Structural Design of

isolated footings
according to ACI-
318-2019 (Axial, &
Uniaxial Moment)

Prepared by: Amr Mohammed Abdelmoaez (Structural Design Engineer)

This document consists of 1 cover page & 142 printed pages.

Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Table of Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................................ 3
About the author ........................................................................................................................ 3
List of Abbreviations & Symbols .............................................................................................. 4
Glossary ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9
Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial, uniaxial & biaxial moment. ......... 11
Given Data from analysis results: ............................................................................................. 11
Materials Properties ............................................................................................................... 11
Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses) ............................................................... 12
Case 1 (Footing with Axial Load only) ............................................................................ 12
Case 2 (Footing with uniaxial moment)............................................................................ 14
Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness) ......................................................................... 19
One-Way Shear ................................................................................................................. 19
Two-way Shear (Punching Shear) .................................................................................... 24
Step 3 (Design for flexure) .................................................................................................... 30
Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength ....................................................................................... 42
Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars......................................................................................... 44
Step 6: Check for Development Length ................................................................................ 45
Hooked Bars...................................................................................................................... 46
Headed Bars ...................................................................................................................... 48
Deformed Bars .................................................................................................................. 50
Deformed Bars in compression ......................................................................................... 53
Step 7: Draw Footings Details ............................................................................................... 54
Solved Examples ................................................................................................................... 55
Example 1 (Axially Loaded Isolated Footing).................................................................. 55
Example 2 (Axially Loaded Isolated Footing with λs taken into consideration) .............. 74
Example 3 (Uniaxially Loaded Isolated Footing) ............................................................. 94
Example 4 (Uniaxially Loaded Isolated Footing with λs taken into consideration) ....... 116
Prominent figures in RC History ........................................................................................... 138
Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 139

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

List of Equations .................................................................................................................... 140

List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... 141
References .............................................................................................................................. 142

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Preface
This Lecture notes were prepared using latest design codes including but not limited to:
American Concrete Institute (ACI), Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI), Journal of
the American Concrete Institute, American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE), Concrete
Institute of Australia (CIA), Institution of Structural Engineers (ISE) different textbooks.
Before discussing the different chapters of these notes, I’ve placed a glossary, & abbreviations
which will be used for effortlessness & clarification for readers. At the end of these notes the
reader will find a brief history of some prominent figures who contributed to the reinforced
concrete industry. For any questions or recommendations feel free to contact me on:
[email protected]

About the author

Amr Mohammed Abdelmoaez, a structural design engineer & BIM engineer, graduated from
faculty of engineering Ain Shams University, 2014. The graduate has extensive experience in
ACI-318, Autodesk Revit Structure, ECP-203-2018, AS3600, AS4100, & AISC-360-2016
codes.

https://www.linkedin.com/in/amr-mohammed-07804752/

[email protected]

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

List of Abbreviations & Symbols

a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member (mm2).
As is the area of the tension reinforcement (mm2).
As’ is the area of the compression reinforcement (mm2).
b is the width of the section (mm).
i is the imaginary square root of -1. N.B i2 = -1
Vu is the factored one-way or two-way shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural
analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λ is a modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength. For normal weight concrete
λ is 1.
ρ is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).

Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
Ψg is a modification factor accounting for Reinforcement.
Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψs is a modification factor accounting for Bar Sizes.
Ψt is a modification factor accounting for Casting Position.
db is the bar diameter (mm).
cb is the smaller distance (mm)of:
✓ Distance from center of bar /wire to the nearest concrete surface.
✓ One-half the center to center spacing of bars/wires being developed.
n is the number of items such as bars, wires, anchors, etc.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

s is the center to center spacing of items such as reinforcement (mm).

Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index (mm).
Փ is a strength reduction factor from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)
Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
ldt is the development length of bars in tension.

ldc is the development length of bars in compression.

Vu is the factored one-way or two-way shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural
analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λs is size effect modification factor.

2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑

Equation 1: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).

Note that Asmin = 0.0018bh (mm2).

Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member (mm2).
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in center band of footing.
Ψg is a modification factor accounting for Reinforcement.
Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψs is a modification factor accounting for Bar Sizes.
Ψt is a modification factor accounting for Casting Position.
db is the bar diameter (mm).
cb is the smaller distance (mm)of:
✓ Distance from center of bar /wire to the nearest concrete surface.
✓ One-half the center to center spacing of bars/wires being developed.
Atr is the total cross-sectional area (mm2) of all transverse reinforcement within a spacing s (mm)
that crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed.
n is the number of items such as bars, wires, anchors, etc.
s is the center to center spacing of items such as reinforcement (mm).
Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index (mm).
Pu is the ultimate load of column from structural analysis.
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿∗𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 𝑜𝑟 + 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐿𝐵 2

αs a constant used to calculate Vc in slabs & footings, which is:

• 40 for interior columns
• 30 for edge columns
• 20 for corner columns
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
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vc is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by concrete in (MPa/Nmm-2)

vn is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by reinforcement in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vs is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress acting on footing or slab in (MPa/Nmm-2)
β is the ratio of long dimension to short dimension.
A1 is the loaded area for consideration of bearing (mm2)
A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone & having its upper
base equal to the loaded area (mm2).
Փ is a strength reduction factor from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
Bu is the factored bearing load (N),
Bn is the nominal bearing strength (N),
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)
Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
As is the area of the tension steel (mm2).
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
b is the width of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
bo is the perimeter of critical section for two-way/punching shear in slabs & footings (mm)
ldt is the development length of bars in tension.

ldc is the development length of bars in compression.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Glossary
Axial Load: A load due to compressive or tension load only without any moment.
Biaxial load: A load containing an axial load with a moment in both directions.
Concrete: A mixture of Portland cement or any other cementitious material, fine aggregates
(FA), coarse aggregates (CA), & water with/without admixtures.
Isolated Footing: A concrete block supporting a single column only with pure axial load,
uniaxial load or biaxial load.
Moment: A force multiplied by perpendicular distance.
Normal-weight concrete: A concrete having a density of at least 2160Kgm-3 & contains coarse
& fine aggregates satisfying ASTM C33. Usually normal-weight concrete density varies from
2160 to 2560 Kgm-3.
Portland Cement: The most common type of cement around the world as the main ingredient for
concrete, mortar, stucco & non-specialty grout. It was first developed by Joseph Aspdin1. The
name was derived from Portland Stone, founded in the isle of Portland in Dorset, England.
Rebars: Also known as reinforcing steel is a steel bar used for strengthening concrete or
masonry due to their low tensile strengths.
Reinforced Concrete2: Also known as ferroconcrete, is a composite material of concrete & steel
to accompany concrete’s low tensile strength.
Specified Compressive Strength of Concrete (fc’): Concrete’s compressive strength used in
design for a cylindrical sample of dimensions (150x300mm). To use cubic sample of dimensions
(150x150x150mm) multiply fc’ by 0.8.
Uniaxial load: A load containing an axial load with a moment in either direction.

