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OpenResources

The document provides an introduction to Open Educational Resources (OER), defining them as freely available learning materials that can be used for teaching, learning, and research. It discusses the benefits and challenges of using OER, including fostering innovation and lowering costs, while also addressing issues like quality inconsistency and accessibility compliance. Additionally, it highlights various initiatives and resources supporting the OER movement, encouraging engagement and collaboration among educators and learners.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views

OpenResources

The document provides an introduction to Open Educational Resources (OER), defining them as freely available learning materials that can be used for teaching, learning, and research. It discusses the benefits and challenges of using OER, including fostering innovation and lowering costs, while also addressing issues like quality inconsistency and accessibility compliance. Additionally, it highlights various initiatives and resources supporting the OER movement, encouraging engagement and collaboration among educators and learners.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 54

Introduction to Open Educational

Resources

By:
Judy Baker
Introduction to Open Educational
Resources

By:
Judy Baker

Online:
<http://cnx.org/content/col10413/1.3/ >

CONNEXIONS

Rice University, Houston, Texas


© 2008 Judy Baker

This selection and arrangement of content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Table of Contents
1 OER Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 OER Open Courseware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 OER Fair Use, Copyright, and TEACH Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 OER Identifying Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5 OER Discipline-Specic Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6 OER Public Domain Textbook Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 OER Use of Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 OER Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9 OER Delivery, Storage, and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
iv
Chapter 1

OER Introduction 1

1.1 Lesson: Introduction


1.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skills/Objectives
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

1.1.2 Fast Fact

According to Wikipedia
2 , OER is a term that was rst adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact
of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries funded by the Hewlett Foundation. The
denition OER is:
digitized materials oered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and re-use
for teaching, learning and research

1.1.3 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Dene and describe OER.


2. List the advantages and disadvantages of OER use.

1.1.4 Success Indicators

1. Learner memberships in OER community websites.


2. Learner-generated posting to open forum about OER issues.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14466/1.10/>.


2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources

1
2 CHAPTER 1. OER INTRODUCTION

1.2 Introduction
Denition
Open Educational Resources (OER) are learning materials freely available in the public domain. A
denition of OER
3 from the The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation is:
"OER are teaching, learning and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released
under an intellectual property license that permits their free use or re-purposing by others. Open educational
resources include full courses, course materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests, software, and
any other tools, materials or techniques used to support access to knowledge."
The term OER has been used to refer to learning materials such as:

• Learning objects
4 (quizzes, crossword puzzles, ashcards, animations, etc.)
• Audio lectures
5
• Audiovideo lectures
• Images
6
• Sounds and music
• Entire course content and open courseware
7
• 8
Collections of journal articles and institutional repositories
• Textbooks
9

Background
Hewlett Foundation
10 has taken a pioneering role in the development and use of OER with its support
of many initiatives: "The Open Educational Resources movement began in 2001 when the Hewlett and the
Andrew W. Mellon foundations jointly funded MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW), the rst institution committed
to making all of its course materials freely available. Since then, more than 60 additional institutions have
launched OpenCourseWare Web sites." Just some of the many OER initatives supported by the Hewlett
Foundation include:

• MIT Open Courseware


11
• Foothill-De Anza Community College District, Sharing Of Free Intellectual Assets (Soa)
12
• Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health OpenCourseWare
13
• Tufts University OpenCourseWare
14
• Utah State University OpenCourseWare
15
• eduCommons
16
• Carnegie Mellon University, Open Learning Initiative
17
• Monterey Institute for Technology, Online Advanced Placement courses
18
• Connexions
19
• Internet Archive, Education
20

3 http://www.hewlett.org/Programs/Education/OER
4 http://taste.merlot.org/repository.html
5 http://webcast.berkeley.edu/courses.php
6 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_domain
7 http://opencontent.org/ocwnder/
8 http://www.doaj.org/
9 http://www.gutenberg.org/
10 http://www.hewlett.org/Programs/Education/OER/Publications/oeroverview.htm
11 http://ocw.mit.edu/
12 http://soa.fhda.edu/
13 http://ocw.jhsph.edu/
14 http://ocw.tufts.edu/
15 http://ocw.usu.edu/
16 http://cosl.usu.edu/projects/educommons
17 http://www.cmu.edu/oli/
18 http://www.archive.org/details/ap_courses
19 http://cnx.org/
20 http://www.archive.org/details/education
3

The Open Educational Resources movement is part of a global eort to make knowledge available to all. The
UNESCO's Virtual University Forum
21 provides an overview about denitions, initiatives, and community-
building. Many repositories of open learning materials are listed at the Open Educational Resources (OER)
Index
22 .

Some benets of OER include:


• Fosters pedagogical innovation and relevance that avoids teaching from the textbook
• Broadens use of alternatives to textbooks while maintaining instructional quality
• Lowers costs of course materials for students

Some disadvantages of OER include:


• Quality of available OER materials inconsistent
• Materials may not meet Section 508 ADA accessibility or SCORM requirements and must be modify
to bring into compliance
• No common standard for review of OER accuracy and quality
• Need to check accuracy of content
• Customization necessary to match departmental and/or college curriculum requirements
• Technical requirements to access vary
• Technological determinism created by the delivery tool

Case Study
In his May 2006 article "Bye the Book My year of teaching environmental science without a textbook"
23
Eric Pallant describes how he and co-professor Terry Bensel experimented with teaching their Introduction
to Environmental Science course at Allegheny College with no textbook. Instead they used a variety of open
educational resources. Based on self-report, 41 of 46 students in their rst-semester class read the same or
more than they would have in a textbook. The experiment proved successful enough that the entire academic
department has embraced the concept of OER. Faculty have distributed the work of collecting and banking
websites for common use.
Sustainability
Recently, several websites have become available that provide tools to support the identication, develop-
ment, use, re-use, collaboration, and delivery of open learning content including searching and organization
of content. Some websites, such as: OER Commons
24 , Open Learn25 , Open Content26 , WikiEducator27 ,
Connexions
28 , OWL Institute29 , and OERderves30 , are devoted to nurturing online learning communities,
wikis, and blogs on various aspects of OER. Also, a new journal has gone online with a focus on OER:
Eduforge: The International Journal of Open Education Resources
31 .

1.2.1 Support for OER Use on Campus

In order to promote use of OER across campus, the challenges must be identied and addressed. Results of
a two-year study are presented in the article "Why Study Users: An Environmental Scan of Use and Users
of Digital Resources in the Humanities and Social Sciences Undergraduate Education
32 ." Based on this

21 http://www.unesco.org/iiep/virtualuniversity/forumsche.php?queryforumspages_id=13
22 http://cwr.unitar.edu.my/le.php/1/Index.htm
23 http://www.grist.org/comments/soapbox/2006/05/02/pallant/index.html?source=mtv
24 http://www.oercommons.org/
25 http://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn/home.php
26 http://opencontent.org/blog/
27 http://www.wikieducator.org/Main_Page
28 http://cnx.org/
29 http://owli.org/home/
30 http://www.oerderves.org/
31 http://journal.eduforge.org/index.php/eduforge
32 http://www.rstmonday.org/issues/issue12_1/harley/index.html
4 CHAPTER 1. OER INTRODUCTION

study, barriers to use of digital resources including the lack of direct relevance to their preferred pedagogical
approaches, and insucient time and classroom resources. Challenges

• Resources for faculty support


• Quality assurance of learning materials
• Limited availability of fully vetted and comprehensive learning materials in some disciplines
• Articulation and transfer issues
• Printing and computer lab demands on campus by students
• Identication of collaborative tools for development, use, and delivery of OER learning materials
• Fostering use of the tools by faculty
• Compliance with federal and state accessibility requirements

Resources Needed to Support Faculty Use and Development of OER

• Training
• Technical assistance
• Software
• Hardware
• Release time

1.3 Activity
Experience
1. Get connected and become a part of the OER movement community:

• Go to OER Commons
33 . Join34 and sign up to receive e-news.
• Go to Open Learn
35 . Browse topics36 , register37 to become a part of the OER community, sign up
for the newsletter, and tell one friend about Open Learn
38 .
• Go to Rice University's Connexions
39 to read the feedback40 from users and then register.

2. Read at least one of the following about the OER movement:

• Models for Sustainable Open Educational Resources


41 by Stephen Downes42 , January 30, 2006
• The Current State of Open Educational Resources
43 by David Wiley, February 3, 2006
• Open Educational Resources: Toward a New Educational Paradigm
44 by Petrides & Jimes, October
2006

Reect
1. Once you have joined OER Commons
45 , make your own posting to the OER Matters Discussions46
area. Click on OER Matters Teaching and Learning Forum to answer the following question:

33 http://www.oercommons.org/
34 http://www.oercommons.org/createMember
35 http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/index.php
36 http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/index.php
37 https://openlearn.open.ac.uk/login/signup.php
38 http://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn/tell-your-friends.php
39 http://cnx.org/
40 http://cnx.org/feedback
41 http://www.downes.ca/cgi-bin/page.cgi?post=33401
42 http://www.downes.ca/cgi-bin/page.cgi?author=1
43 http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/247
44 http://www.ijournal.us/issue_14/ij_14_04_articleframe_Petrides_Jimes.html
45 http://www.oercommons.org/join_form
46 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/oer-matters-discussions
5

"Opening up new avenues for teachers and learners to select and augment learning resources that meet
one's unique teaching and learning needs is the basic mission behind OER. But how do OER impact teaching
and learning and what are the issues that we need to take into consideration?""
Apply
Now that you have a general idea of what OER is all about, you should be ready to make a couple of
decisions:
1. Do you want to learn more about OER?

