Chemical Bond

The Basics

Chemical Bond 1
At the end….
• What is a chemical bond?
• Why do atoms combine?
• Why are only certain combinations possible?
• Why do some atoms combine while others do not?
• Why do molecules possess definite shape

Chemical Bond 2
Oultine
• Electrovalent/ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Metallic bonding
• Intermolecular forces
• Bonding and physical properties

Chemical Bond 3
Chemical bond
• A chemical bond is the attractive force that holds various constituents
(atoms, ions, etc.) together in a chemical species (molecule or
compound)
• It is the force that holds the groups of atoms or ions together that
makes them function as one unit
• Chemical bonding is the joining of atoms to form new substances.
• An interaction that holds two atoms together is called a chemical bond.
• When chemical bonds form, electrons are shared, gained, or lost
• The nature of the bond is determined by the type of elements involved.

Chemical Bond
XeOF4 4
Three types of chemical bonding
Metallic
Ionic Covalent

Electron sharing Electron pooling

Electron transfer 5
Note
• For a stable compound to be formed from its elements, the reaction must be exothermic,
i.e. If atoms come together and bond, there should be a net decrease in energy, because
the bonded state should be more stable and therefore at a lower energy level.
• Energy must be given off as this is what stabilizes the new substance(molecule or
compound)

Chemical Bond 6
Quick Review: Shells and subshells
• An electron shell is the set of allowed states that
share the same principal quantum number, (the
number before the letter in the orbital label),
that electrons may occupy.
• Each energy level is given a number called the
principal quantum number, . The closest shell
has a value of . The next shell has a value of ,
etc.
• Each shell can take a maximum of electrons. A
subshell can take a maximum of where is the
azimuthal quantum number and represents a
subshell within a shell

Chemical Bond 7
 Quick Review: Shells and subshells
• An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal
quantum number, (the number before the letter in the orbital label), that
electrons may occupy.
• Each energy level is given a number called the principal quantum number, . The
closest shell has a value of . The next shell has a value of , etc.
• Each shell can take a maximum of electrons. A subshell can take a maximum of
where is the azimuthal quantum number and represents a subshell within a shell

Chemical Bond 8
Quick review: Core and valence electrons
• Valence electrons are
those occupying the outermost
shell or highest energy level of
an atom
• Core electrons also called inner
electrons are the electrons in an
atom that are not in the valence
shell and therefore do not
participate in bonding.

Chemical Bond 9
 Shells, valence and core electrons
• For the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
• There are 4 shells
• Shell one: 1s2
• Shell two: 2s2 2p6
• Shell three: 3s2 3p6 3d3
• Shell four: 4s2
• Shells one to three make up the core shells and electrons here are called core
electrons
• Shell four is the highest possible shell and it is called the valence shell
• Electrons in the valence shell are called the valence electrons
• Valence electrons are the only electrons generally involved in bond formation

Chemical Bond 10
Valence electron and the periodic table
• For main group elements, the number of valence shell electrons is the
same as the periodic table group number

Chemical Bond 11
 Lewis structure
• Lewis structure is also known as Lewis dot diagrams, Lewis dot
formulas, Lewis dot structures, and electron dot structures.
• A Lewis structure is a graphic representation of the valence
electrons around atoms. Non-valence electrons are not
represented in Lewis structures.
• In 1916 G. N. Lewis proposed that atoms combine in order to
achieve a more stable electron configuration.
• Maximum stability results when an atom is isoelectronic with a
noble gas.
• Lewis dot structures helps to determine how atoms combine to
form compounds and molecules
Chemical Bond 12
Drawing Lewis structure
• Determine the electronic configuration.
• Determine the valence electrons
• Write the symbol of the element
• Draw dots around the element equivalent to the number of the
valence elements
• Remember for main group elements, the valence for the neutral atom
is the same as the group number

Chemical Bond 13
Lewis Structures
1) Write the element symbol.
2) Write the electronic configuration
3) The valence shell has and four
electrons

C 4) It is in the 4th group, so it has 4 valence

electrons.
5) Starting at the right, draw 4 electrons,
or dots, counter-clockwise around the
element symbol.
6) Each dot represents a valence electron

Chemical Bond 14
 1) Each side can accommodate up to
Lewis Structures two electrons
2) Electrons are arranged away from
each other as much as possible

Ca P
1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝63 𝑠23 𝑝6 4 𝑠2
Al 1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝63 𝑠23 𝑝3
1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝63 𝑠23 𝑝1

H Cl O Ar
1𝑠1
1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝63 𝑠23 𝑝5 1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝 4 1𝑠22𝑠22 𝑝63 𝑠23 𝑝6
Chemical Bond 15
Elements
within the
same
group have
the same
electron-
dot
structure.

Chemical Bond 16
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases

9.1
What are the correct Lewis dot symbols of
(A)F,F-, (B)S,S2-, (C) O,O2-, (D) N,N3-?
 Octet rule
• Group 8 noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) elements have filled shells and are all
relatively, or totally, inert
• Their filled shell is a very stable electronic configuration. (A filled subshell connotes a
certain level of stability for the atom)
• An octet of electrons is a full and subshells in an atom i.e. (group 8 configuration)
• This octet can be made up by loosing or gaining or sharing electrons
• Octet rule: atoms gain, loose or share electrons to until they are surrounded by eight
electrons
• Until the achieve the configuration of the nearest noble gas
• The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in
the valence shell.
• The consequence of the octet rule is that when atoms have fewer than eight electrons,
they tend to react and form more stable compounds.
• the method depends on an element’s position in the periodic table
• This idea forms the basis of the electronicChemical
theory
Bond
of bonding 19
 Octet rule- note
• When discussing the octet rule, we do not
consider d or f electrons. Only the s and p
electrons are involved in the octet rule,
making it useful for the main group
elements (elements not in the transition
metal or inner-transition metal blocks); an
octet in these atoms corresponds to an
electron configurations ending with .
• Atoms that have an almost full or almost
empty valence shell tend to be very
reactive.
Chemical Bond 20