1
Joseph Aspdin (1778-1855) was an English bricklayer, businessman, inventor & stonemason who patented
Portland cement on October 21st, 1824.
2
Ferro an alternate name for Ferrous, the scientific name for steel element symbolled Fe in the periodic table of
elements.
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Introduction
Footings are crucial structural members of any building. They act as intermediate between
columns and walls to transfer the loads to the soil safely. Footings can be classified into two
categories:
Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations are footings where excavation level is less than or equal to the footing
width.
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations are footings where excavation depth is greater than the footing depth. Table 1
below summarizes the differences between shallow & deep foundations.
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations

Footing Type Shallow Footings Deep Footings

Excavation Level Less than or equal to footing width Greater than the footing width
Examples Isolated footing, Strap Beams, Slab Piles, Raft on Pile
on Grade
Cost Cheaper More Expensive
Feasibility Easier to construct More Complex

Isolated footing subjected to moments (uniaxial or biaxial) can have two forms for moments.
Either permanent or temporary. Some engineers prefer to apply a counter effect moment equal in
magnitude & opposite in direction so that the isolated footing acts as an axial load footing only.
This can be achieved by moving the footing with an eccentricity that achieves an equal moment
with opposite direction. Other designers prefer to design the footing without making eccentricity
with the column. Note that making eccentricity with the column is only allowed for permanent
moments. In case of temporary moments such as wind & earthquakes, it is not allowed as wind,
and earthquakes will not be always available. See figure 1 below for clarification.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Figure 1: Moving the footing with an eccentricity opposite to the moment direction.

Table 2: Permanent & Temporary moments acting on footing.

Moment acting on footing Eccentricity Allowed

Permanent Yes
Temporary No
In this series we will discuss the structural design of an isolated footing subjected to axial load,
& uniaxial moment according to ACI-318-2019.

Figure 2: 3D view for a building with isolated footings.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial, uniaxial &

biaxial moment.
Given Data from analysis results:
Materials Properties
• fc’ (MPa) [Characteristic compressive strength of concrete using cylinder sample]
• fy (MPa) [Yielding strength of steel/reinforcement bars]
• Columns Dimensions (bxt mm)
• Factored Columns Straining Actions
o Axial Load Pu (ton)
o Major & Minor Moments Mxu & Myu (mt)
• Unfactored Columns Straining Actions
o Axial Load Pw (ton)
o Major & Minor Moments Mxw & Myw (mt)
• Bearing Capacity for soil (qall KNm-2) from soil report
The following table summarizes the given data from analysis results & soil reports.
Given Data
Column Data
Length (t) Width (b)
Dimensions (mm)
✓ ✓
Factored Load [Pu (KN)] ✓
Ultimate Moment [Mxu or Myu(KNm)] ✓
Service Load [Pw (KN)] ✓
Working Moment [Mxw or Myw (KNm)] ✓
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete
✓
for column fc’ (MPa/Nmm-2)
Yielding Strength of steel for column fy
✓
(MPa/Nmm-2)
Footing Data
Bearing Capacity of soil from soil report qall
✓
(KNm-2)

Characteristic compressive strength of concrete

✓
for footing fc’ (MPa/Nmm-2)

Yielding Strength of steel for footing fy

✓
(MPa/Nmm-2)

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses)

Case 1 (Footing with Axial Load only)
Find the required area A for footing using the following Equation:
Pw
A= = LB (m2 )
q all
Also:
L−B=t−b
Let (t-b) = c
∴L=B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵

∴ A = 𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝑐
∴ 𝐵 2 + 𝐵𝑐 − 𝐴 = 0
This is a quadratic equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Where:
a=1, b=c & c = -A

Figure 3: Plan View for an isolated footing.

Figure 4: Sectional View for an isolated footing.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

From mathematics, the general solution for this Equation is:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Where, in our case the discriminant 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is always positive i.e., the solution is always a real
number and have no complex roots.
After solving for B now we can find L using:
𝐴
𝐿= 𝑜𝑟 𝐿 = 𝐵 + 𝑐
𝐵
Finally, after finding the required dimensions for the footing, check the stresses on soil using the
following Equation:
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝑤 𝑥
0≤ ± ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
Equation 2: Normal stress Equation

In our case we have axial load only, so Equation 1 becomes:

𝑃𝑤
0≤ ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝐵

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Case 2 (Footing with uniaxial moment)

Unlike isolated footings subjected to axial loads only, uniaxial isolated footings are subjected to
axial loads accompanied by moment in either direction. Consequently, the normal stress equation
becomes:
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝑦
0≤ ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 𝐼𝑥
Satisfying the following two equations:
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝑤 𝑥
F1𝑤 = + 𝑜𝑟 ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝑦 𝑀𝑦𝑤 𝑥
F2𝑤 = − − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
Equation 3: Stresses equations for uniaxial isolated footing

Also:
𝐿
𝑦=
2
𝐵 ∗ 𝐿3
I𝑥 =
12
𝐿
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 2
∴ F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿3
12
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2

𝐿
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 2
∴ F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿3
12
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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To solve the above equation we have two unknowns, L & B. Like Axial load case,
Let (t-b) = c
∴L=B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐) 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 2 + 2𝐵𝑐 + 𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) − 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 0
(𝑃𝑤 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 )
∴ (𝐵3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑤 (𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤)
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵 (𝑐 2 − )− =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
Let (c2-Pw/qall) = q & (Pwc+6Mxw)/qall = r
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑞 − 𝑟 = 0
This is a cubic equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
Where a=1, b= 2c, c=q & D= -r
To solve this equation, follow these steps.
Let:
3𝑐 𝑏 2
𝑎 − 𝑎2
𝑓=
3
2𝑏 3 9𝑏𝑐 27𝑑
3 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎
𝑔= 𝑎
27
𝑔2 𝑓 3
ℎ= +
4 27

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Consequently, we have three cases:

