Pedro Ruiz Gallo National University

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, SYSTEMS AND

ARCHITECTURE

Lambayeque, December 15, 2023.

GENERALITIES:
Technical engineering drawing is the graphic language used by draftsmen and
engineers to express, describe and record the information and ideas necessary for the
construction of machines and structures or to make known the exact shape and
dimensions of said machines and structures.

DRAWING CLASSIFICATION BY AREAS:

Technical drawing is usually classified by areas, and the main areas for its classification
are the following:
a) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING.- This type of drawing is the one used by the
construction industry to draw up plans for houses, buildings, etc. An example of
this type of drawing is illustrated in Figure No. 1:

Figure No. 1 Example of architectural drawing

b) STRUCTURAL DRAWING.- This drawing is used for bridges, buildings or any

type of structural part, for example: containers, towers, etc. A drawing that
shows the above can be seen in figure No. 2:

Figure No. 2 Structural drawing example

Technical drawing is also usually classified according to the way it is made, therefore, the
classification of the previous criterion is as follows:

1) .- MECHANICAL TECHNICAL DRAWING.- It is known in this way, when the drawing

is made with the help of the different instruments that are used to make a drawing or plan.

2) .- SKETCH OR FREEHAND DRAWING.- This is known as when the drawing is made

only with the help of the hand and without the aid of the instruments available for this
purpose.

3) .- TECHNICAL DRAWING WITH SOFTWARE.- This is known as when the drawing is

made with the help of software through a digital device.

INSTRUMENTS, THEIR USE AND CLASSIFICATION.

INSTRUMENTS FOR TECHNICAL DRAWING
The instruments and materials that a draftsman requires to carry out the preparation of a
drawing are basically the following:

1) - WORK OR DRAWING TABLE (Stretcher)

2) - RULE “T”
3) - SET OF SQUARES AND PROTRACTOR
4) - DRAWING PAPER
5) - PENCILS
6) - TEMPLATES (Curves, letters, symbols, etc.)
7) - SCALIMETERS
8) - DRAFT
9) - SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS (Compasses, drawing pens, stylographs, Leroy, etc.)
10)- INK
11)- DUST CLEANING BRUSH
12)- ACCESSORIES (Ink holders, Pencil sharpeners, Ribbons, Thumbtacks, Tacks,
Etc.)

USE OF INSTRUMENTS

1 .-WORK TABLE.- In order for the draftsman to make good quality drawings, it is
essential that the table or work board he uses has a completely flat and polished surface.
It must also have straight and parallel edges, since other instruments must rest on it during
the preparation of the work.

2 .- “T” RULER.- The “T” ruler is basically used to draw horizontal lines or as a support
and guide for the squares when drawing vertical or inclined lines. During use, the head of
the ruler should be held firmly against the working edge of the table or board, as this will
ensure parallel lines in the drawing. It is recommended that the ruler be made of wood to
avoid errors when drawing the lines and that it be perfectly straight along its entire length.

The straightness of the ruler can be tested by drawing a thin line between two points, with
the ruler resting on one of its faces, then turning the ruler over onto its other face and on
the same edge drawing the line between the two points already marked. If there is any
error in the two lines drawn, then the ruler has a straightness error. There are three types
of “T” rules:
a) Fixed head.
b) Adjustable head.
c) In an English way.
When drawing lines with the “T” rule, it is recommended to take into account the following
rules: i) Make the strokes on the upper edge ii) Make the strokes from left to right (if the
draftsman is right-handed; and in the opposite direction if he is left-handed)

3 .- SQUARES AND PROTRACTOR.- Squares are used to draw vertical and inclined
lines mainly. The angles that the squares can form individually or in combination are 15°,
30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. For other angles it is necessary to use the protractor. It is
recommended that the squares and protractor be made of transparent plastic as they
provide greater precision in their lines. When using the squares, it is recommended that
they be supported on the “T” rule, or one on top of the other, keeping them pressed and
firm. As regards drawing vertical lines with the squares, it is recommended to do so from
top to bottom.
Sometimes due to internal pressures, squares lose accuracy, so they must be tested
periodically. First, a vertical line is drawn along one of the edges of the square, resting it
on the “T” rule; then the square is inverted and a vertical line is drawn on the one already
drawn, as shown in the following figure No. 3:

Figure No. 3 Procedure for checking the straightness of a square

4 .-DRAWING PAPER.-As its name suggests, drawing paper is used to make drawings
by making the strokes that compose them. There are different types and qualities of paper,
but in general it is recommended that the paper be thick-textured, with an eraser-resistant
surface. There is special paper for pencil and ink and the care that must be taken when
placing it on the surface of the board is to ensure that it sits well on it. This is achieved by
aligning the bottom edge of the sheet (when the paper is blank) or the bottom line (when it
already has printed lines), with the bottom working edge of the “T” ruler.
Once the sheet is aligned, tape, thumbtacks or staples are placed in the bottom corners of
the sheet. The ruler is then slid to the top of the sheet, pressing it against the sheet and
then placing the tape at the top corners of the sheet. Then slide the “T” ruler to the top of
the sheet, pressing it against the table, then place the tape in the upper corners.
Every drawing must have a reference table which must contain any information that the
drawing requires. The information that a reference table should generally contain is the
following:
- TITLE OF THE DRAWING
- DRAWING NUMBER
- COMPANY NAME
- NAME OF THE PERSON WHO MAKES THE DRAWING
- NAME OF THE PERSON SUPERVISING THE DRAWING
- SCALE USED
- DATE OF DRAWING PREPARATION
- TYPE OF DIMENSION USED
- MODIFICATION NUMBER (If applicable)
- OBSERVATIONS

5.-DRAWING PENCILS.- There are different types of drawing pencils, but it is

recommended that the type of line to be drawn depends on the degree of hardness of the
lead. There are three types of pencils basically:
Type Number
Hard H, 2H, 3H,... 6H
Medium HB, F
Soft B, 2B, 3B…...6B.
In use, it is recommended that: i) hard pencils be used to make light line strokes
(construction and design); ii) medium pencils be used to make finishing lines (visible lines,
invisible lines, center lines, dimensional lines, etc.); iii) soft pencils are recommended
primarily for lettering, sketches or drawings. Drawing pencils are usually sharpened in
three ways to make lines, the sharpening classification is as follows:
CONICAL SHARPENING.-This type of sharpening is for general use, that is, it is used for
drawing all types of lines. It is only recommended to turn the pencil when drawing the line.
An example of conical sharpening can be seen in Figure No. 4:

Figure No. 4 conical type pencil sharpener

WEDGE TYPE SHARPENING.-This type of sharpening is done on the pencil, preferably to
make straight lines of any type (horizontal, vertical or inclined). An example of this type of
sharpening can be seen in figure No. 5:

Figure No. 5 Sharpening a wedge-type pencil

BEVEL SHARPENING.-This type of sharpening is basically done for pencils with leads or
for compasses, and is mainly used to make curved lines or circles. An example of this type
of sharpening can be seen in Figure No. 6:

Figure No. 6 Bevel type

sharpening
When drawing lines with a pencil, you should always remember the following:
i) Construction or preliminary lines should be drawn lightly so that they can be
easily erased.
ii) The final lines (visible, center, invisible, dimension, extension, indicator, section,
etc.) must be drawn prominently and well marked, so that there is a good contrast
between the preliminary and final lines.
6.- TEMPLATES.- Nowadays there are a large number of templates that help the
draftsman a lot and provide a wide range of figures, thus avoiding their tracing with
squares and "T" ruler. The templates used in technical drawing are:
* Curve template
* Circumference template
* Square template
* Hexagon template
* Triangle template
* Ellipse template
* Rectangle template
* Letter template
* Electrical Symbols Template
* Electronics template
* Architectural template
* Mechanic template
* Erase template

7 .-SCALE METER FOR ARCHITECTS AND CIVIL ENGINEERS.- This type of scale
meter is graduated to provide reductions based on decimal parts of an inch or meter, such
as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 divisions.
When using the scale, the following rules must be followed:
a) Use it only for measuring and never for drawing lines.
b) Place your sight directly over the division to be marked, perpendicular to the
paper, exactly in front of the division mark.

