a
cunning plan. HE disguise himself as a III.​ THE GRASS
woman with the help of his wife and CLEAVING-SWORD
enters the enemy’s tent where the chief
of the brigands are present. Kumaso Characters
invites him to serve and Prince Yamato a.​ Emperor Keiko
 b.​ Yamato Take Summary
c.​ Prince Yamato’s aunt In his adventures, Prince Yamato is
d.​ Governor - the one who will trick followed by his faithful wife, princess
Yamato into the burning grass Ototachibana. She maintained her
sweet manner despite her skin being
Summary burnt by the sun and her clothes being
Prince Yamato was sent by his father to soiled and torn. Prince Yamato then
quell an Ainu rising in the eastern happened to meet a charming Princess
provinces. The King gifted him a spear with delicate skin named Princess
made from a holly tree called the Miyadzu and quickly fell in love with her.
“EightArms-Length-Spear” and a sword Before departing, he promised to marry
from the Imperial House of Japan, the the Princess after his journey which
sword of the Murakumo. The sword made his wife extremely sad. When they
once belonged to the Gods and was arrived at the sea-shore of Idzu, the
discovered by Susa-no-o. After a long prince was arrogant and that angered
march, Prince Yamato and his men Rin-Jin, the king of the sea. In order to
found themselves in Suruga province. calm RinJin, Ototachibana sacrificed
The governor invited the Prince to a herself by jumping into the waves. The
deer hunt, and he was deceived into sea soon became calm and Prince
joining. As he hunted deer, he became Yamato was able to cross the ocean
aware of fire and flames surrounding safely and succeeded in preventing the
him. Eventually, he realized he had Ainu from rising. He realized how harsh
fallen into a warm trap set by the he was to his wife and regretted his
governor. To escape, he set fire to the actions.
grass near him and used the sword of
Murakumo to cut down the flaming V.​ THE SLAYING OF THE
grass. The wind blew the flames away, SERPENT
and the Prince made good his escape
without any burns. This event led to the Summary
creation of the “Grass-Cleaving Sword.” After accomplishing his task, Prince
Yamato came to the province of Omi,
IV.​ SACRIFICE OF which was terrorized by a great serpent
OTOTACHIBANA that descended the mountain everyday,
entering the villages and eating many of
Characters its human occupants. Prince Yamato
a.​ Princess Miyadzu - the beautiful Takeru climbed up Mount Ibaki, seeking
princess of Idzu. to find the serpent, and when he found
b.​ Rin-Jun - dragon King of the sea. it, he slaughtered the serpent by twisting
his bare arms around it. No sooner had
he done so, darkness and heavy rains
fell. When the Prince had descended
the mountain, he found that his feet
burned with a strange pain and he felt
terribly ill. The serpent had stung the
Prince, but fortunately, the Prince
regained his health.
IBALONG -​ A serpent who can transform in a
(Baltog, Handyong, and Bantong) beautiful lady.
-​ Had a very good voice.
I.​ CHARACTERS -​ Alliance of Handyong.

a.​ Baltog e.​ Tandayag

-​ He is a hero who came from -​ Wild of the forest of Ibalon.
Botavora of the brave clan of -​ He had big jawbones and big
Lipod. fangs.
-​ An adventurer who built a house, -​ A big boar who loves to destroy
cultivated and planted crops of things after eating.
Gabi inside the forest of Ibalon.
-​ The hero who slaughtered the f.​ Dambuhala
giant boar Tandayag. -​ One-eyed monster with a tree
neck who came from the land of
b.​ Handyong Ponong.
-​ Second hero who came to Ibalon.
-​ He built a community in Isarog g.​ Triburon
City of Ibalon. -​ Giant flying sharks
-​ He invented one kind of water -​ Which had hardly flesh and saw
vehicle. like teeth that could crush rocks
-​ His followers named a kind of rice
after his name for his victory. h.​ Rabot
-​ He is a good leader. In his term, a -​ Half-beat man with awesome and
discovery of things are continued terrifying powers.
by the help of Ginantong, Hablom
and Sural. Summary
-​ The hero who cleared the land of
beasts with the aid of Oryol.