• Decide which lessons you want to complete in this tutorial.


• Decide the order in which you want to complete the lessons that makes the most sense for your learning
needs.

2. Do you want to get the most out of this learning experience?

• Invite a colleague to join you in this tutorial.


• Complete all the exercises listed in the Activity component of each Lesson.

1.3.1 Review Questions

1. What are Open Educational Resources?


2. What are the advantages and disadvantages to using OER for teaching?

1.3.2 Resources

• Models for Sustainable Open Educational Resources


47
• The Current State of Open Educational Resources
48
• A Review of the Open Educational Resources (OER) Movement
49
• Open Educational Resources: Toward a New Educational Paradigm
50
• Open Educational Resources: Opportunities and Challenges
51
• Open Educational Resources Serve the World
52
• Giving Knowledge for Free: The Emergence of Open Educational Resources
53
• The Future of Free Information
54

47 http://www.downes.ca/cgi-bin/page.cgi?post=33401
48 http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/247#more-247
49 http://oerderves.org/
50 http://www.ijournal.us/issue_14/ij_14_04_articleframe_Petrides_Jimes.html
51 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/47/37351085.pdf
52 http://www.educause.edu/apps/eq/eqm05/eqm0533.asp
53 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/7/38654317.pdf
54 http://www.dufoundation.org/downloads/Article_2006_01.pdf
6 CHAPTER 1. OER INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2

OER Open Courseware 1

2.1 OER Open Courseware


2.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

2.1.2 Fast Fact

MIT
2 rst announced its Open Courseware program in 2001. The OCW provides open access to course
materials for up to 1,550 MIT courses, representing 34 departments and all ve MIT schools. The goal is to
include materials from all MIT courses by 2008.

2.1.3 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Identify sources of open courseware for use in their own teaching disciplines.
2. Locate at lesson in an open course to modify for use in their own teaching.

2.1.4 Success Indicators

1. Posted lesson plan that repurposes learning content from OCW for learner's own teaching.

2.2 Introduction
The OpenCourseWare movement began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2002 and has
now spread to some 120 other universities worldwide. According to UC Irvine
3 : "OpenCourseWare (OCW)

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14467/1.3/>.


2 http://ocw.mit.edu/
3 http://ocw.uci.edu/

7
8 CHAPTER 2. OER OPEN COURSEWARE

is a free and open digital publication of high quality university-level educational materials, often including
syllabi, lecture notes, assignments and exams. Open educational resources are based on the notion that
knowledge and education are common goods that must be supported by a dened community."
While OCW initiatives typically do not provide a degree, credit, certication, or access to instructors,
the materials are made available, for free, under open licenses for use and adaption by educators and learners
anywhere.
Denition
According to the Open Courseware Consortium
4 :
"An OpenCourseWare site is a free and open digital publication of high quality educational materials,
organized as courses...is available for use and adaptation under an open license...does not typically provide
certication or access to instructors."
The OpenCourseWare Finder Finder
5 currently shows search results from:

• MIT OCW
6
• Utah State University OCW
7
• Johns Hopkins School of Public Health OCW
8
• Tufts University OCW
9
• Foothill De-Anza SOFIA
10
• Carnegie Mellon Open Learning Initiative
11

Other universities with open courseware include:

• University of California, Irvine


12
• University of Notre Dame
13
• University of Washington Computer Science & Engineering
14
• Stanford on iTune
15
• Penn State
16

17 is a online group of educators engaged in a collaborative learning eort using wiki software,
Wikiversity
which makes collaboration easy. Take the guided tour
18 to discover more.
HippoCampus
19 , a project of the Monterey Institute for Technology and Education (MITE), provides
high-quality, multimedia content on general education subjects to high school and college students free of
charge.

2.3 Activity
Experience
1. Use the OpenCourseWare Finder Finder
20 to search for Open Courseware in your teaching discipline.

4 http://www.ocwconsortium.org/support/index.html
5 http://opencontent.org/ocwnder/
6 http://ocw.mit.edu/
7 http://ocw.usu.edu/
8 http://ocw.jhsph.edu/
9 http://ocw.tufts.edu/
10 http://soa.fhda.edu/
11 http://www.cmu.edu/oli/
12 http://ocw.uci.edu/
13 http://ocw.nd.edu/
14 http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/course-webs.htm
15 http://itunes.stanford.edu/
16 https://www.e-education.psu.edu/oer
17 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Introduction
18 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Guided_tour/Main_Page
19 http://www.hippocampus.org/
20 http://opencontent.org/ocwnder/
9

2. Listen to a lecture podcast at Stanford on iTunes


21 or Berkeley.

Reect
1. Participate in the Wikiversity Motto contest
22 by posting your choice and why on the wiki or at the
23 Wikiversity Colloquium24 .

Apply
1. Develop a lesson plan that repurposes learning content from OCW for your own teaching.
2. Consider adding your own course to Wikiuniversity
25 . Use the tutorial26 provided.

2.3.1 Review Questions

1. What are some of the sources of open courseware?


2. Which sources of open courseware provide learning materials that can be modied for use in the
learner's own teaching?

2.3.2 Resources

• How the Open Source Movement Has Changed Education: 10 Success Stories
27
• The Promise of Open Educational Resources
28

21 http://itunes.stanford.edu/
22 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Motto_contest
23 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#Motto_and_slogan_contests:_selecting_amongst_tied_nalists
24 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Colloquium#Motto_and_slogan_contests:_selecting_amongst_tied_nalists
25 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Adding_content
26 http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Introduction
27 http://oedb.org/library/features/how-the-open-source-movement-has-changed-education-10-success-stories
28 http://www.hewlett.org/NR/rdonlyres/4DEF17E2-4578-4453-BA9C-
10 CHAPTER 2. OER OPEN COURSEWARE
Chapter 3

OER Fair Use, Copyright, and TEACH


Act 1

3.1 Lesson: Fair Use and Copyright


3.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

3.1.2 Fast Fact

The copyright notice © is no longer required for works published after March 1989. Absence of notice does
not necessarily mean the work is within the public domain.

3.1.3 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Dene copyright, fair use, the TEACH Act, and intellectual property.

Success Indicators
Determine the appropriateness of their own use learning materials for OER in terms of fair use. Creative
Commons license selected for learner's OER.

3.2 Introduction
A basic understanding of copyright, fair use, the TEACH Act, and intellectual property is necessary before
using and developing OER in order to minimize the risk of violating the law. You are encouraged to visit
one or more of the many online tutorials exist which address these topics.
Copyright
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14465/1.3/>.

11
12 CHAPTER 3. OER FAIR USE, COPYRIGHT, AND TEACH ACT

2
©
• Copyright and Distance Education
• Primer
3 , University of Maryland
• Digital
4 focuses specically on issues relating to copyright in digital works and the problems encoun-
tered by educational institutions in their use of digital materials for teaching, research and service
• The Case of Dr. No
5 is a video clip that addresses the challenges faced by faculty when distributing
copyrighted material from various sources.
• The Copyright Crash Course
6 from the University of Texas at Austin
• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States
7
• Copyright Management Center at IUPUI
8
• VA Tech Copyright Info
9
• Copyright Tutorial
10

Fair Use
The fair use doctrine, as codied in Ÿ17 U.S.C. 107, sets forth four general factors to be considered when
evaluating whether a proposed use of a copyrighted work is a fair use and thus, does not require permission
from the copyright holder.
The four factors are:

1. What is the purpose of the proposed use?


2. What is the nature of the copyright work to be used?
3. How much of the copyrighted work will be used?
4. What is the eect on the market or potential market for the copyrighted work?