If h>0, we have one real root & two complex & conjugate roots.
If h<=0, we have three real roots.
If f=g=h=0, we have one real & repeated root.
Case 1 (One real root & two complex & conjugate roots)
Let:
−𝑔
𝑅= + √ℎ
2
3
𝑆 = √𝑅
−𝑔
𝑇= − √ℎ
2
3
𝑈 = √𝑇
𝑏
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑆 + 𝑈 −
3𝑎
−𝑆 + 𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥2 = − + 𝑖
2 3𝑎 2
−𝑆 + 𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥3 = − −
2 3𝑎 2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Case 2 (Three Real Roots)

Let:

𝑔2
𝑖=√ −ℎ
4
3
𝑗 = √𝑖
−𝑔
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2𝑖
𝐿 = −𝑗
𝑘
𝑀 = cos ( ) 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
3
𝑘
𝑁 = sin ( ) √3 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
3
−𝑏
𝑃=
3𝑎
𝑘 𝑏
∴ 𝑥1 = 2𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) − 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
3 3𝑎
∴ 𝑥2 = 𝐿(𝑀 + 𝑁) + 𝑃
∴ 𝑥3 = 𝐿(𝑀 − 𝑁) + 𝑃

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Case 3 (One Real & Repeated Root)

3 𝑑
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 = 𝑥3 = − √
𝑎

Similarly, after solving for B find L using:

𝐿 =𝐵+𝑐
Where:
𝑐 = (𝑡 − 𝑏)
After finding the footing dimensions check the stresses & ensure that:

𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴0≤ ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
N.B a special case if the column is squared, t=b, ⸫ L=B so the equation becomes:

𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
± = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵2 𝐵3

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness)

The footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural design. Consequently,
we will find the required thickness for the footing to satisfy both one-way & two-way shear.
After that we will design the footing for flexure & ensure that the required reinforcement for the
footing is satisfied.
One-Way Shear
One-way shear is a phenomenon in which shear forces act predominantly in one direction of
structural elements such as beams, slabs, or footings. Structural design is crucial for ensuring
safety & stability of a structural member. One-way shear can be resisted by shear-stirrups/links
concrete thickness or a combination of both.
ACI-318-2019 states that one-way shear should satisfy the following Equation:

𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 + 0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑)
Equation 4: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019

The nominal one-way shear strength in any section is calculated by:

𝑉𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
Equation 5: Equation 22.5.1.1 of ACI-318-2019

To find Vc, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019, gives 3 values for Vc shown below:
Table 3: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019)

Vc for non-prestressed members

Criteria Vc
𝑁𝑢
[0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (a)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
Av≥Avmin Either of: 1 𝑁𝑢
[0.66𝜆𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
1 𝑁𝑢
Av>Avmin [0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (c)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤

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Normally in isolated footings concrete only resists shear stress due to one-way shear, therefore;
criteria (c) from table 2 may be chosen.
1 𝑁𝑢
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = [0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )(3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤

Article 13.2.6.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the size effect modification factor (λs) may be
neglected for isolated footings, combined footings, strip footings & mat foundations for both
one-way & two-way shear. Consequently, we will consider this clause and neglect the size effect
modification factor. In addition, since no reinforcement will be used for contribution of one-way
shear in isolated footings, the allowable strength for one-way shear becomes:
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 )
1
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(0.66(𝜌𝑤 )(3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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To find Vu simply, calculate the ultimate stress acting on footing Fact and substitute into the
maximum of:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝐿
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝐵
Where Fact is the ultimate stress acting on footing as aforementioned.
For Axial Load only:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
For Uniaxial Case:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 𝑜𝑟 +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐿𝐵 2

N.B, since the difference between the footing dimensions is same as the difference between the
column dimensions, the shear strip can be taken in either direction as shown in figure 5 below.

Figure 5: Effective One-Way Shear Perimeter

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Where:
Vu is the factored shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width or length considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λ is a modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength. For normal weight concrete
λ is 1.
λs is size effect modification factor.

2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑

Equation 6: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).

Note that in this step the flexural steel is not yet known, so As will be assumed the minimum
reinforcement which is: 0.0018bh (mm2).

Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member, here Lxb in our case (mm2).

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Փ strength reduction factor for shear which is 0.75 from Table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
z is the difference between footing length (L) and column thickness (t) or footing width(B) &
column width(b).
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.

For Axial Case:

𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)3
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
For Uniaxial Case:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 𝑜𝑟 +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐿𝐵 2
For Biaxial Case:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝐵 2

3
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 25 KNm-3 is the concrete density.
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Two-way Shear (Punching Shear)

Two-way shear or (punching shear) is a phenomenon, referring to the tendency of a structural
slab or footing to fail around columns or other load bearing elements subjected to axial loads.
Consequently, due to the applied vertical load, the slab or footing creates concentrated stresses
around the support, leading to a punching failure mechanism.
To overcome this issue, the designer could increase the thickness of slab or footing, use drop
panels for flat slabs, use sheal links/studs or a combination of both. Punching shear design is
crucial especially for edge or corner columns, so the column location is critical wither it is
interior, edge or center. ACI-318-2019 states that the nominal shear strength is:
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐
Equation 7: Equation 22.6.1.2 of ACI-318-2019

𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑠
Equation 8: Equation 22.6.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

Article 22.6.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the value for √fc’ should not exceed 8.3MPa, i.e., fc’
should not exceed 68MPa and the value for fy should not exceed 420 MPa according to table
20.2.2.4.

Concrete area resisting punching shear.

Figure 6: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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The effective punching shear force is calculated by:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑡 + 𝑑)]
Like one-way shear Fact has three vales according to the load case:
For Axial Load only:

𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
For Uniaxial Case:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 2
𝑜𝑟 +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿 𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐿𝐵 2

As aforementioned, the punching shear can be resisted by either concrete only or a combination
of concrete & steel. Tables 3 & 4 show how to calculate vc.
Table 4: vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-
2019)

Case vc
(a) 0.33𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
0.33
(b) Least of (a), (b) & (c) (0.17 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(c) (0.17 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Table 5: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019)

Type of Shear RFT vc

Case
Stirrups 0.17𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

(a) 0.25𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

2
(b) 0.17(1 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
Headed Shear Stud Least of (a), (b), (c) & 𝛽
Reinforcement (d) 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(c) 0.083(2 + )𝜆 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
(d) 0.17𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore if d ≤250mm λs is taken 1.