8 .-ERASE.- The use and selection of the eraser in the drawing is important since
according to this the quality of the drawing can be good or bad. To erase pencil or ink
lines, it is recommended to use an elongated eraser with beveled ends. However, when
you want to clean the paper of marks or dirt left by your hands, it is recommended to use a
soft or crumb eraser.

9 .-SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS.- The use of special instruments is mainly intended for

drawing letters, symbols, circles, ellipses or geometric shapes that are difficult to draw with
the “T” ruler and squares. Some special instruments used in mechanical drawing are as
follows:
a).- Set of compasses.- The case may contain several types of compasses or just one
type, depending on the size of the compass. They may also contain an attachment for
additional ink. The most commonly used type of compass is the one provided with a spring
and adjustment screw, because it maintains the opening between the tips of the compass
with greater rigidity, which produces greater accuracy in the stroke. There are different
types in the manufacture of the compass, the three main ones are listed below: 1) The
beveled
2) The round one
3) The plan

The choice of either is a matter of personal preference. The important thing when making
strokes with the compass is the adjustment between the tips, which is achieved as shown
in figure No. 7:

Figure No. 7.- Difference in height between the points of a compass

A recommendation when making strokes with a compass is that the turn is made
clockwise. Another classification of the bars is the following:
i- Of points
ii- Of sticks
iii- With a mustache
iv- For pencil or
v- Of interiors.

b) .- CHIPPING LINES – The chipping line is an instrument that is basically used to draw
straight lines (vertical or horizontal) using ink. The edge of the “T” ruler or squares are
used as a guide. The most commonly used type of drawing pen is the “SCISSOR TYPE”
and it is recommended that it be made of metal to avoid deformation and thus achieve
well-drawn lines. It is recommended that when making the stroke, the angle of inclination
and the movement of the stroke be constant, in order to obtain a line of uniform thickness
and straightness. Sharpening the tips of the drawing pen is also important, and the correct
way to do this is shown in figure No. 8:

Figure No. 8 Correct sharpening of the drawing pen tips

c) .-PEN AND LEROY.- These instruments are basically used to draw numbers or letters
and are purchased with the appropriate templates or rulers in the case of Leroy. The only
care that must be taken with this equipment is to keep it clean, to prevent the ink from
drying inside. The advantage of using this type of instrument is that the lines, letters and
numbers they create are more uniform and precise.

10.- INK.- It is often necessary to ink the lines drawn in pencil in a drawing. Therefore, it is
advisable to follow an order and rules to carry out said inking. When a drawing is inked,
the order in which the lines should be inked is as follows:

I.- CURVED LINES.

1 .- Circles and Arcs of Circles.- First ink the small circles and then the larger ones in
the following order:
a) .-First the visible circles
b) .-Second the invisible circles
c) .-Third, center lines and dimension lines.
2 .- Irregular curves.- Following the circles and arches, what must be oriented are the
curves that have an irregular shape, which must be done in the following order:
a) .-First visible lines
b) .-Second the invisible lines
II .- STRAIGHT LINES:
Once the curved lines have been inked, the straight lines begin, which must be inked in
the following order: a).-First visible lines b).-Second invisible lines c).-Third auxiliary lines
Each of the lines above must also follow an order to ensure an excellent presentation, the
recommended order is as follows:
i. First, the horizontal lines, starting from the top of the drawing down
ii. Second the verticals, starting from the left side of the drawing to the right
iii. Third, the inclined ones starting from the top left of the upper left part of the drawing to
the bottom right.
iv. Fourth, the cutting or section lines.

III .- ARROWHEADS AND DIMENSIONS

After the straight lines, what should be inked are the arrowheads of the dimension lines, as
well as the numbers corresponding to the dimensions.

IV .- NOTES, TITLES, LABELS, SPECIFICATIONS, ETC.