• Fair Use
11
• Common Scenarios of Fair Use Issues: Posting Materials on Course Management Systems
12
• Library of Congress Questions and Answers: Copyright and Fair Use
13
• Copyright & Fair Use at Stanford
14
• Rules of Thumb for Displaying and Performing Others' Works in Distance Learning
15
• A Teacher's Guide to Fair Use and Copyright
16
• Copyright and Fair Use in the Classroom, on the Internet, and the World Wide Web
17
• Stanford Copyright Law and Fair Use
18

TEACH Act
The TEACH Act is updates copyright law for digital online education as a compromise eort to address
the copyright restriction disparities between digital classroom and the traditional classroom in terms of
performances and displays. TEACH Toolkit
19 provides checklists and a best practices as well as basic
information. Under the Teach Act, faculty can use copyrighted material in their online courses without
seeking the author's permission under the following circumstances:

2 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/dist_learning.htm
3 http://www-apps.umuc.edu/primer/
4 http://www-apps.umuc.edu/dcprimer/enter.php
5 http://marconi.umuc.edu/ramgen/cip/educause_dr_no/case_of_no.rm
6 http://www.lib.utsystem.edu/copyright
7 http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm
8 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/
9 http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/copyright/
10 http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/tutorial/copyuse/index.html
11 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/fairuse.htm
12 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/fuscenarios.htm
13 http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/cpyrt/
14 http://fairuse.stanford.edu/
15 http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/copypol2.htm#distance
16 http://home.earthlink.net/∼cnew/research.htm
17 http://www.umuc.edu/library/copy.html
18 http://www-sul.stanford.edu/cpyright.html
19 http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/legislative/teachkit/
13

• The college must be accredited and nonprot.


• The college must have an internal policy on use of copyrighted material and on copyright law.
• The college must provide printed or online resources for faculty members that describe their rights and
responsibilities under copyright law.
• The material must not have been originally intended for educational use.
• The material must have been lawfully acquired
• The material must be an integral part of the class session.
• Reasonable precautions must be made to restrict access to the copyrighted content to students enrolled
in the course.
• Other reasonable controls must be used to prevent students from disseminating the material after
viewing it.
• If a digital version of the material is readily available for use at the institution, then the instructor
cannot convert an analog version to digital form for use in an online course.
• The college must inform students that the material may be protected by copyright law.

Intellectual Property
Watch the video introduction
20 to Creative Commons (CC)21 . CC is a nonprot organization that pro-
vides authors with(free tools to manage their intellectual property. A CC license allows others to reproduce
a licensed work when they give credit to the license holder. The CC website has a tool that generates
22 (in HTML format) based on chosen criteria. Educause provides good summary of 7 Things Series
licenses
You Should Know About Creative Commons
23

3.3 Activity
Experience
1. Watch Dr. No Returns!
24 is a video clip in which an instructor would like to use the TEACH Act to
provide music from various sources to a "History of Music" course through a password protected web
site.
2. Use Checklist for the TEACH Act
25 to determine whether or not your planned use of learning materials
are suitable as OER is in compliance with the TEACH Act.
3. Use one of the EduSource Canada Public Domain Wizard
26 to determine if the learning materials you
plan to use are in the public domain.
4. Use Checklist for Fair Use
27 to determine whether or not your planned use of learning materials are
suitable as OER in terms of fair use.

Reect
1. Once you have joined OER Commons
28 , make your own posting to the OER Matters Discussions29
area. Click on OER Matters Intellectual Property Forum to answer the following question:

20 http://search.creativecommons.org/
21 http://creativecommons.org/
22 http://creativecommons.org/
23 http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI7023.pdf
24 http://marconi.umuc.edu/ramgen/cip/educause_dr_no/no_returns.rm
25 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/teachlist.htm
26 http://www.edusource.ca/craw/PD_Wizard.html
27 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/checklist.htm
28 http://www.oercommons.org/join_form
29 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/oer-matters-discussions
14 CHAPTER 3. OER FAIR USE, COPYRIGHT, AND TEACH ACT

"At the core of OER use and re-use are legal issues surrounding the sharing, use, and re-use of OER as a
way to sustain and grow the OER movement. How does the shift from proprietary to participatory impact
OER?"
Apply
1. Choose an OER License
30 for learning materials you might develop and share.
2. Read about how intellectual property and fair use
31 impact decisions to publish scholarly works at
Connexions
32 . Decide if you want to contribute
33 to Connexions.

3.3.1 Review Questions

1. What is fair use?


2. What is the TEACH Act?
3. How do fair use and the TEACH Act apply to the use of OER in your teaching?

3.3.2 Resources

• The Copyright Crash Course from the University of Texas at Austin


34
• New Copyright Law for Distance Education: The Meaning and Importance of the TEACH Act
35
• Balancing copyright concerns: The TEACH Act of 2001
36

30 http://wikieducator.org/Open_Educational_Content/olcos/CHOOSE_a_license
31 http://cnx.org/help/ipfaq
32 http://cnx.org/
33 http://cnx.org/content/m14346/latest/
34 http://www.lib.utsystem.edu/copyright
35 http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/teach_summary.htm
36 http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ERM01610.pdf
Chapter 4

OER Identifying Sources 1

4.1 OER Tools to Identify and Select


4.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

4.1.2 Fast Fact

Open Educational Resources (OER) are digitized materials oered freely and openly for educators, students
and self-learners to use and re-use for teaching, learning and research. Term rst adopted at UNESCO's
2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries funded by
the Hewlett Foundation. - from Wikipedia
2

4.1.3 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Identify resources for use of primary sources as learning materials in their own teaching disciplines.
2. Locate at least one primary source for use in teaching.
3. Develop a lesson plan using primary sources.

4.1.4 Success Indicators

1. OER added to learner's own online collection or portfolio.


2. OER review posted by the learner.
3. Posted lesson plan that uses at least one primary source as an OER for their own teaching.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14475/1.10/>.


2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_educational_resources

15
16 CHAPTER 4. OER IDENTIFYING SOURCES

4.2 Introduction
Several resources are available on the Internet that provide teachers with tools to identify and select OER
for use in instruction. Some of these are: OER Commons
3 , MERLOT4 , Connexions5 , FREE: Federal
6 7 8
Resources for Educational Excellence , COL Knowledge Finder , and Creative Commons .

4.2.1 OER Commons

OER Commons is one of several Internet resources where you can identify and select OER. With a free
membership, you can add tags, ratings, reviews, comments, and favorites to your own portfolio. You can
post to discussion, blog, and wiki areas, and see how others are using OER.
OER Commons is created and produced by ISKME, the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management
in Education. It is generously supported by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and represents dozens
of collaborations with OER partners and communities across the globe.

4.2.2 MERLOT

MERLOT is a pioneer in the development of searchable and shareable online learning materials for higher
education. The site provides collection
9 of peer reviewed10 learning materials created by registered members.
MERLOT provides criteria for peer-review of learning materials submitted.
Take a Tour of the new Merlot
11 . Searches in MERLOT can be sorted by date, reviews ratings, title,
author, and material type. A tutorial about how to search for learning materials using MERLOT is available
from the SUNY Teaching, Learning, and Technology Program.
Connexions
Connexions
12 has a repository of OER that are searchable by subject, language, popularity, title, keyword,
and author. The repository contains 3925 reusable modules woven into 211 collections. The content in
Connexions comes in two formats: modules, which are like small "knowledge chunks," and courses, which
are collections of modules. The Connexions Creative Commons open license
13 allows for free use and reuse
of all its content.
FREE
FREE: Federal Resources for Educational Excellence
14 provides links to hundreds of education resources
from or supported by the U.S. government.
OER Repositories
WikiEducator provides several tools for identication and use of OER including the Exemplary Collection
of Open eLearning Content Repositories
15 .Lola Exchange16 provides learning objects and learning activities
available for searching by topic, title, discipline, or author. Disciplines listed are Mathematics, Science and
Technology, Social Sciences, Business, Arts, Education, and Humanities. All materials are reviewed accord-
ing to standard criteria by volunteers. Curriki
17 is a global education and learning community dedicated

3 http://www.oercommons.org/
4 http://www.merlot.org/
5 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/oer-matters-discussions
6 http://www.free.ed.gov/
7 http://cnx.org/content/m14475/latest/www.colnder.org/ocw
8 http://search.creativecommons.org/
9 http://taste.merlot.org/merlotcollection.html
10 http://taste.merlot.org/peerreviewprocess.html
11 http://taste.merlot.org/tour/index.htm
12 http://cnx.org/
13 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
14 http://www.free.ed.gov/
15 http://www.wikieducator.org/Exemplary_Collection_of_Open_eLearning_Content_Repositories
16 http://www.lolaexchange.org/
17 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/WebHome
17

to providing quality learning materials worldwide. Learning materials can be searched by the following top-
ics:Arts, Educational Technology, Foreign Languages, Health, Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social
Studies, and Vocational Education. A re-launch of the site is planned soon to add the following new features:

• Access information, tools, and resources from the new member home page
18 .
• View and comment on other members' learning resources
19 .
• Edit and collaborate on learning materials, and build collections and resources with Currikulum
Builder
20 .
• Develop content in the Currikulum Builder with templates
21 .
• Manage your own contributions and collections, as well as your user prole and blog, using your
personalized space in MyCurriki
22 .