Article 22.6.6.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that λs may be taken 1.0 if one of the following two
cases is satisfied.
➢ Stirrups are designed & detailed, satisfying table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019
➢ Smoothed headed shear stud reinforcement with stud shaft length not exceeding 250mm,
satisfying Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019
➢ Both clauses should satisfy:
A𝑣 𝑏𝑜
≥ 0.17√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡

The maximum spacing for shear stirrups or shear studs are shown in tables 5 & 6 below:
Table 6: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019)

Maximum distance or
Direction of Measurement Description of measurement
spacing
Distance from column face to
d/2
Perpendicular to column face first support
Spacing between stirrups d/2
Spacing between vertical legs of
Parallel to column face 2d
stirrups

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In case of using shear stirrups or studs, the maximum vu is shown below:

Table 7: Shear Stud location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019)

Maximum
Direction of Description of
Condition Distance or
Measurement Measurement
spacing
Distance of
column face to
first peripheral All d/2
line of shear
studs
Perpendicular to Non-Prestressed
column face slabs with v𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ 3d/4
Constant spacing
between Non-Prestressed
peripheral lines slabs with v𝑢 > 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ d/2
of shear studs Prestressed slabs4 conforming to
3d/4
22.6.5.4
Spacing between
adjacent shear
Parallel to studs on
All 2d
column face peripheral line
nearest to
column face

Table 8: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of

ACI-318-2019)

Type of Shear Reinforcement Maximum at critical section defined in

Stirrups 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′

Headed Shear Stud reinforcement 0.66∅√𝑓𝑐 ′

In case of using shear, stirrups vs can be calculated using the following Equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
Equation 9: Equation 22.6.7.2 of ACI-318-2019

4
Not in our scope for this series
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
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Note that, the minimum depth should satisfy the following, according to Article 22.6.7.1 of ACI-
318-2019:
1. 150mm
2. 16db
Alternatively, if shear studs are used, vs can be calculated using the following Equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
Equation 10: Equation 22.6.8.2 of ACI-318-2019

And ensure that:

𝐴𝑣 𝑏𝑜
≥ 0.17√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Where:
Pu is the ultimate load of column from structural analysis.
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.

𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)5
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = (𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦)
𝐿𝑥𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 𝑜𝑟 (𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦)
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝐵 2
αs a constant used to calculate Vc in slabs & footings, which is:
• 40 for interior columns
• 30 for edge columns
• 20 for corner columns
bo is the perimeter of critical section for two-way/punching shear in slabs & footings (mm)
vc is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by concrete in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vn is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by reinforcement in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vs is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress acting on footing or slab in (MPa/Nmm-2)
λ is a modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength. For normal weight concrete
λ is 1.
λs is size effect modification factor.
β is the ratio of long dimension to short dimension.

2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑

Equation 11: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

Vu is the ultimate design shear.

5
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 25KNm-3 is the concrete density.
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 3 (Design for flexure)

After designing the footing depth to satisfy both one-way shear & two-way shear as
aforementioned, we design the footing depth for flexure & ensure that the depth is satisfactory.
The footing is a shell element, i.e., the load goes in both directions, horizontally & vertically.
Consequently, we have Mux & Muy. In similar way for designing beams, footings and slabs are
designed using first principles:

Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution.

From equilibrium:
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

∴ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
2 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛
Like flexural design of beams, we have 3 modes of failure, under-reinforced, balanced & over-
reinforced. Therefore, we design the section as under-reinforced section to ensure that the failure
is ductile. Ductile failure occurs when steel bars reach yielding before concrete. Consequently,
we design footings for ductile failure i.e. under reinforced section. Article 21.2.2.1 of ACI-318-
2019 states that εt should not be less than 0.005.
Note that:
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 & 0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
7

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The question arising is how to find Mu? Article 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that the critical
section for determining Mu is at the face of column. See table 8 below:
Table 9: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019)

Supported Member Location of critical section

Column or pedestal Face of column or pedestal
Column with steel or base plate Halfway between face of column and edge of steel
base plate
Concrete Wall Face of wall
Masonry Wall Halfway between center and face of masonry wall

Figure 8: Critical section for Mu

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As aforementioned:
For axially loaded footing:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
For uniaxially loaded footing:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ) 6𝑀𝑥𝑢 6𝑀𝑦𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = + 𝑜𝑟
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2 𝐿𝐵 2
Let (L-t)/2 = z1 & (B-t) = z2
𝑧1 2 𝐾𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ( )
2 𝑚
Similarly in the other direction
𝑧2 2 𝐾𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ( )
2 𝑚
Please note that, since (L-B) = (t-b), choosing either direction (Mux or Muy), will give the same
required reinforcement.
Table 10: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019)

fc’ (MPa) β1
17≤ fc’28 0.85
28< fc’<55 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
0.85 − 0.05
7
fc’≥55 0.65

Similarly, Փ is a strength reduction factor, mentioned in Chapter 21 of ACI-318-2019, to

account for probability of under strength materials due to variations of material strengths and
dimensions, account of inaccuracies in design equations and to reflect the available ductility.
From triangles similarity in figure 5:

𝜀𝑐 ∗ (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
εt should be greater than 0.005 according to Article 21.2.2.2 of ACI-318-2019, therefore; if εt is
less than 0.005, the section will be over-reinforced or balanced, i.e. the section will endeavor a
brittle failure. See table 9 below for strength reduction factor.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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 Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Table 11: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019)

Փ
Net tensile strain εt Classification Types of transverse reinforcement
Spirals Others
εt ≤ εty Compression Controlled 0.75 0.65
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
εty<εt< εty +0.003 Transition 0.75 + 0.15 0.65 + 0.25
0.003 0.003
εt> εty+0.003 Tension Controlled 0.90 0.90

Let’s consider the balanced section case:

As aforementioned, a balanced section is a failure mode in which concrete and reinforcement
reach yielding simultaneously. Therefore, to ensure ductility c must be less than cb.

Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 33 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

From triangles similarity:

𝑐𝑏 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 + 𝐸
𝑠

Knowing that Es = 20000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

0.003
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 200000

600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦

∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐 < 𝑐𝑏

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Now follow these steps to find the required reinforcement for a footing section with known Mu
and dimensions.
Knowing that:
𝑀𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
∅ 2 2
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎= ′ = ′ = 𝜌( )𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
Let:
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝑎 = 𝜌𝑚𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝜌
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑]
𝜙 2
Divide both sides by bd2 gives:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝜌 𝜌𝑚
= = 𝜌 𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑] = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑 2 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏𝑑 2 2 2
Let:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 = =
𝑏𝑑 2 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2
𝜌𝑚
∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
2
𝜌2 𝑚
∴ 𝜌𝑓𝑦 − 𝑓 − 𝑅𝑛 = 0
2 𝑦
2𝜌 2𝑅𝑛
∴ 𝜌2 − + =0
𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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This is a quadratic equation having the form of ax2+bx+c=0.