Following the dimensions, what should be inked are the notes that the drawing contains in
written form, whether they are specifications or labels that clarify part of the drawing.
V .- EDGE
Finally, what should be inked in the drawing are the lines of the border or frame that the
drawing contains.
Since ink lines are thicker than pencil lines, it is also advisable that when drawing with ink,
you should be very careful to center the instrument with which you are inking on the pencil
line, in order to achieve good quality in the drawing. The example of this recommendation
is shown schematically in Figure No. 9:

Figure No.- 9 Correct and incorrect way of making ink strokes over pencil lines.

Another recommendation is that whenever lines join or cross in the drawing, the first one
drawn must be completely dry of ink beforehand, to avoid quality errors in the drawing. An
example of this recommendation is shown schematically in Figure No. 10:

incorrect bad union - Fresh

correct clean
lines union - dry
line
1I*
incorrect
Dried ink or dirt on
the tips of the
instrument correct
clean instrument

Figure No. 10.- How strokes should be made on intersecting lines

11) BRUSH.- This accessory is used to clean the drawing, as it helps to remove particles
produced by the eraser or dust accumulated during the making of the drawing.
TRACING LETTERS AND NUMBERS
Normally, every drawing must be accompanied by specifications, notes, descriptions,
signs, etc. These are generally made with instruments such as templates and rulers.
However, sometimes it is necessary to make these signs freehand, which implies that the
artist must have a certain skill in the strokes of letters and numbers. Therefore, it is
important that the strokes made and that these strokes made freehand comply with certain
rules and characteristics so that the letters and numbers are uniform, proportionate and
pleasing to the eye.

SINGLE STROKES LETTERS.- The term “single stroke” does not mean that the letter or
number is drawn without lifting the pencil or pen, which means that the thickness of the
straight or curved lines that make up the letter or number have the same thickness
throughout the path that the stroke made by the artist travels.

GENERAL PROPORTIONS IN THE LAYOUT OF LETTERS OR NUMBERS.- Although

there are no established standards for the layout of labels in mechanical drawing, certain
rules must be followed during its execution so that the label has a clean and pleasing
appearance to the eye. Sometimes it is necessary to increase or decrease the width of the
letters or the number in proportion to the size of the label so that a word or group of words
occupy a certain amount of space on the paper. Because of this, letters and numbers can
be classified into three main sizes, which are the following:
a) .- NORMAL LETTERS.- These are letters that have the same proportion (size) in both
width and height.
b) .-COMPRESSED LETTERS.- They are letters of the same height as normal ones but
less wide.
c).-EXTENDED LETTERS.- They are letters of the same height as normal ones but wider.
An example of these fonts is shown schematically in Figure No. 11:

PLATE No. 1
PLATE No. 1
PLATE No. 1
Figure No. 11.- General proportions presented in the size of single stroke
letters
UNIFORMITY IN THE STROKES.- The uniformity in the stroke of the letters and
numbers that are drawn freehand is achieved with the help of some lines that are known
as guide lines and inclination lines; with these it is possible to uniformize the height,
spacing, inclination and thickness of the letters and numbers. These lines are what
determine the height and inclination of the letters to be drawn, therefore, they must be
drawn lightly so that they can be easily erased later. The inclination lines are what help
determine the inclination that the letter will have at the time of being drawn. The above
indicates that there are therefore two types of letters; which are:
VERTICAL LETTERS.
INCLINED LETTERS.
In the case of lowercase letters, the guide lines are called: top line, bottom line, waist
line and baseline. On the other hand, the guide lines are used only to draw capital
letters, they have the designation shown in figure No. 12:

Figure No. 12.- Freehand drawn lines of letters or numbers

COMPOSITION.- When combining letters to form words, the spaces between letters
must be combined in such a way that the area between them is equal. In a normal sign
this area should be approximately half the area occupied by the letter “M”; while the
space between words should be equal to or greater than twice their height. An example
of the above can be seen in Figure No. 13:

rEH r
• BAD -----------------------------SEPARATION
LINE ,
------------------► GOOD SEPARATION
Figure No. 13 Example of letter spacing for proper composition