COL Knowledge Finder


COL Knowledge Finder
23 is a service that searches reliable sources of information in open and distance
learning and provides organization tools. Emphasis is on international development goals like poverty allevi-
ation, health and education for all. The COL Knowledge Finder service is provided by The Commonwealth
of Learning (COL) which is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Gov-
ernment to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge,
resources and technologies. To use the search tool, click on "Search". Then follow the guidelines on the
screen. More details are available from the Orientation
24 . Training videos25 for eective searching and use
of the COL Knowledge Finder tools are available.
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
26 provides a way to nd shareable photos, music, text, books, and other educational
material utilizing Creative Commons enabled search services at Google, Yahoo!, Flickr, blip.tv, Owlmusic,
and SpinXpress. A Content Curators
27 wiki area is available that provides a list of curators of Creative
Commons-licensed content. Users are invited to contribute to and edit this list themselves.
Edu2.0
Take a tour
28 of Edu2.029 to discover all browsable shared course content organized by topic. Resources
include quizzes, webquests, presentations, projects, experiments, courses, classes, curricula, audio, video,
powerpoint, excel and other kinds of attachments.

4.3 Activity
Experience
30 available from MERLOT's Peer Review process.
1. Review the criteria
2. Go to OER Commons
31 , MERLOT32 , Connexions33 , and FREE34 to search for content in your
teaching discipline.

18 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/mail/Memberhome
19 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Learningresources
20 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/CurrikulumBuilder
21 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Templates
22 http://www.curriki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Main/MyCurriki
23 http://www.colnder.org/ocw
24 http://www1.colnder.org/colintro/index.jsp
25 http://www.colnder.org/training/index.jsp
26 http://search.creativecommons.org/
27 http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Curators
28 http://www.edu20.org/company/tour
29 http://www.edu20.org/
30 http://taste.merlot.org/evaluationcriteria.html
31 http://www.oercommons.org/
32 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
33 http://cnx.org/
34 http://www.free.ed.gov/
18 CHAPTER 4. OER IDENTIFYING SOURCES

3. View the CNBC video interview


35 with Scott McNealy about Curriki.
4. Visit the OWL Institute Portal
36 to search for resources, people and communities; browse courses and
home pages or create your own.

Reect
1. Participate in the latest OER Commons Survey
37 and check the results.
2. Visit the OER Matters Discussions
38 to read and post comments about the How and Why of OER:

"Share your thoughts, experiences and expertise on the OER movement, its challenges and potential impact.
Why does OER matter, how does it work, and what are the possibilities for the future of use and re-use of
open education content?"
Apply
1. Review learning materials at OER Commons
39 . Type keywords in the Search40 box in the upper
right corner of the screen to identify at least one OER to review.

• Click on Save this Search.


• Sort by Rating. Click on the title of the OER you want to review, then click on View Item.
• Click on Rate Item to give it your rating.
• Click on Review Item to submit your review.

2. Submit your review of some learning materials at MERLOT


41 . You will need to become a member42
before you can submit your review.
3. If you know of a good source of open educational resources, submit the Internet address for inclusion
on the COL Knowledge Finder submit-a-site page
43 .

4.3.1 Review Questions

1. What are some of the repositories where OER can be located and reviewed?
2. What tools and features are available to identify and select OER?

4.3.2 Resources

• Exemplary Collection of Open eLearning Content Repositories


44
• Searching for Public Domain Materials on the Web
45
• Open Educational Practices and Resources. OLCOS Roadmap 2012
46

35 http://www.cnbc.com/id/16184176
36 http://owli.org/moodle/
37 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/surveys-results
38 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/oer-matters-discussions
39 http://www.oercommons.org/
40 http://www.oercommons.org/
41 http://www.merlot.org/
42 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/join.htm
43 http://www.colnder.org/support/request_general.jsp
44 http://www.wikieducator.org/Exemplary_Collection_of_Open_eLearning_Content_Repositories
45 http://library.colstate.edu/tutorials/webnd/webnd6.shtml
46 http://www.olcos.org/english/roadmap/roadmap.html
Chapter 5

OER Discipline-Specic Sources 1

5.1 OER Discipline-Specic Sources


5.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

5.1.2 Fast Fact

Learning objects
2 are:

• Web-based, self-contained, small chunks of learning


• small enough to be embedded in a learning activity, lesson, unit or course
• exible, portable, and adaptable, and can be used in multiple learning environments and across disci-
plines

5.1.3 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Identify resources for locating OER in their own teaching disciplines.


2. Develop a lesson plan using a discipline-specic OER.

5.1.4 Success Indicators

1. Lesson plan developed which uses OER.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14473/1.17/>.


2 http://www.wisc-online.com/about.asp#dened

19
20 CHAPTER 5. OER DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC SOURCES

5.2 Introduction
In addition to simply searching for Public Domain Materials on the Web
3 , a number of OER and learning
4
object repositories of on the internet provide a means to search for learning materials by topic and academic
subject matter. The Center for International Education at UW-Milwaukee provides a thorough list of learning
object repositories
5 .
Other repositories include:

• Wisc-Online (Wisconsin Online Resource Center)


6
• Gateway to Educational Materials
7
• Co-operative Learning Object Exchange (CLOE)
8
• Wikipedia List of Graphics in the Public Domain
9
• Wikimedia Public Domain Images
10
• Creative Commons
11
• LibriVox
12
• ibiblio
13
• OAIster catalog of digital resources
14
• Photos at Flickr Licensed under Creative Commons
15
• Subject Specic Images for Educational Use from University of Michigan
16
• GCSE Bitesize
17

Other discipline-specic sources of OER include:


Archeology
• Archeology
18

Art History
• Art History images from University of Michigan
19

Computer Science
• XML: Managing Data Exchange
20
• Programming from the Ground Up
21
• Learning 2.0
22

Economics
3 http://library.colstate.edu/tutorials/webnd/webnd6.shtml
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_Object
5 http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CIE/AOP/LO_collections.html
6 http://www.wisc-online.com/
7 http://www.thegateway.org/
8 http://cloe.on.ca/
9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain_image_resources#General_collections
10 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_domain
11 http://creativecommons.org/
12 http://librivox.org/
13 http://www.ibiblio.org/
14 http://www.oaister.org/
15 http://ccickr.bluemountains.net
16 http://images.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?page=groups;g=art-ic
17 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/
18 http://opencontext.org/
19 http://arthist.cla.umn.edu/aict/html/tech.html
20 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/XML:_Managing_Data_Exchange
21 http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/pgubook/
22 http://blog.missiontolearn.com/2008/02/learning-20-ebook-free/
21

• EconPort
23
• Marketing
24
• Corporate Finance
25
• Principles of Enterpreneurship
26
• U.S. Economy in Brief
27
• Outline of the U.S. Economy
28
• Political Economy
29
• New Rules for the New Economy
30
• Introduction to Economic Analysis
31

French
• French Learning Object Repository for Education
32

Health
• Johns Hopkins Center for Public Health Preparedness
33
• CDC Public Health Image Library
34
• MedlinePlus Interactive
35
• The Chemistry of Health
36
• HIV Medicine 2007
37
• Free Medical Information
38

History
• Library of Congress, American Memory
39
• Digital History: American History
40
• Harvard University Library Open Collections Program
41
• History Matters
42
• Internet Modern History Sourcebook
43
• University of California, American West Collection
44
• World History Sources
45
• American Political History images
46

23 http://econport.org/
24 http://ollie.dcccd.edu/mrkt2370/book/mrktbook.htm
25 http://welch.econ.brown.edu/book/
26 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/entrepreneurship/
27 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/
28 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/oecon/
29 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Political_Economy/General
30 http://www.kk.org/newrules/contents.php
31 http://introecon.com/
32 http://ore.uvic.ca/welcome.php
33 http://www.jhsph.edu/preparedness/index.html
34 http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp
35 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/
36 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/
37 http://www.hivmedicine.com/
38 http://www.freemedicalinformation.com/fmi/2ndedit.htm
39 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html
40 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/
41 http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/
42 http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/
43 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook.html
44 http://www.cdlib.org/inside/projects/amwest/
45 http://chnm.gmu.edu/whm/whmnding.php
46 http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/
22 CHAPTER 5. OER DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC SOURCES

• EASE History
47
• Hypertext History: Our Online American History Textbook
48
• US History.org
49
• Hippocampus - click on U.S. history, then click on Textbooks tab
50
• Oral Histories
51
• America's Story Jump Back in Time
52
• American Memory Timeline
53
• Freedom A U.S. History (webisodes)
54
• Outline of U.S. History
55
• About America: Women of Inuence
56

Literature
• Electronic Text Public Library Online Texts
57
• Children's Literature
58
• U.S. Literature in Brief
59

Math
• Drexel University, Math Forum
60
• Eisenhower National Clearinghouse
61
• AMSER the Applied Math and Science Education Repository
62
• CauseWeb
63
• Math
64
• Linear Algebra
65
• A First Course in Linear Algebra
66
• Introduction to Probability
67
• Elements of Abstract and Linear Algebra
68
• Linear Methods of Applied Mathematics
69
• Multivariate Calculus
70
• Mathematics under the Microscope
71