c.​ Bantong
-​ Good observer
-​ He uses his wisdom before
fighting.
-​ The hero who single-handedly
slaughtered the half-man,
half-beast Rabot.

d.​ Oryol
THE STORY OF INDARAPATRA AND saw the Pah, the huge bird and struck
SULAYMAN (MINDANAO) the descending creature. The bird fell,
but its huge wings fell on Sulayman
Summary which led to his death.
In ancient times, according to the legend
of Mindanao, the region of Mindanao Meanwhile, the plant which Indarapatra
had no flat lands; it was solely inhabited placed on the window began to wither,
by mountains where people lived. But sending the message to Indarapatra that
darkness came to their once peaceful his brother is dead. He decided to
mountain as four monsters (Kurita, search for his brother’s dead body.
Tarabusaw, Pah, Dreadful Bird)
suddenly appeared. The people were so In Bita, he saw Pah with a dead man on
scared that they left their farms and its wing. He recognized the remains as
homes and went into hiding. Soon those of Sulayman and decided to bring
famine crept into the land; this was him back to Mantapuli. However, he saw
followed by pestilence. As a result, water not far from him. He poured its
many people died from starvation and contents over the scattered bones of
disease. Sulayman. The water revived Sulayman.
He went home while Indarapatra
Inadarapatra called his warrior brother, proceeded to Mount Gurayu where he
Sulayman, and requested the latter to met the dreadful bird. He conquered this
proceed and save the people from the monster with his sword, juru pakal.
monsters. While Sulayman was
preparing, Indarapatra gave him a ring After Indarapatra succeeded in killing
and a sword. Then taking the plant, the dreadful bird, he looked for the
Indarapatra placed it on the window of inhabitants of the place. He saw a
their house as a means to know the fate beautiful maiden near a spring. He
of his brother. walked towards her, but the maiden
suddenly disappeared. When he looked
In Kabalalan, Kurita attacked the young back, he saw an old woman staring at
warrior. The struggle was long and him. From this woman, Indarapatra
bloody. In the end, Sulayman was able learned about Sulayman’s encounters
to conquer Kurita. In Matutum, with the monsters and how the people
Tarabusaw warned Sulayman not to went into hiding. There, Indarapatra also
attack but the Prince showed courage to saw the beautiful girl he saw near the
fight the monster, and Tarabusaw spring. He told the people to go back to
became exhausted from their fight. their homes because the monsters were
Seeing this, Sulayman gave the monster all defeated. The people rejoiced to hear
a heavy blow with his sword. In Mount the news.
Bita, the place became dark. Sulayman
Indarapatra’s heart was captivated by
the beautiful woman. Later on, they
decided to get married. Indarapatra
never returned to his former town and
decided to reign there on the rich land of
the island of Mindanao.
LEGENDS, FOLKTALES, AND LOCAL
COLOR FABLES

JASY JATERE: GOD OF SIESTE

(Paraguay)

I.​ JASY JATERE

-​ often depicted as a small
fair-haired man or dwarf
-​ Often carries a staff
-​ Only visible at his own will
-​ In the cultural aspect, Jasy Jatere
is considered to be the protector
of the yerba mate plant and is
also viewed as a protector of
hidden treasure
-​ Known to be the siesta; a
traditional mid-day nap
-​ Guardian of children
-​ Abductor of children
-​ Punisher of bad seeds that don’t
obey their elders
II.​ SUMMARY
III.​ LESSON
The story of Jasy Jatere is often used to
instill values and beliefs in children,
highlighting the importance of respecting
nature and understanding the
supernatural elements of Guarani
culture.
LA LLORONA (MEXICO)
HEADLESS HORSEMAN/THE
LEGEND OF THE SLEEPY HOLLOW