ORDER OF STROKES.- The stroke of each of the lines that make up letters and
numbers drawn freehand must follow an order in each of its lines, the above, with the
purpose of achieving well-drawn letters and numbers proportioned in their height and
width. An example of the order in which some letters are drawn can also be seen in
figure No. 12.
LETTER STABILITY RULE.- When the area that makes up the upper and lower half of a
letter is drawn in the same size, an optical illusion is proposed that makes it look thicker
at the top. To overcome this effect, the tops of the letters B, E, F, H, K, S, X, and Z; and
the numbers 2, 3, and 8; are drawn in a smaller size.
For the letters B, E, F, and H, the horizontal bar should be drawn a little above the
vertical center, while for the letters K, S, X, and Z and the numbers 2, 3, and 8, the
width of the upper part should be drawn narrower than the width of the lower part.

LINE ALPHABET.
All the lines that are drawn during the creation of a drawing are what make up the “LINE
ALPHABET”. Each of them has a different configuration and purpose. Depending on the
type of line being drawn, the thickness that it should have during its drawing depends on
this criterion, there is a classification, which is the following:
a) .-THICK OR MEDIUM LINE.- These lines are recommended for drawing visible,
invisible, cutting and short break lines.
b) .- LIGHT OR THIN LINE.- These lines are recommended for center lines, reference
lines, dimension lines, long break lines, indicator lines, extension lines, and section
hatching lines. On the other hand, according to specification number ASA 14.2-1957 of
the American Standards Association (ASA); the lines according to their construction and
purpose are classified into:
1 .- VISIBLE LINE (FILLED).- The stroke of this type of line is made continuous and is
used to indicate the visible edges or vertices of the object. Normally it should have a
thickness of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. An example of this type of line can be seen in Figure No. 14:

----------------------- (Visible line)

Figure No.- 14 Example of a visible line drawing.

2 .- INVISIBLE LINE (HIDDEN PROFILE).- The stroke of this line consists of short
strokes evenly spaced, it is used to indicate edges or vertices of the object that are
hidden from view. This line must always begin or end with a stroke that is in contact with
the line from which it begins or ends; except when it is a continuation of a visible
line. The thickness of its line normally varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Some examples of the
above can be seen in Figure No. 15:

—1— 1 1 1
1 _1_
_ 1 _l__ 1 1____ 1----- 1
1 1 1____
1
X X and/ X X
an
v v
Figure No.- 15 Example of drawing invisible lines
3 .- AXIS OR SYMMETRY LINE (Center line).- The stroke of this line consists of two
strokes, one long and one short, evenly spaced from each other. It is used to indicate
axes of symmetry, of cylindrical parts and holes. Sometimes it can be used as an
extension line to indicate a dimension; in these cases, the stroke must be made without
interrupting it in its extended stroke (outside the object). Its thickness normally varies
from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An example of this type of line can be seen in Figure No. 16:
Yo Yo

Figure No. 16 Examples of different types of strokes for a center line

4 .- EXTENSION OR REFERENCE LINE.- The stroke of this line consists of a short

stroke on each edge or center of the object and is used to indicate the limits of the
dimensions or dimensions that exist between parallel surfaces or centers. Its thickness
varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An example can be seen in Figure No. 17-23.

5 .- DIMENSION LINE.- This type of line consists of a short stroke of a line that is
normally interrupted in its middle part, it is used to indicate the dimension between
parallel surfaces or the centers of the circles that a drawing has. The thickness can vary
from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An example of this type of line can be seen in Figure No. 17-23.

6 .- INDICATOR LINE.- The stroke of this line consists of a continuous extended stroke,
which is used to indicate a specific part of the object in which a specific observation is
desired in a text or a type of surface finish of the piece to be manufactured. Its thickness
can vary from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An example of this type of line is shown in Figure No. 17-
23.

7 .- CUTTING PLANE LINE.- This line consists of a continuous line that crosses some
section of the object, in which some hidden detail in the drawing is to be observed. It is
used to indicate a section of the object in a specific plane, its thickness can vary from 0.5
to 1.0 mm. A typical example of this type of line can be seen in Figure No. 17-23.