Philosophy
47 http://www.easehistory.org/index2.html
48 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/hyper_titles.cfm
49 http://www.ushistory.org/
50 http://www.hippocampus.org/
51 http://www.tellingstories.org/
52 http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb
53 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/index.html
54 http://www.pbs.org/wnet/historyofus/menu.html
55 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/index.htm
56 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/womeninn/
57 http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hum60.60.00/
58 http://bygosh.com/
59 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/literature-in-brief/
60 http://mathforum.org/
61 http://web.archive.org/web/20041013043116/www.enc.org/?ls=bc
62 http://amser.org/
63 http://www.causeweb.org/resources
64 http://www.nongnu.org/fhsst/fhsstmaths.pdf
65 http://textbookrevolution.org/math/a-rst-course-in-linear-algebra
66 http://linear.ups.edu/
67 http://www.dartmouth.edu/∼chance/teaching_aids/books_articles/probability_book/book.html
68 http://www.math.miami.edu/∼ec/book/
69 http://www.mathphysics.com/pde/
70 http://www.math.gatech.edu/∼cain/notes/calculus.html
71 http://www.maths.manchester.ac.uk/∼avb/micromathematics/downloads
23

• Stanford University, Encyclopedia of Philosophy


72
• Formal Logic
73

Physics
• Open Text Project  Physics
74
• Physics
75
• Physics Light and Matter
76
• Physics
77

Political Science
• Democracy in Brief
78
• How the U.S. is Governed
79
• Outline of the U.S. Legal System
80
• Introduction to Human Rights
81
• Outline of American Geography
82

Psychology
• ePsych
83

Science
• Illumina
84
• Access Excellence
85
• Carnegie Mellon University, Chemistry Collective
86
• University of Washington, High School Human Genome Program
87
• National Human Genome Research Institute
88
• National Science Digital Library
89
• University of Colorado, Physics Education Technology
90
• National Science Teachers Association, Science Teachers' GrabBag
91
• AMSER the Applied Math and Science Education Repository
92
• Teacher's Domain
93
• Bacteriology
94

72 http://plato.stanford.edu/
73 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Formal_Logic
74 http://www3.baylor.edu/Physics/open_text/
75 http://physics/
76 http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1.html
77 http://www.nongnu.org/fhsst/fhsstphy.pdf
78 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/democracy-in-brief/
79 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/abtamerica/index.htm
80 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/legalotln/
81 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/hrintro/hrintro.htm
82 http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/geography/
83 http://epsych.msstate.edu/index.html
84 http://www.ilumina-dlib.org/index.asp
85 http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/
86 http://www.chemcollective.org/
87 http://hshgp.genome.washington.edu/
88 http://www.chemcollective.org/
89 http://www.nsdl.org/
90 http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phet/
91 http://www.nsta.org/resourcesgrabbag
92 http://amser.org/
93 http://www.teachersdomain.org/index.html
94 http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/
24 CHAPTER 5. OER DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC SOURCES

• Physical Geography
95
• The Physical Environment Introduction to Physical Geography
96
• Intro to Physical Oceanography
97
• Biochemistry
98
• Biology
99
• The Structures of Life (biology)
100
• Chemistry
101
• Human Physiology
102
• The New Genetics
103
• Environmental Science
104
• Introduction to Physical Oceanography
105
• Inside the Cell - Biology
106
• Curiosity Creates Cures The Value and Impact of Basic Research
107
• Medicines by Design (pharmacology)
108

Sociology
• Introduction to Sociology
109

Spanish
• Spanish
110

5.3 Activity
Experience
1. Find learning materials in your teaching discipline at each of the following repositories. Note whether
or not a review or rating of the learning materials is available.

• MERLOT
111
• Wisc-Online (Wisconsin Online Resource Center)
112
• Gateway to Educational Materials
113
• Co-operative Learning Object Exchange (CLOE)
114

95 http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/contents.html
96 http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/title_page.html
97 http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/home/course_book.htm
98 http://www.web.virginia.edu/Heidi/home.htm
99 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobooktoc.html
100 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/
101 http://www.nongnu.org/fhsst/fhsstchem.pdf
102 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology
103 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/index.html
104 http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/oceanography-book/contents1.htm
105 http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/home/course_book.htm
106 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/insidethecell/
107 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/curiosity/
108 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/medbydesign/
109 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology
110 http://studyspanish.com/index.htm
111 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/communities.htm
112 http://www.wisc-online.org/
113 http://www.thegateway.org/
114 http://cloe.on.ca/
25

• Wikipedia List of Graphics in the Public Domain


115
• Wikimedia Public Domain Images
116
• FREE: Federal Resources for Educational Excellence
117
• Creative Commons
118

Reect
Complete one of the following reection activities:

1. Join MERLOT
119 , identify120 learning materials in your teaching discipline, then add an assignment
to a learning object or review a learning object.
2. Join OER Commons
121 , then make your own posting to the OER Matters Discussions122 area. Click
on OER Matters Localization Forum to answer the following question:

"Participate in discussions about how open education content is localized and how the creation of OER
facilitates or impedes making content be context-specic. How is content localized at the individual, school,
cultural, and national level, and what are the benets?"
Apply
1. Identify the most useful sources of OER for use in your teaching discipline.
2. Develop a lesson plan using these discipline-specic sources. Post your lesson plan to MERLOT
123

5.3.1 Review Questions

1. What is a learning object?


2. What are the most useful sources of OER in your teaching discipline?
3. What criteria can be used to assess the usefulness of these OERs?

5.3.2 Resources

• The Instructional Use of Learning Objects: Online Version


124
• A KEEP Toolkit Case Study: Promoting Use of MERLOT Learning Objects
125 126 by Sharing
Authors' and Users' Pedagogical Knowledge and Experience
127
• All about learning objects
128
• Learning Objects - EduCause
129

115 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain_image_resources#General_collections
116 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_domain
117 http://www.free.ed.gov/
118 http://creativecommons.org/
119 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/join.htm
120 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/communities.htm
121 http://www.oercommons.org/join_form
122 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/oer-matters-discussions
123 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
124 http://reusability.org/read/
125 http://jolt.merlot.org/vol1_no1_iiyoshi.htm
126 http://jolt.merlot.org/vol1_no1_iiyoshi.htm
127 http://jolt.merlot.org/vol1_no1_iiyoshi.htm
128 http://www.eduworks.com/LOTT/tutorial/
129 http://www.educause.edu/645?PARENT_ID=606
26 CHAPTER 5. OER DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC SOURCES
Chapter 6

OER Public Domain Textbook Sources 1

6.1 OER Sources of Public Domain Textbooks


6.1.1 Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skills/Objectives
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

6.1.2 Fast Fact

6.1.3 Project Gutenberg has 20,000 free books in its Online Book Catalog and
is the oldest producer of free ebooks on the Internet.

6.1.4 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

• Locate sources of public domain textbooks.


• Establish criteria for selection of public domain textbooks.

6.1.5 Success Indicators

• Lesson plan developed that incorporates use of a public domain textbook.

6.2 Introduction
Faculty often nd the task of selecting reading materials or textbooks for a course daunting. Instructors can
ease the selection process by establishing and following criteria such as quantity, quality, accuracy, currancy,

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14471/1.10/>.

27
28 CHAPTER 6. OER PUBLIC DOMAIN TEXTBOOK SOURCES

reading level, relevance, and reliability. Whether due to passion for the course topic or simply hasty decision-
making, some instructors make the mistake of selecting and assigning an overwhelming amount of reading
for their students. Try estimating how many minutes students will need to complete each reading assignment
and adjust your selection of learning materials accordingly. Another concern is that information provided to
students, especially in printed textbooks, can quickly become outdated.

Criteria/Guidelines for Selection of Materials


• Quality of content, literary merit and format
• Timeliness
• Favorable reviews
• Permanence/lasting value
• Authority: author
• Scope
• Physical quality
• Format: print, CD-ROM, online, etc.
• reading level

Two major eorts to promote the development and sharing of public domain textbooks are Connexions
2
3 4
and Wikibooks . Free Textbook Search allows users to search for free textbooks in 113 sites in English,
German, French, Dutch or Swedish.
Connexions
5 is a project at Rice University supported by the Hewlett Foundation to promote collaborative
development, free sharing, and rapid publishing of scholarly content on the Web. Content is organized in
small modules that are easily connected into larger courses. All content is free to use and reuse under the
Creative Commons "attribution" license.
Wikibooks
6 is a Wikimedia project started in 2003 with the mission to create a free collection of open-
content textbooks that anyone can edit.
Collections of books that are freely available include Project Gutenberg
7 , Read Print8 , Bartleby9 ,
Online Books
10 , Electronic Text Service11 , and the Open Book Project12 .
Project Gutenberg has 20,000 free books in its Online Book Catalog and is the oldest producer of free
ebooks on the Internet. The mission of Project Gutenberg
13 is to encourage the creation and distribution
of eBooks. In an eort to promote intercultural understanding, the World Digital Library
14 plans to make
available signicant primary materials from cultures around the world, including manuscripts, maps, rare
books, musical scores, recordings, lms, prints, photographs, architectural drawings, and other signicant
cultural materials.
The Assayer
15 displays a list of textbooks that are freely available in many disciplines. For an example,
see these introductory physics textbooks
16 and Liberte17 , a rst-year collegel French textbook. The Internet
Public Library
18 provides a comprehensive list of books that are available on the internet. A video tour
19