Where: a = 1, b = (-2/m) & c = 2Rn/fy, and the discriminant is √((-2/m)2-8Rn/fy)
The solution for the quadratic equation is:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝜌=
2𝑎
Note that ρ must be less than ρb to ensure ductile failure.

−𝑏 − √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∴𝜌=
2𝑎

1 2 4 8𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌 = [ −√ 2− ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦

1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ ( − )]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦

1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ √ − ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦

1 2 2 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ − ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦

1 2 2 𝑓𝑦 − 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦

1 2 2 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √1 − ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 √𝑚 𝑓𝑦

1 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= − √1 −
𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦

1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 36 of 142
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Substituting
𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑚= ′ & 𝑅𝑛 = 2
=
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.9 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.35𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Now let’s consider the lower and upper limits for flexural design of footings. According to
Article 8.6.1.1 of ACI-318-2019, the minimum area for flexural reinforcement is 0.0018bh
(mm2). Although Article R21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the minimum εt to ensure ductility
is 0.005. Substituting εt =0.005 into:

Figure 10: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution

From triangles similarity:

𝑐 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 +
𝐸𝑆

Substituting εc = 0.003 and fy/Es = 0.005 gives:

0.003
𝑐= 𝑑
0.003 + 0.005
3
∴𝑐= 𝑑
8
∴ 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.375𝑑
∴ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 0.375𝑑
3
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏𝑑
8
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 ′
∴ = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 𝛽
𝑏𝑑 8𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
3 ′
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 𝛽
8𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1

𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)
Page 38 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Similarly for balanced case:

Figure 11: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section

From triangles similarity:

𝑐𝑏 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 + 𝜀
𝑠

Knowing that Es = 200000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

0.003
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 200000

600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 ′ 𝛽 𝑏𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
′
𝐴𝑠𝑏 600 1
∴ = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1
𝑏𝑑 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 600
∴ 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 ∗ ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 39 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

In conclusion, when calculating flexural area reinforcement, calculate the required reinforcement
using:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

And ensure that:

𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

Where:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ

A flexural reinforcement with As<Asmin, or As > Asmax meaning that the footing will endeavor a
brittle failure since the reinforcement will reach yielding simultaneously with concrete or
concrete will reach yielding before steel. Consequently, increasing the depth will make the
failure ductile if As<Asmax.
N.B that Article 13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement should be distributed as
follows:
➢ Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width
of footing.
➢ Reinforcement in the short direction shall be distributed as follows:
✓ Portion of the toral reinforcement γsAs shall be distributed uniformly over a band
width equal to the length of the short side footing centered from column/pedestal
centerline.
✓ The remaining reinforcement required in the short reinforcement (1- γsAs), shall
be distributed uniformly outside the center band width of footing, where:
2
𝛾𝑠 =
(𝛽 + 1)
𝐿
𝛽= (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐵
➢ Alternatively, Commentary R13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement in
short direction may be spaced uniformly along the long direction and increased by:
2𝛽
(𝛽 + 1)

➢ Please Note, that Article 13.3.3.3 & Commentary 13.3.3.3 are recommended, but not
mandatory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Where:
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)
Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Փ is a strength reduction factor having a value of 0.90.
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
As is the area of the tension steel (mm2).
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
b is the width of the section (mm).
d is the effective depth of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm)
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in the center band of footing.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength

Bearing Strength is the ability of a material or structure to withstand compressive forces applied
perpendicular to its surface. Article 22.8.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the nominal bearing
strength of the structural element should be lower than the allowable nominal bearing strength.

𝜙𝐵𝑛 ≥ 𝐵𝑢

Equation 12: Equation 22.8.3.1 of ACI-318-2019

Table 12: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019)

Geometry of Bearing Area Bn

Supporting surface is wider 𝐴2
√ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
on all sides than the loaded Lesser of 𝐴1
area
2(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 )
′
Other Cases 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝐴1

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 42 of 142
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Where:
A1 is the loaded area for consideration of bearing (mm2)
A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone & having its upper
base equal to the loaded area (mm2).
Փ is a strength reduction factor defined in table 10 and is taken 0.65.
Bu is the factored bearing load (N),
Bn is the nominal bearing strength (N),
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars

The minimum spacing between bars is crucial for structural elements to ensure that no
honeycombing will occur while casting concrete, and that concrete flows seamlessly during
casting.
Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the clear spacing between reinforcement in a horizontal
reinforcement should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
In case of using two layers or more the spacing between them should be at least 25mm.
Similarly, for column, walls or pedestals the minimum distance between bars should be the
greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
• 1.5db
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 6: Check for Development Length

In reinforced concrete structures, flexural compressive forces are resisted by concrete, while
flexural tensile forces are resisted by reinforcement. To achieve this, there must be a bond or
force transfer between two materials i.e., concrete & reinforcement. Disappearance of this bond
will make the bar pull out of concrete, and the tensile force dropping to zero, as a result will
cause failure in the footing. The development length of bar depends on:
• Bar diameter Փ
• Yield strength of steel (fy)
• Compressive strength of concrete (fc’)
• Forces in bar (tension or compression)
• Spacing between bars
• Concrete Cover
• Confinement of concrete
Development length in tension can have the following forms:
➢ Hooked
➢ Headed
➢ Deformed
➢ Mechanically

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 45 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Hooked Bars
Article 4.11 of ACI-Detailing Manual [MNL-66(20)] states that hook bars may be used if
required by analysis. In case of using hooks see table 13 below:
Table 13: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019

Minimum inside
Type of standard hook Bar Size (mm) Straight extension (lext) mm
bend diameter(mm)
10-25 6db
o
90 hook 29-36 8db 12db
43-57 10db
10-25 6db
180o hook 29-36 8db Greater of 4db & 65mm
43-57 10db

Figure 12: 90o and 180o hooks

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 46 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

As aforementioned in figure 10 for hooked bars either in 90o or 180o, Article 25.4.3.1 of ACI-
318-2019 states that the development length ldh is the greater of the following:

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑟 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
➢
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 8db
➢ 150mm
Where:

λ is a modification factor accounting for Normal or Light Weight Concrete.

Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψr is a modification factor accounting for Confinement.
Ψo is a modification factor accounting for Location of Bars.
Ψc is a modification factor accounting for Concrete Strength.
db is the bar diameter.