8 .- SECTION HATCH LINE.- These lines are used to show, through the drawing, the
type of material with which the selected piece will be manufactured; therefore, for each
type of material there is a type of hatching that describes it in a specific way. It is used to
indicate sectional cutting surfaces and its thickness varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An
example of this type of line is shown in Figure No. 17-23.
9 .- SHORT AND LONG BREAK LINE.- These lines are used to indicate reductions of
large, uniform sections or partial views. Its thickness can vary from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. (for
long break) and 0.8 to 1.0 mm. (for short break). An example of this type of lines can be
seen in Figure No. 17-23.

10 .- PHANTOM or SPECTRAL LINE.- This line consists of short, spaced and uniform
strokes that are used to indicate an altered position of a part of the object. Its thickness
can vary from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. An example can be seen in Figure No. 17-23.

11 .- GUIDE OR CONSTRUCTION LINE.- This line is drawn continuously, with a thin,

faint stroke. It is used to demarcate the main shape of the object, since they are the first
lines that are drawn. An example of this type of lines can be seen in Figure No. 17-23:

Fig. No.- 17-23 types and uses of lines

 Fig. No.- 17-23 types and uses of lines
SKETCH AND DRAWING

A sketch is a freehand drawing made by the artist to express his ideas or drawings
before using the aid of any instrument. Sketches or outlines according to the purpose of
the draftsman can be classified as follows:

a) Schematic sketch.- It is the sketch that is used to communicate new ideas.

b) Instructional sketch.- This is used to communicate the drawing requirements and

characteristics to the workshop staff or to the draftsmen to prepare a sketch. It is
recommended to follow the same suggestions and projection principles
recommended for drawing with instruments.
TECHNICAL DRAWING WITH SOFTWARE
An architectural drawing is a technical illustration of a building or construction project.
Architects use these drawings for a variety of purposes: to develop a design idea into a
coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to enable construction by a
building contractor, or to make a record of a building that already exists.

How to use architectural drawing software?

Architectural drawing software is commonly

known as CAD (computer-aided design)
software. Architects use this software to
produce the technical drawing of a building that
contains the specifications that a contractor
uses to construct the final architectural building.
Before architectural drawing apps existed,
architects drew these plans manually.

TYPES OF DRAWING:

1) CONCEPTUAL DRAWING
Architects and interior designers use concept drawings as a quick and easy way to
explore initial ideas for designs.
2) SITE DRAWING
A site plan is a detailed engineering drawing that shows information about grading,
landscaping, building layout, topography, and other details. This is made easier with
architectural drawing software that allows you to add such information quickly.

3) STRUCTURAL DRAWING
A structural drawing is a plan of how a building will be constructed. This type of
architectural drawings detail the load-bearing members of a structure.
 AUTOCAD
AutoCAD is a computer-aided design software used for 2D drafting and 3D modeling. It
is currently developed and marketed by Autodesk. The name AutoCAD arises as a
creation of the Autodesk company, where Auto refers to the company and CAD to
computer-aided design (Computer-Aided Design), having its first appearance in 1982
and the latest version is v6.5.0.

AutoCAD is a software recognized internationally for its extensive editing capabilities,

which make it possible to digitally draw plans for buildings, machinery, among others, or
to recreate 3D images from 3D drawings.

It is one of the most used programs by architects, engineers, industrial designers and
other users.

In addition to accessing commands from the command prompt and menu interfaces,
AutoCAD provides application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used to
determine drawings and databases.

The programming interfaces supported by AutoCAD are ActiveX Automation, VBA

(Visual Basic® for Applications), AutoLISP, Visual LISP, ObjectARX, and .NET. The
type of interface used will depend on the needs of the application and the programming
experience of each user.

AutoCAD was derived from a program started in 1977 and later released in 1979 called
Interact CAD, also known in early Autodesk documents as MicroCAD, which was
written before Autodesk (then Marinchip Software Partners) by Autodesk co-founder
Michael Riddle.