2 http://cnx.org/
3 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page
4 http://www.freetextbooks.eu/
5 http://cnx.org/
6 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page
7 http://www.gutenberg.org/
8 http://www.readprint.com/
9 http://www.bartleby.com/
10 http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/
11 http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/ebooks/
12 http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/
13 http://www.gutenberg.org/
14 http://www.worlddigitallibrary.org/project/english/index.html
15 http://www.theassayer.org/
16 http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1.html
17 http://www.lightandmatter.com/french/
18 http://www.ipl.org/
19 http://www.ipl.org/div/about/tours/IPLTourIntroVideo.mov
29

of the site is available. Examples of free available eBooks from Bartleby


20 :

• The Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction


21
• The Oxford Shakespeare
22
• Anatomy of the Human Body
23
• The World Factbook, 2003
24
• Online Sapiens
25

Two sources of audio books in the public domain are LibriVox


26 and Loudlit27 . LibriVox28 provides free
audiobooks from the public domain with several options for listening. Loudlit
29 provides a text of great
literary masterpieces as well as high quality audio to help readers improve their spelling, punctuation and
paragraph structure. Loudlit literature includes children's stories, poetry, short stories, and novels.
Other sources of textbook learning materials are digital collections of institutional repositories
30 at uni-
versities and self-archiving
31 by authors on the internet. Some of these include:

• Scholarship of the California Digital Library


32
• MIT textbooks
33
• Hofstra University Hofprints-Hofstra University E-Print Archive
34
• Cornell Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Project
35

6.3 Activity
Experience
1. Identify some learning materials at Project Gutenberg
36 .
2. Go to Wikibooks
37 to identify textbooks in your teaching discipline.
3. Consider using Wikibooks for a class project
38 ; read the guidelines.
4. Take a tour
39 of Connexions to nd out if it has resources of use to you in your teaching.

Reect
1. Create an account
40 at Project Gutenberg then post your own review of a textbook.

Apply
20 http://www.bartleby.com/
21 http://www.bartleby.com/ebook/
22 http://www.bartleby.com/70/
23 http://www.bartleby.com/107/
24 http://www.bartleby.com/151/
25 http://onlinesapiens.com/books.html
26 http://librivox.org/
27 http://www.loudlit.org
28 http://librivox.org/
29 http://www.loudlit.org
30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_repository
31 http://www.eprints.org/openaccess/self-faq/
32 http://repositories.cdlib.org/escholarship/
33 http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/resources/index.htm
34 http://hofprints.hofstra.edu/
35 http://racereligion.library.cornell.edu/race/ebooks.php
36 http://www.gutenberg.org/
37 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page
38 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Guidelines_for_class_projects
39 http://cnx.org/aboutus/tour/1.html
40 http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Special:Userlogin
30 CHAPTER 6. OER PUBLIC DOMAIN TEXTBOOK SOURCES

1. Distributed Proofreaders
41 . Help create an eBook.
2. Contribute
42 to Wikibooks by editing pages, creating new pages, publicizing Wikibooks, and many
other ways, such as donating.

6.3.1 Review Questions

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages to using public domain textbooks for teaching?
2. What are the most useful sources of public domain textbooks in your discipline and why?

6.3.2 Resources

• Project Gutenberg
43
• The 7 Things You Should Know About E-Books
44

41 http://www.pgdp.net/c/
42 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Contributing_FAQ
43 http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page
44 http://www.educause.edu/content.asp?page_id=666&ID=ELI7020&bhcp=1
Chapter 7

OER Use of Primary Sources 1

7.1 OER Use of Primary Sources


Lesson Components

• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

Fast Fact
The Library of Congress is the nation's oldest federal cultural institution and serves as the research arm
of Congress. It is also the largest library in the world, with nearly 130 million items on approximately 530
miles of bookshelves. The collections include: books and other printed materials, sound and motion picture
recordings, photographs, maps, and manuscripts. Reference: Oce of the Librarian
2

7.1.1 Skills/Objectives

Learners will be able to:

1. Identify resources for use of primary sources as learning materials in their own teaching disciplines.
2. Locate at least one primary source for use in their own teaching.
3. Develop a lesson plan using primary sources.

7.1.2 Success Indicators

1. Learner will post a lesson plan that uses at least one primary source as an OER for their own teaching.

7.2 Introduction
According to the National Archives
3 , the use of primary documents as learning materials promotes

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14474/1.4/>.


2 http://www.loc.gov/about/
3 http://www.archives.gov/education/

31
32 CHAPTER 7. OER USE OF PRIMARY SOURCES

1. Student awareness that all written history is subjective in the sense that it reects an author's inter-
pretation of past events, and
2. Important analytical skills.

Primary sources include:

• personal records (birth certicates, death certicates, passports, driver's licenses)


• federal census gures
• newspapers
• local government les
• letters, personal diaries and memoirs
• drawings and photographs
• oral histories
• artifacts
• court transcripts

Complete the Introductory Lesson


4 about primary sources available from the American Memory project at
the Library of Congress.
The Smithsonian Source Teaching with Primary Sources
5 is another useful resource for teaching American
History. It includes videos, lesson plans, and searchable collection of primary documents.
6 makes audio clips of various speeches available from a Speech Bank via the internet.
American Rhetoric
7
Website content at American Rhetoric is free for educational uses under the Fair Use exception with
attribution.

7.3 Activity
Experience
Complete at least two of the following activities:

1. Review one of the lesson plans posted at the National Archive's Teaching With Documents: Lesson
Plans
8 and look at the Analysis Worksheets.
9
2. Create an account at the Smithsonian Source Teaching with Primary Sources so that you can review
lessons and add them to your own collection. Click on Historical Perspectives
10 to nd a topic of
interest to you and nd DBQ to add to your collection.
3. Create an account
11 and login to the Primary Source so that you can set up a Portfolio for storing
primary documents that you have identied and selected for use. Contribute
12 a Library of Congress
resource link for your subject area. Search the Learning Experiences Collection
13 , select a Learning
Experience of interest, and review it.
4. Create an introductory activity for your own students following the instructions posted at Primary
Source Learning
14 .

Reect
Post your responses to the following questions in your course Discussion area:

4 http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/psources/source.html
5 http://www.smithsoniansource.org/
6 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/
7 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/
8 http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/index.html
9 http://www.smithsoniansource.org/account/newaccount.aspx
10 http://www.smithsoniansource.org/his/viewdetails.aspx
11 http://www.primarysourcelearning.org/db/submission/
12 http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.asp?u=17335722530
13 http://www.primarysourcelearning.org/db/search/le.php
14 http://www.primarysourcelearning.org/db/imagesdraw/index.shtml
33

• How would the learning experience be dierent for a student completing a lesson that uses primary
sources versus the same lesson that uses a textbook?
• What challenges might you encounter as a teacher using primary sources instead of textbooks?

Apply
1. Identify a set of primary sources for use in your teaching.
2. Develop a lesson plan using these primary sources.
15 or OER
Post your lesson plan to MERLOT
Commons
16 .

7.3.1 Review Questions

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages to using primary sources for teaching?
2. What are the most useful resources for teaching with primary sources in your discipline and why?

7.3.2 Resources

• Primary Source Learning Handbook


17
• Use of Primary Sources in Library of Congress
18
• National Archives Lesson Plans
19
• Library of Congress
20
• Primary Source Learning
21
• Using digitized primary source materials in the classroom
22

15 http://www.merlot.org/merlot/index.htm
16 http://www.oercommons.org/
17 http://www.primarysourcelearning.org/handbook/
18 http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/prim_sources.html
19 http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/
20 http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/primary.html
21 http://www.primarysourcelearning.org/
22 http://www.rstmonday.org/issues/issue10_6/bloom/index.html
34 CHAPTER 7. OER USE OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Chapter 8

OER Development 1

8.1 Lesson Components


• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

8.2 Fast Fact


"Universal design
2 is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest
extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. The intent of universal design is to
simplify life for everyone by making products, communications, and the built environment more usable by as
many people as possible at little or no extra cost. Universal design benets people of all ages and abilities."
- Center for Universal Design
3

8.3 Skills/Objectives
Learners will be able to:

1. Use tools and resources to develop OER.


2. Identify the requirements for OER in order to comply with ADA Section 508 requirements.

8.4 Success Indicators


1. OER developed by the learner added to learner's own online collection or portfolio.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14469/1.15/>.