Table 14: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019)

Modification Factor Condition Value

Lightweight 0.75
Light weight λ
Normal-Weight 1.00
Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated 1.20
Epoxy Ψe reinforcement
Uncoated or zinc coated
1.00
(galvanized) reinforcement
For db≤36mm with Att
1.00
Confinement Ψr ≥0.3Ahs or s ≥6db
Other 1.60
For db≤36mm & termination
inside column core with
1.00
Location of Bars Ψo cover ≥65mm or side cover to
bar≥6db
Other 1.25
fc’<42MPa fc’/105+0.6
Concrete Strength Ψc
fc’≥42MPa 1.00

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 47 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Headed Bars
Article 25.4.4 of ACI-318-2019 allows the use of headed bars if the following clauses are
satisfied:
❖ Bar sizes satisfies ASTM-A970M.
❖ Bar diameters do not exceed 36mm.
❖ Net bearing area of head Abrg shall be at least 4db.
❖ Concrete shall be normal weight.
❖ Clear cover of bar shall be at least 2db.
❖ Center to center spacing of bars shall be at least 3db.
Headed bars in tension allow the bars to be developed in tension with a shorter length compared
to standard hooks, otherwise; they perform in a similar manner. The development length (ldt) is
the largest of the following vales:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑝 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
❖
31 √𝑓𝑐 ′

❖ 8db
❖ 150mm
Where:
Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψp is a modification factor accounting for Parallel Tie Reinforcement.
Ψo is a modification factor accounting for Location of Bars.
Ψc is a modification factor accounting for Concrete Strength.
db is the bar diameter.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 48 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Table 15: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019)

Modification Factor Condition Value

Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated 1.20
Epoxy Ψe reinforcement
Uncoated or zinc coated
1.00
(galvanized) reinforcement
For db≤36mm with Att
Parallel Tie Reinforcement 1.00
≥0.3Ahs or s ≥6db
Ψp
Other 1.60
Termination inside column
core with cover ≥65mm or 1.00
Location of Bars Ψo
side cover to bar≥6db
Other 1.25
’ ’
fc <42MPa fc /105+0.6
Concrete Strength Ψc
fc’≥42MPa 1.00

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 49 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Deformed Bars
Article 25.4.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the Development Length ld of deformed bars can be
calculated by either:

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝑔
𝑙𝑑 =
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑡𝑟 )
𝑑𝑏
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝑘𝑡𝑟 =
𝑠𝑛
Equation 13: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019

Or use table 16 below:

Table 16: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019)

Spacing & Cover No. 19 & smaller bars No. 22 & Larger bars
Clear Spacing of bars ir wires
being developed or lap
spliced not less than the code
minimum. 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Or ( ) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
Clear spacing of bars or wires 2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
being developed or lap
spliced at least 2db and clear
cover at least db.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Other Cases ( ) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
1.4𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ 1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

N.B that Article R25.4.2.4 of ACI-318-2019 state that the term (cb+Ktr)/db should not exceed 2.5
to prevent pull-out of bars from concrete. Although, the term Ktr may be taken as 0.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Table 17: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019)

Modification Factor Condition Value of Factor

Lightweight Concrete 0.75
Lightweight λ
Normal weight Concrete 1.00
Grade 280 or 420 1.00
Reinforcement Grade Ψg Grade 550 1.15
Grade 690 1.30
Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated
reinforcement with clear 1.50
cover less than 3db or clear
spacing less than 6db
Epoxy Ψe Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated
1.20
reinforcement for all other
conditions
Uncoated or zinc coated
1.00
(galvanized) reinforcement
No.22 & Larger bars 1.00
Size Ψs No. 19 & smaller bars &
0.80
deformed wires
More than 300mm of fresh
concrete placed below 1.30
Casting position Ψt
horizontal reinforcement
Other 1.00

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Where:

λ is a modification factor accounting for Normal or Light Weight Concrete.

Ψg is a modification factor accounting for Reinforcement.
Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψs is a modification factor accounting for Bar Sizes.
Ψt is a modification factor accounting for Casting Position.
fc’ is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2).
db is the bar diameter (mm).
cb is the smaller distance (mm)of:
✓ Distance from center of bar /wire to the nearest concrete surface.
✓ One-half the center to center spacing of bars/wires being developed.
Atr is the total cross-sectional area (mm2) of all transverse reinforcement within a spacing s (mm)
that crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed.
n is the number of items such as bars, wires, anchors, etc.
s is the center to center spacing of items such as reinforcement (mm).
Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index (mm).

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Deformed Bars in compression

A question may arise why bars needed to be developed in compression, while the footing
reinforcement is developed in tension. The answer is simple. As aforementioned in Introduction,
a footing is an intermediate to transfer the loads safely from the super structure (columns or
walls) to the soil without failure. Since the column in axially loaded case carries axial load only
which is a compression force, its reinforcement needs to be developed to ensure that the loads
are transmitted to the footing. Like bars developed in tension, Article 25.4.9.1 of ACI-318-2019
states that the minimum ldc shall be the greatest of:
➢ 200mm

0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏

Table 18: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019)

Modification Factor Condition Value of Factor

Lightweight Concrete 0.75
Lightweight λ
Normal-weight Concrete 1.00
Reinforcement enclosed within a:
➢ Spiral
➢ Circular continuously
wound tie with db≥6mm &
pitch 100mm
0.75
Confining Reinforcement ➢ No.13 bar od MD130 wire
ties & spaced ≤100mm on
center.
➢ Hoops spaced≤100mm on
center.
Other 1.00

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 7: Draw Footings Details

Finally, after designing the footing and getting the required reinforcement, satisfying the spacing
limits & check development length. The footing reinforcement is drawn.

