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Chapter 1_Session 1

Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of algebra, including definitions and examples of real numbers, natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It also introduces polynomials, their terms, coefficients, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for further mathematical studies.

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3 views

Chapter 1_Session 1

Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of algebra, including definitions and examples of real numbers, natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It also introduces polynomials, their terms, coefficients, and operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for further mathematical studies.

Uploaded by

munasinghethakshila2004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Algebra
1.1 Real Numbers

We use real numbers every day to describe various quantities. Notation: ℝ


Examples: temperature, salary, annual percentage rate, shoe size, grade point average etc…

3, −17, √2, 0.666, 113, 3.9, 0.12875

Natural Numbers
The numbers that are used for counting. Notation: ℕ
ℕ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

Whole Numbers
Include all natural numbers and 0. Notation: 𝑾
𝑊 = {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }

Integers
A number with no decimal or fractional part, from the set of negative and positive numbers,
including zero. Notation: ℤ
ℤ = {… , −4, −3, −2, −1,0,1, 2, 3, 4, … }

Positive Integers ℤ+ = {1,2,3,4, . . }


Negative Integers ℤ− = {−1, −2, −3, −4, . . }

Rational Numbers
𝑎
A number that is expressed as the ratio of two integers (numbers of the form 𝑏), where the

denominator should not be equal to zero (𝑏 ≠ 0). Includes any whole number, fraction, or
decimal that ends or repeats. Notation: ℚ

Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and


Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
• Every integer is a rational number.
4 5
4 = 1, −5 = − 1

• A rational number is not necessarily an integer


1 1 9 3
= 0.5 , = 0.25, = 0.20454545 … , − = −0.42857142857 …
2 4 44 7

Irrational Numbers
A real number that is not rational. When it is represented as a decimal, it neither terminates nor
repeats.
√2 = 1.41421356 …
𝜋 = 3.141592 …

Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and


Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and
Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
Rules of operations of real numbers

Exercise: Page 6 Exercise 1.1

Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and


Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
1.2 Polynomials

Exponents
1 3
Expressions such as 32 , (−2)5 , (4) are exponential expressions.

Exercise: Page 8, example 1

Exercise: Page 8, example 2

Recall that a variable is a letter that is used to represent a real number.


For example, if the variable 𝑥 denotes the number of television sets sold daily in an
appliance store, then 𝑥 must be a nonnegative integer.
In contrast to a variable, a constant is a fixed number or letter whose value remains fixed
throughout a particular discussion.
1
For example, in the expression 2 𝑔𝑡 2 , the letter 𝑔 represents the constant of acceleration
due to the gravity, 𝑡 is a variable.

Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and


Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
• The expressions 𝑎𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 in the sum are called the terms of polynomial.
• The numbers 𝑎0, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … , 𝑎𝑛 are called the coefficients of 𝑥 0 , 𝑥, 𝑥 2 , … , 𝑥 𝑛 respectively.
• The coefficient 𝑎𝑛 of 𝑥 𝑛 (the highest power in 𝑥) is called the leading coefficient of the
polynomial.
• The nonnegative integer 𝑛 gives the degree of the polynomial.

Example: −3𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 6

A polynomial
• That has one constant term 𝑎0 is called a constant polynomial. (Example: -3)
• That has one term is called monomial. (Example: 4𝑥 3 )
• That has exactly two terms is called a binomial. (Example: 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)
• That has only three terms is called a trinomial. (Example: 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 5)

Adding, Subtracting and Multiplying polynomials.

Constant terms and terms having the same variable and exponent are called like or similar terms.
Like terms may be combined by adding or subtracting their numerical coefficients.

Example, 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = (2 + 5)𝑥 = 7𝑥
5𝑦 − 𝑦 = (5 − 1)𝑦 = 4𝑦
Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and
Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.
Exercise: Page 10, Example 3.

Multiplying Polynomials
To find the product of two polynomials, we use the distributive property for real numbers.

Example, 2𝑥(3𝑥 − 5) = (2𝑥)(3𝑥) + (2𝑥)(−5) = 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥

Exercise: Page 11, Example 4,5,6.

Exercise: Page 12, Example 7.

Exercise: Page 13, Exercise 1.2

Adapted from Applied Mathematics for the Managerial, Life, and


Social Sciences, Edition by Soo T. Tan published by Cengage.

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