2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design
3 http://www.design.ncsu.edu:8120/cud/about_ud/about_ud.htm

35
36 CHAPTER 8. OER DEVELOPMENT

8.5 Background
As noted by Todd Richmond
4 at a DIY Media seminar at the Annenberg Center in 2006, the commons-
5
based peer production or do-it-yourself shared media production aspect of OER may well be a catalyst for
6
innovation once OER goes viral . Several resources are available on the Internet that provide teachers with
tools to share and collaborate on the development of OER for use in instruction. Some of these are: Rice
Connexions, Open Learning Content Observatory Services (OLCOS), WikiEducator, and WikiBooks.
Accessibility
Certain accessibiilty requirements must be addressed when developing OER for electronic dissemination to
students. By law, ADA Section 508
7 , learning materials, including interfaces, images, sounds, multimedia
elements, and all other forms of information, must be made available for used by anyone, regardless of
disability. Detailed information about accessibility guidelines are available at Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI)
8 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)9 . A-Prompt10 is an accessibility evaluation and
repair tool from the University of Toronto in cooperation with the Trace Center and CAST. A demonstration
version is available for download. A-Prompt lists what it considers to be errors and oers a chance to correct
each one. Utah State University, Web Accessibility in Mind (Webaim)
11 oers various "How To" information
and support on creating accessible web sites. Web authors can nd a Section checklist, sample HTML markup
and various articles and courses on accessible web design. The Accessible Web Publishing Wizard
12 simplies
the task of converting PowerPoint presentations, Word documents, and (in the future) Excel spreadsheets to
accessible HTML through an easy-to-use user interface and automation of many of the details of conversion.

8.5.1 Rice Connexions

Take a tour of Connexions


13 . Connexions was started at Rice University in 1999 to promote innovative
ways to write, edit, publish, and use textbooks and other learning materials. Connexion participants are
encouraged to:

• Create educational materials and contribute them to the repository


14
• Rip or copy the material and customize it
• Mix the material together into new books and courses
• Burn or create nished products such as e-learning web courses, CDroms, and even printed books

Open-access software tools and free-use materials are available via the Creative Commons Attribution li-
cense
15 to facilitate collaboration and sharing. At Connexions, instructors can easily collaborate16 on OER
development in a variety of roles including coauthors, maintainers, workgroup members, suggesters, and users
of derived copies. Instructors can update their OER course material and make it available for distribution
quickly.
OWL Institute
In addition to providing users with connections to OER resources and communities, the OWL Institute
Portal
17 to provides the opportunity for users to develop and share their own OER resources. Contact the
Owl Institute to receive "creator" or "teacher" access to courses and pages.

4 http://weblogs.annenberg.edu/diy/2006/10/todd_richmond_on_open_educatio.html
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production
6 http://www.nostatic.com/hewlett/
7 http://www.section508.gov/
8 http://www.w3.org/WAI/Resources
9 http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/adahom1.htm
10 http://aprompt.snow.utoronto.ca/
11 http://www.webaim.org/
12 http://cita.rehab.uiuc.edu/software/oce/
13 http://cnx.org/aboutus/tour/
14 http://cnx.org/sitelicense
15 http://cnx.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
16 http://cnx.org/help/reference/collaboration
17 http://owli.org/moodle/
37

Digital Universe
The Digital Universe
18 seeks stewards and voluntary consultants to assist19 in their eorts "to organize the
sum total of human knowledge and make it available to everyone."
Le Mill
Tour Le Mill
20 to nd a variety of open learning materials. Join the Learning Mill community to contribute
and share your own learning materials. FAQs
21 describe how to use the site.
More Tools
OLCOS, the UK's Open Learning Content Observatory Services
22 project contains a 30 minute tutorial
about how to produce OER
23 . This tutorial provides information and practical tasks in creating and mod-
ifying open content in open process as well as formats that can be published as open educational resources
and tools, that support this process. Wikieducator
24 promotes collaborative authoring and use of OER by
providing tools using wiki technologies such as eXe
25 . The Wikideducator Content Development Project26
is an opportunity for educators to contribute and share their OER. Wikibooks Wikibooks
27 is a Wikimedia28
project that started in 2003 with the goal to create a free collection of open-content textbooks that anyone
can edit. Since its inception, volunteers have written over 25,000 modules in a multitude of textbooks. If
you're an instructor planning on using Wikibooks for a class project, read guidelines for class projects
29 .
Take a tour
30 of the Instructional Architect31 , a service of the National Science Digital Library, to nd out
how you can use it to nd discipline-specic OER, organize and modify those resources into activities for
your students, and make those new activities available to a variety of audiences. ccMixter
32 is a community
music site provide opportunities to collaborate with others to re-purpose and mix existing learning materials
licensed under Creative Commons. Send2Wiki
33 is a new tool that lets users easily send a copy of a webpage
to a wiki for remixing. Wikia
34 are provides free wiki hosting designed expressly for promoting reuse of open
content with the MediaWiki software. All content on Wikia is perpetually licensed under the GNU Free
Documentation License.

8.6 Activity
Experience
Creative Commons
Use Creative Commons
35 to search for learning materials that you are free to use, remix, repurpose, etc.
Wikieducator
Watch a short video about how to create an account at Wikieducator
36 . Register for your account.
OER Commons
1. Join OER Commons. Go to the OER Commons
37 website, then click on Join Now.

18 http://www.dufoundation.org
19 http://www.dufoundation.org/participation.php
20 http://lemill.net/content/lemill-tour
21 http://lemill.net/content/lemill-faq
22 http://www.olcos.org/english/home/
23 http://wikieducator.org/Open_Educational_Content/olcos/PRODUCE_&_REMIX
24 http://www.wikieducator.org/
25 http://exelearning.org/
26 http://www.wikieducator.org/How_to_contribute_and_use_content
27 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page
28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia
29 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Guidelines_for_class_projects
30 http://ia.usu.edu/takethetour.html
31 http://ia.usu.edu/index.php
32 http://ccmixter.org/
33 http://www.send2wiki.com/
34 http://www.wikia.com/
35 http://search.creativecommons.org/
36 http://www.wikieducator.org/Wikieducator_tutorial/Creating_an_Account/Show_me_how
37 http://www.oercommons.org/
38 CHAPTER 8. OER DEVELOPMENT

2. Click on Start My OER Portfolio.


3. Visit Shared Portfolios
38 posted to the OER Commons website to see to see how others search, use,
and interact with OER.

Reect
Post to your course Discussion area in response to the following questions:

1. What is the best way to promote development of OER among educators?


2. Who should be responsible for ensuring that OER are developed with ADA Section 508 accessibilty
requirements in mind?

Apply
MERLOT
1. View the Gallery of Sample MERLOT From the Author Snapshots
39
2. Go to the MERLOT website.
3. View a few Personal Collections posted by others.
4. Become a member of MERLOT
40 .
5. Create your own MERLOT Personal Collection
41 .

Wikibooks
1. Create an account at Wikibooks
42 .
2. Go to Wikibooks Sandbox
43 to create a wiki.

Connexions
Create a module
44 to share at Connexions45 .

• After registering, review the New Author Guide


46 .
• You can import a Word document or use the Connexions Edit-in-Place tool to create your module.

8.6.1 Review Questions

1. What are some of the resources you can use to remix, repurpose OER, and develop your own OER?
2. What is necessary to ensure compliance with ADA Section 508 accessibility laws when developing OER
for electronic dissemination to student?

8.6.2 Resources

• Collaborative Development of Open Content


47
• WikiEducator: Memoirs, Myths, Misrepresentations and the Magic
48
• OER Development and Publishing Initiatives
49

38 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/share
39 http://www.cfkeep.org/html/gallery.php?id=96530011199908
40 http://taste.merlot.org/evaluationcriteria.html
41 http://taste.merlot.org/personalcollections.html
42 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Userlogin
43 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox
44 http://cnx.org/help/ModuleInMinutes
45 http://cnx.org/
46 http://cnx.org/help/authorguide
47 http://rstmonday.dk/issues/issue8_2/keats
48 http://blog.worldcampus.psu.edu/index.php/2007/04/04/wikieducator/
49 http://oerwiki.iiep-unesco.org/index.php?title=OER_development_and_publishing_initiatives
39

• Open Educational Resources  Anonymity vs. Specicity


50
• Advancing Sustainability of Open Educational Resources
51

50 http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2006/Bernd_Remmele.htm
51 http://proceedings.informingscience.org/InSITE2007/IISITv4p535-544Kooh275.pdf
40 CHAPTER 8. OER DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 9

OER Delivery, Storage, and


Organization 1

OER Delivery, Storage and Organization

9.1 Lesson Components


• Fast Fact
• Skill/Objective
• Success Indicators
• Introduction
• Activity
• Review questions
• Resources

9.2 Fast Fact


"As of January 2006, there were over 3,200 modules and over 150 courses in Connexions. Volunteers are trans-
lating modules and courses into a wide variety of dierent languages, including Spanish, Japanese,Italian,
Chinese, Portuguese, and Thai." - OECD
2

9.3 Skills/Objectives
Learners will be able to:

1. Course participants will use various tools as well as peer collaboration to build a Public Domain
Materials Portfolio of discipline-specic public domain materials suitable for use in their own teaching.
2. Determine cost-eective printing options for students.