Autodesk's first version was demonstrated at COMDEX in 1982 and released in

December for AutoCAD-compatible CP/M-80 computers. As Autodesk's flagship
product, by March 1986 AutoCAD had become the most ubiquitous CAD program in the
world. The 2020 release marked the 34th major release of AutoCAD for Windows.

The 2019 release marked the ninth consecutive year of AutoCAD for macOS.
AutoCAD's native file format is .dwg. This, and to a lesser extent its DXF interchange
file format, have become de facto, albeit proprietary, standards for CAD data
interoperability, particularly for the exchange of 2D drawings. AutoCAD has included
support for .dwf, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk, for publishing CAD
data.

AutoCAD
FUNCTIONS
A.-Compatibility with other software
ESRI ArcMap 10 allows export as AutoCAD drawing files.
Civil 3D allows export as AutoCAD and LandXML objects.
There are third-party file converters for specific formats, such as Bentley MX GENIO
Extension, PISTE Extension (France), ISYBAU (Germany), OKSTRA and Microdrain
(UK); also, conversion of .pdf files is feasible, however, the accuracy of the results may
be unpredictable or distorted. For example, jagged edges may appear. Several
providers offer online conversions for free, such as Cometdocs.

B.-Language

AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT are available

for English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Simplified Chinese,
Traditional Chinese, Portuguese
Brazilian, Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian (also via additional language packs).

The scope of localization varies from full product translation to documentation only. The
AutoCAD command set is localized as part of the software localization.

C.-Extensions
AutoCAD supports a number of APIs for customization and automation. These include
AutoLISP, Visual LISP, VBA, .NET, and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library,
which was also the basis for:

• Products that extend AutoCAD functionality to

specific fields
• creation of products such as AutoCAD
Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil
3D
• Third-party applications based on AutoCAD
There are a large number of AutoCAD add-ins
(companion apps) available in the Autodesk
Exchange Apps store. AutoCAD DXF, a standard,
royalty-free, drawing exchange format that allows
you to import and export drawing information.

D.-Vertical integration

Autodesk has also developed some programs for

discipline-specific improvements, such as:

• AutoCAD Advance Steel

• AutoCAD Architecture
• AutoCAD Electrical
• AutoCAD ecscad
• AutoCAD Map 3D
• AutoCAD Mech
• AutoCAD MEP
• AutoCAD Structural Detailing
• AutoCAD Utility Design
• AutoCAD P&ID
• AutoCAD Plant 3D
• Autodesk Civil 3D
Since AutoCAD 2019, several verticals are included with the AutoCAD subscription as
an industry-specific toolset.

For example, AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Architectural Desktop) allows

architectural designers to draw 3D objects such as walls, doors, and windows, with
more intelligent data associated with them instead of simple objects such as lines and
circles. Data can be programmed to represent specific architectural products sold in the
construction industry, or extracted into a data file for pricing, material estimation, and
other values related to the objects represented.

Additional tools generate standard 2D drawings, such as elevations and sections, from
a 3D architectural model. Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design
Professional support specific data objects that facilitate standard civil engineering
calculations and renderings.

Softdesk Civil was developed as an add-on to AutoCAD by a company in New

Hampshire called Softdesk (originally DCA). Softdesk was acquired by Autodesk, and
Civil became Land Development Desktop (LDD), later renamed Land Desktop. Civil 3D
was later developed and Land Desktop was retired.

VARIANTS

A.-AutoCAD LT
AutoCAD LT is the lowest-cost version of AutoCAD, with reduced capabilities, first
released in November 1993. Autodesk developed AutoCAD LT to have an entry-level
CAD package to compete at the lower price level. Priced at $495, it became the first
AutoCAD product priced under $1,000. It was sold directly by Autodesk and in
computer stores, unlike the full version of AutoCAD, which must be purchased from
official Autodesk distributors. AutoCAD LT 2015 introduced a desktop subscription
starting at $360 per year; as of 2018, three subscription plans were available, from $50
per month to a $1170 3-year license.
While there are hundreds of small differences between the full AutoCAD package and
AutoCAD LT, there are some important recognized differences in the software's
features:

• 3D Capabilities: AutoCAD LT lacks the ability to create, view, and render 3D

models, as well as 3D printing.
•network.
Network Licensing: AutoCAD LT cannot be used on multiple machines on a

• Customization: AutoCAD LT does not support customization with LISP, ARX, .NET,
and VBA.
• Administration and automation capabilities with Sheet Set Manager and Action
Recorder.
• CAD standards management tools.

B.-AutoCAD Mobile and AutoCAD Web

AutoCAD Mobile and AutoCAD Web (formerly AutoCAD WS and AutoCAD 360) is an
account-based web and mobile application that allows registered users to view, edit,
and share AutoCAD files via mobile and web devices using limited AutoCAD
functionality and using drawing files stored in the cloud. The program, which is an
evolution and combination of previous products, uses a freemium business model with
a free plan and two paid tiers, which include various amounts of storage, tools, and
online access to drawings. 360 includes new features like “Smart Pen” mode and
linking to third-party cloud-based storage like Dropbox. AutoCAD Web, which has
evolved from Flash-basedhttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player software,
uses HTML5 technology available in newer browsers, including Firefox and Google
Chrome.

AutoCAD WS began with a version for the iPhone and later expanded to include
versions for iPod Touch, iPad, Android phones and tablets. Autodesk released the iOS
version in September 2010, following with the Android version on April 20, 2011. The
program is available for free download from the App Store (iOS), Google Play (Android)
and Amazon Appstore (Android).

In its initial iOS release, AutoCAD WS supported drawing lines, circles, and other
shapes; creating text boxes and comments; and managing colors, layers, and
measurements, in both landscape and portrait modes. Version 1.3, released on August
17, 2011, added support for drive writing, layer visibility, area measurement, and file
management.

The Android variant includes the iOS feature set along with unique features like the
ability to insert text or subtitles using voice commands as well as manually. Both
Android and iOS versions allow the user to save files online or offline in the absence of
an internet connection.

In 2011, Autodesk announced plans to migrate most of its software to "the cloud,"
starting with the AutoCAD WS mobile app.

According to a 2013 interview with Ilai Rotbaein, AutoCAD WS product manager for
Autodesk, the name AutoCAD WS had no definitive meaning and was variously
interpreted as Autodesk Web Service, White Sheet, or Work Space. In 2013, AutoCAD
WS was renamed AutoCAD 360. It was later renamed AutoCAD Web App.
C.-Student versions

AutoCAD is free to use for students, educators, and educational institutions, with a 12-
month renewable license available. Licenses purchased before March 25, 2020 were a
36-month license, with their last renewal on March 24, 2020. The student version of
AutoCAD is functionally identical to the full commercial version, with one exception:
DWG files created or edited by a student version have an internal bit-flag set (the
"educational flag"). When such a DWG file is printed with any version of AutoCAD
(commercial or student) prior to AutoCAD 2014 SP1 or AutoCAD 2019 and later, the
output includes a plot stamp/banner on all four sides. Objects created in the student
version cannot be used for commercial use. Student version objects "infect" a
commercial version DWG file if imported in older versions
to AutoCAD 2015 or later than AutoCAD 2018.
LITERATURE:
1.https://fim.umich.mx/teach/rguerrero/notas/DIBUJO%20MECANICO.pdf
2.https://www.autodesk.es/solutions/technical-drawing
3.https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD
4.https://www.freepik.es/vector-premium/engineer-working-plans-engineering-drawing-
technical-scheme-drawing-equipment-project-engineer-designer-project-drawings-
production-engineering-processes-manufacturing-vectorial-plan_22950749.htm
5.https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=559183051294634&set=a.510088310923490
6.https://www.facebook.com/unprgimageninstitucional/photos/a.419017891638993/232
7716064102490/?type=3
7.https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD#/media/Datoteka:2D-Zeichnung.png
8.https://planetavirtual502.com/what-is-autocad-for-students-forget-about-hand-
drawing-plans-when-studying/