9.4 Success Indicators


1. OER added to learner's own online collection or portfolio.
2. OER review posted by the learner.

1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m14472/1.3/>.


2 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/6/36781781.pdf

41
42 CHAPTER 9. OER DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND ORGANIZATION

9.5 Introduction
Several resources are available on the Internet that provide teachers with tools to organize, deliver, and share
OER for use in instruction. Some of these are: MERLOT, Connexions, and WikiEducator. Instructors can
deliver deliver OER to students in either digital or print formats. OLCOS, the UK's Open Learning Content
Observatory Services
3 project contains a 30 minute tutorial about how to publish and share OER4 .

9.5.1 OER Commons

OER Commons
5 allows members to share portfolios. Your personalized portfolio allows you quick access
to your previous use of the OER Commons. As you engage with OER content by submitting ratings and
reviews, your portfolio is created automatically. If desired, you can share your portfolio with others and
allow others to build on what you know. Also, you can view others' portfolios to see how people are nding,
using, and interacting with OER.

9.5.2 MERLOT

Read about MERLOT's Personal Collections


6 . Build and display your portfolio, as it evolves for the
duration of your students' course participation, using the From the Author Snapshots.
WikiEducator
WikiEducator provides an Content Development Project
7 as an opportunity for insturctors to contribute
and share their OER.
Connexions
Funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Connexions is part of a broader eort to use the
internet for innovative delivery of educational materials. At Connexions, instructors can set up a collection
of learning materials. A course/collection contains several Connexions modules that you group together in
a specic order. These modules will appear as chapters in a single document to Connexions visitors who
view your course/collection.
Rice University's Connexions
8 provides on-demand printing with QOOP Inc. that will allow students
and instructors to order high-quality, hardbound textbooks from Connexions via the internet for aordable
prices.
In the Connexions Community College Initiative, the top 10 community college courses, including English
composition, college algebra, introduction to psychology, general chemistry, are being developed. These
courses will be available for free in Connexions and in a low-cost printed form. Under this model, readers
can access all books online for free, and they will pay only if they want a printed book, which they'll order
online and for home delivery. Connexions also plans to develop a catalog of the 10 most-popular community
college textbooks, which also will be free for online viewing and cost less than $30 when purchased as
hardbound books. Connexions plans to oer more than 100 titles for online purchase by year's end.
Delivery of Course Materials
OER developers can distribute their learning materials via the internet using the tools and resources
provided for free to educators at WordCircle
9 , NiceNet10 , Digication11 , or Epsilen12 .

3 http://www.olcos.org/english/home/
4 http://wikieducator.org/Open_Educational_Content/olcos/SHARE
5 http://www.oercommons.org/
6 http://taste.merlot.org/personalcollections.html
7 http://www.wikieducator.org/How_to_contribute_and_use_content
8 http://cnx.org/
9 http://www.wordcircle.org/
10 http://www.nicenet.org/
11 http://www.digication.com/
12 http://www.epsilen.com/
43

Publishing Learning Materials


QOOP
13 's print-on-demand14 service will allow Connexions users to order customized course guides and
a variety of fully developed Connexions textbooks. Standard paperbacks will take just 3-5 days to produce
and ship, and traditional hardbacks will take about a week to produce. QOOP ships directly to customers.
Lulu lets you publish and sell and print on demand books, e-books, online music, images, custom calendars
safari Take a tour of Lulu
15 to nd out how to publish using their services. Lulu makes 20% of total cost of the
textbook you publish using their services. SafariU
16 allows faculty to create, publish and share customized
comuter science and information technology course materials. SafariU was developed by O'Reilly Media
in conjunction with substantial feedback from educators and trainers. SafariU allows members to select
chapters or sections from O'Reilly books and articles to include in custom print books and online learning
resources that students can access directly. Other print-on-demand services include Illumina
17 and exlibris18
Activity
Experience
OER Commons

1. If you haven't already done so, join OER Commons. Go to the OER Commons
19 website, then click
on Join Now.
2. Click on Start My OER Portfolio.
3. Visit Shared Portfolios
20 posted to the OER Commons website to see to see how others search, use,
and interact with OER.

MERLOT

1. View the Gallery of Sample MERLOT From the Author Snapshots


21 then nd out how to create your
own Author Snapshot
22 using the KEEP Toolkit23 .
2. Go to the MERLOT website.

• View a few Personal Collections posted by others.


• Create your own MERLOT Personal Collection
24

Connexions

1. Create a Course/Collection
25 at the Connexions website.

Reect
Post your response to the following to your course Discussion area:

1. What is the best way for you to disseminate OER to your students?
2. Do you want to share your OER for public use and repurposing? Why or why not?

Apply
1. Create a module
26 to share at Connexions.
2. Determine the cost to your students to purchase OER for your course using Lulu
27 .

13 http://www.qoop.com/
14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_on_demand
15 http://www.lulu.com/demos/get_started
16 https://www.safariu.com/index.do
17 http://www.illumina.com/
18 http://www2.xlibris.com/
19 http://www.oercommons.org/
20 http://www.oercommons.org/matters/share
21 http://www.cfkeep.org/html/gallery.php?id=96530011199908
22 http://taste.merlot.org/snapshots.html
23 http://www.cfkeep.org/static/index.html
24 http://taste.merlot.org/personalcollections.html
25 http://cnx.org/help/CreateCollection
26 http://cnx.org/help/ModuleInMinutes
27 http://www.lulu.com/
44 CHAPTER 9. OER DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND ORGANIZATION

9.5.3 Review Questions

1. What are some of the print-on-demand services for disseminating OER?


2. What tools and features are available to deliver OER?

9.5.4 Resources

• Case Study: Promoting Use of MERLOT Learning Objects by Sharing Authors' and Users' Pedagogical
Knowledge
28
• Open Educational Practices and Resources. OLCOS Roadmap 2012
29
• What Makes an Open Education Program Sustainable: The Case of Connexions
30

28 http://jolt.merlot.org/vol1_no1_iiyoshi.htm
29 http://www.olcos.org/english/roadmap/roadmap.html
30 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/3/6/36781781.pdf
INDEX 45

Index of Keywords and Terms


Keywords are listed by the section with that keyword (page numbers are in parentheses). Keywords
do not necessarily appear in the text of the page. They are merely associated with that section. Ex.
apples, Ÿ 1.1 (1) Terms are referenced by the page they appear on. Ex. apples, 1

D discipline, Ÿ 5(19) Ÿ 5(19), Ÿ 7(31), Ÿ 8(35), Ÿ 9(41)

F fair use, Ÿ 3(11) P primary sources, Ÿ 7(31)

O oer, Ÿ 1(1), Ÿ 2(7), Ÿ 4(15), Ÿ 5(19), Ÿ 7(31), R repositories, Ÿ 9(41)


Ÿ 9(41)
open courseware, Ÿ 2(7)
S sources, Ÿ 4(15)

open educational resources, Ÿ 1(1), Ÿ 4(15),


T textbook alternatives, Ÿ 6(27)
46 ATTRIBUTIONS

Attributions
Collection: Introduction to Open Educational Resources
Edited by: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/col10413/1.3/
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Introduction"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14466/1.10/
Pages: 1-5
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Open Courseware"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14467/1.3/
Pages: 7-9
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Fair Use, Copyright, and TEACH Act"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14465/1.3/
Pages: 11-14
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Identifying Sources"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14475/1.10/
Pages: 15-18
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Discipline-Specic Sources"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14473/1.17/
Pages: 19-25
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Public Domain Textbook Sources"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14471/1.10/
Pages: 27-30
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
ATTRIBUTIONS 47

Module: "OER Use of Primary Sources"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14474/1.4/
Pages: 31-33
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Development"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14469/1.15/
Pages: 35-39
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

Module: "OER Delivery, Storage, and Organization"


By: Judy Baker
URL: http://cnx.org/content/m14472/1.3/
Pages: 41-44
Copyright: Judy Baker
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Introduction to Open Educational Resources
A self-paced tutorial about open educational resources as alternatives to textbooks for college teachers.
Visitors are invited to actively participate by posting Activity Reection entries to the course Discussion
area. This tutorial has 9 Lessons organized into 3 Units: Background, OER Sources, and OER Use.

About Connexions
Since 1999, Connexions has been pioneering a global system where anyone can create course materials and
make them fully accessible and easily reusable free of charge. We are a Web-based authoring, teaching and
learning environment open to anyone interested in education, including students, teachers, professors and
lifelong learners. We connect ideas and facilitate educational communities.

Connexions's modular, interactive courses are in use worldwide by universities, community colleges, K-12
schools, distance learners, and lifelong learners. Connexions materials are in many languages, including
English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Vietnamese, French, Portuguese, and Thai. Connexions is part
of an exciting new information distribution system that allows for Print on Demand Books. Connexions
has partnered with innovative on-demand publisher QOOP to accelerate the delivery of printed course
materials and textbooks into classrooms worldwide at lower prices than traditional academic publishers.

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