Figure 13: An example for a footing reinforcement detail in section.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Solved Examples
Example 1 (Axially Loaded Isolated Footing)
A column of concrete dimensions (300x900) having a reinforcement of 20Փ16 has an axial
design load of 2700 KN factored load & a 1800 KN unfactored load. The soil report states that
the bearing capacity is 300KNm-2, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete for both
column & footing is 28MPa & the yielding strength for steel is 420MPa. Design a footing to
support the following loads & draw details of reinforcements in section & plan, using the ACI-
318-2019 code & omit λs.
Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x900 with 20Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2700 KN
Pw = 1800 KN
qall = 300KNm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
A = Pw/qall = 1800*1.1/30 = 6.60m2 = LxB (1)
Also:
L-B = t-b (2)
∴ L-B = 900-300 = 600 = 0.60
Let (t-b) = c
⸫ 900-300 = 600 = 0.60
⸫ c = 0.60
From (2)
L=B+c
⸫ L = B + 0.60
⸫ 6.6=(B+0.60)*B
⸫ B2+0.60B-6.60=0

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Solving for B gives:

B = (1/2) *(-0.60±√0.602-4*(-6.60))
⸫ B = 2.28m or -2.89m
Omitting the negative solution & approximating to the nearest 5cm gives B = 2.30m
Similarly
L = B + 0.60
⸫ L = 2.30 + 0.60 = 2.90m
⸫ The footing area is (2.30*2.90)
Checking stresses gives:
1.1*1800/ (2.30*2.90) = 296.85 KNm-2 ≤300KNm-2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 2: Determine the required footing thickness.

As aforementioned, the footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural
design. Initially, let us assume an initial footing thickness of 300mm and a concrete cover of
75mm.
One-way shear contribution
Calculating Vu gives:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 𝐿𝑥𝐵𝑥𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
2700 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 2.90𝑥2.30𝑥0.3
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
2.90 ∗ 2.30
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 413.80𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
2.90 − 0.90
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 413.80𝑥2.90𝑥[( ) − 0.225]
2
𝑉𝑢 = 930.02 𝐾𝑁

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As aforementioned, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that Vc can be calculated by either a,

b or c, but since, one-way shear is usually resisted by concrete only, equation c of Table 22.5.5.1
of ACI-318-2019 will be only used.
Checking for VC using (c) & omitting λs gives:
2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 300 = 540𝑚𝑚2

1
( )
2 540 3
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ ( ) √28 ∗ 2900 ∗ 225 ∗ 10−3
3 1000 ∗ 225

∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 210.00𝐾𝑁

∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

930.01
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 4.43
210.00
To overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error table to determine d.

One-Way Shear Contribution

Dimensions (mm)
Trial Safety UR
Fact (KNm-2) ρw Vu (KN) ՓVc (KN)
B L t cover d
1 2300 2900 300.00 75.00 225.00 413.80 0.0018 930.01 210.00 Unsafe 4.43
2 2300 2900 350.00 75.00 275.00 415.30 0.0018 873.16 256.67 Unsafe 3.40
3 2300 2900 400.00 75.00 325.00 416.80 0.0018 815.88 303.33 Unsafe 2.69
4 2300 2900 450.00 75.00 375.00 418.30 0.0018 758.16 350.00 Unsafe 2.17
5 2300 2900 500.00 75.00 425.00 419.80 0.0018 700.01 396.67 Unsafe 1.76
6 2300 2900 550.00 75.00 475.00 421.30 0.0018 641.43 443.33 Unsafe 1.45
7 2300 2900 600.00 75.00 525.00 422.80 0.0018 582.40 490.00 Unsafe 1.19
8 2300 2900 650.00 75.00 575.00 424.30 0.0018 522.95 536.67 Safe 0.97

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Two-way shear contribution

As aforementioned, the two-way shear can be resisted by either concrete only or concrete &
reinforcement. In this example, we will use concrete only for resisting punching shear. Like one-
way shear, we will omit λs.

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑡 + 𝑑)]

∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 424.30 ∗ 2.90 ∗ 2.30 − 424.3[(0.3 + 0.575)(0.90 + 0.575)]
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 2282.46𝐾𝑁
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑) + (𝑡 + 𝑑)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.575) + (0.9 + 0.575)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 4700 𝑚𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 1746.20𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 4.7 ∗ 0.575
∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 3539.32 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Using equation (b) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
900
∴𝛽= = 3.0
300
0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
3
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = 1481.62𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐2 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 1481.62 ∗ 4.7 ∗ 0.575
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 3003.06 𝐾𝑁

Using equation (c) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Columns is interior:
∴ 𝛼 = 40
0.083 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.575
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
4.7
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = 3048.81 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐3 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 3048.81 ∗ 4.7 ∗ 0.575
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 6179.55𝐾𝑁
Of the three calculated values (Vc1, Vc2 & Vc3) Vc2 has the least value of 3003.06 KN.
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 3003.06 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)
2282.46
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 0.76
3003.06

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 3: Design for Flexure

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Considering the long direction:

Let (L-t)/2 = z1
2.90 − 0.90
∴ 𝑧1 =
2
∴ 𝑧1 = 1.00
𝑧1 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗
2
1.002
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 424.30 ∗
2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 212.15 𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Also:

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑

0.85 ∗ 28 2.61 ∗ 212.15 ∗ 106

∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
420 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5752

∴ 𝜌 = 0.0017208

Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0017208 ∗ 1000 ∗ 575

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 989.46 𝑚𝑚2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Minimum Reinforcement gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 650
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1170𝑚𝑚2
Using ϕ14 gives 1170/154 = 7.59, use 8 ϕ14/m = 1232mm2
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 1232𝑚𝑚2
Since the required reinforcement is less than Asmin, use Asmin, as the main reinforcement.
Checking ductility gives:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1232 ∗ 420
∴𝑎=
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝑎 = 21.74𝑚𝑚
Since
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
Also
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
28 − 28
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
21.74
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 25.58𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(575 − 24.30)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
24.30
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.068 ≥ 0.005

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Maximum Reinforcement gives:

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
28
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 ∗ 0.85
420
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625 ∗ 1000 ∗ 575

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10385.94 𝑚𝑚2

Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ14 and knowing that As for Փ14 is 154mm2 gives:
1170
= 8∅14/𝑚 = ∅14/125
154
Calculating the number of bars gives:
2.9 ∗ 8 = 23 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2.3 ∗ 8 = 18 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 4: Check Bearing Strength

As aforementioned, the bearing strength is the ability of material to withstand compressive forces
applied to its surface. Checking bearing strengths for column & footing gives:
Bearing strength of column

∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 4176.9 𝐾𝑁
∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4176.9
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700
Bearing strength of footing

As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:

𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1

2900 ∗ 2300
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3
900𝑥300

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 20760.37 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4177.00 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4177.00
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Step 5: Check Bar Spacing

The clear spacing according to Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that spacing between bars
should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
Assume dagg has a value of 21mm, gives:
4
∗ 21 = 28𝑚𝑚
3
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 28𝑚𝑚
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 650 = 1300𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 450𝑚𝑚

Comparing the chosen maximum spacing of 125mm, we notice that the maximum spacing requirement is
satisfied.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 6: Check for hooked development length.in tension

Since the footing in this example is axial, ldh & ldc will be only checked.
Development Hooked Bars for tension
As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 141.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 180.77 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
650 − 75 ∗ 2 = 500𝑚𝑚 > 200𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Hooked Bars for tension for column

As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 161.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 220.86 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 250𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 250𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Bars for compression

As aforementioned, columns bars need to be developed in compression, the development length
ldc for compression should be the greatest of:
➢ 200mm

0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏

0.24 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 16
1.0 ∗ √28

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 305𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 16

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 289𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 350𝑚𝑚

Checking the footing thickness for

650 − 75 ∗ 2 = 500𝑚𝑚 > 289𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 69 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 7: Draw Details of reinforcement

Figure 14: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 70 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 15: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 71 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 16: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 17: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Example 2 (Axially Loaded Isolated Footing with λs taken into consideration)

Repeat Example 1 without omitting λs.

Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x900 with 20Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2700 KN
Pw = 1800 KN
qall = 300KNm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
A = Pw/qall = 1800*1.1/30 = 6.60m2 = LxB (1)
Also:
L-B = t-b (2)
∴ L-B = 900-300 = 600 = 0.60
Let (t-b) = c
⸫ 900-300 = 600 = 0.60
⸫ c = 0.60
From (2)
L=B+c
⸫ L = B + 0.60
⸫ 6.6=(B+0.60)*B
⸫ B2+0.60B-6.60=0

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 74 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Solving for B gives:

B = (1/2) *(-0.60±√0.602-4*(-6.60))
⸫ B = 2.28m or -2.89m
Omitting the negative solution & approximating to the nearest 5cm gives B = 2.30m
Similarly
L = B + 0.60
⸫ L = 2.30 + 0.60 = 2.90m
⸫ The footing area is (2.30*2.90)
Checking stresses gives:
1.1*1800/ (2.30*2.90) = 296.85 KNm-2 ≤300KNm-2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 75 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 2: Determine the required footing thickness.

As aforementioned, the footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural
design. Initially, let us assume an initial footing thickness of 300mm and a concrete cover of
75mm.
One-way shear contribution
Calculating Vu gives:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 𝐿𝑥𝐵𝑥𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
2700 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 2.90𝑥2.30𝑥0.3
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
2.90 ∗ 2.30
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 413.80𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
2.90 − 0.90
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 413.80𝑥2.90𝑥[( ) − 0.225]
2
𝑉𝑢 = 930.02 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

As aforementioned, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that Vc can be calculated by either a,

b or c, but since, one-way shear is usually resisted by concrete only, equation c of Table 22.5.5.1
of ACI-318-2019 will be only used.
Checking for VC using (c) gives:
2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝜆𝑠 ∗ 𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3

2
𝜆𝑠 = √
1 + 0.004𝑑

2
∴ 𝜆𝑠 = √ = 1.03 ≥ 1, 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜆𝑠 = 1.00
1 + 0.004 ∗ 225

Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 300 = 540𝑚𝑚2

1
( )
2 540 3
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 1 ∗ ( ) √28 ∗ 2900 ∗ 225 ∗ 10−3
3 1000 ∗ 225

∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 210.00𝐾𝑁

∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

930.01
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 4.43
210.00

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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 Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

To overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error table to determine d.

One-Way Shear Contribution

Dimensions (mm)
Trial Safety UR
Fact (KNm-2) ρw Vu (KN) λs ՓVc (KN)
B L t cover d
1 2300.00 2900.00 300.00 75.00 225.00 413.80 0.0018 930.01 1.00 930.01 Unsafe 4.43
2 2300.00 2900.00 350.00 75.00 275.00 415.30 0.0018 873.16 0.98 873.16 Unsafe 3.49
3 2300.00 2900.00 400.00 75.00 325.00 416.80 0.0018 815.88 0.93 815.88 Unsafe 2.88
4 2300.00 2900.00 450.00 75.00 375.00 418.30 0.0018 758.16 0.89 758.16 Unsafe 2.42
5 2300.00 2900.00 500.00 75.00 425.00 419.80 0.0018 700.01 0.86 700.01 Unsafe 2.05
6 2300.00 2900.00 550.00 75.00 475.00 421.30 0.0018 641.43 0.83 641.43 Unsafe 1.74
7 2300.00 2900.00 600.00 75.00 525.00 422.80 0.0018 582.40 0.80 582.40 Unsafe 1.48
8 2300.00 2900.00 650.00 75.00 575.00 424.30 0.0018 522.95 0.78 522.95 Unsafe 1.25
9 2300.00 2900.00 700.00 75.00 625.00 425.80 0.0018 463.05 0.76 463.05 Unsafe 1.05
10 2300.00 2900.00 750.00 75.00 675.00 427.30 0.0018 402.73 0.74 402.73 Safe 0.87

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Two-way shear contribution

As aforementioned, the two-way shear can be resisted by either concrete only or concrete &
reinforcement. In this example, we will use concrete only for resisting punching shear.

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑡 + 𝑑)]

∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 427.30 ∗ 2.90 ∗ 2.30 − 427.30[(0.3 + 0.675)(0.90 + 0.675)]
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 2193.91𝐾𝑁
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑) + (𝑡 + 𝑑)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.675) + (0.9 + 0.675)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 5100 𝑚𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜆𝑠 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.74 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 1292.18𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1292.18 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1292.18 ∗ 5.1 ∗ 0.675
∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 3336.26 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Using equation (b) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜆𝑠 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
900
∴𝛽= = 3.0
300
0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 1 ∗ 0.74 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
3
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = 1096.40𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐2 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 1096.40 ∗ 5.1 ∗ 0.675
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 2830.77 𝐾𝑁

Using equation (c) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜆𝑠 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Columns is interior:
∴ 𝛼 = 40
0.083 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.675
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 1 ∗ 0.74 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
5.1
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = 2386.30 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐3 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 2386.30 ∗ 5.1 ∗ 0.675
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 6161.13𝐾𝑁
Of the three calculated values (Vc1, Vc2 & Vc3) Vc2 has the least value of 2830.77 KN.
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 2830.77 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)
2193.91
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑂𝑆) = = 0.78
2830.77

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 80 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 3: Design for Flexure

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Considering the long direction:

Let (L-t)/2 = z1
2.90 − 0.90
∴ 𝑧1 =
2
∴ 𝑧1 = 1.00
𝑧1 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗
2
1.002
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 427.30 ∗
2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 213.65 𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Also:

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑

0.85 ∗ 28 2.61 ∗ 212.15 ∗ 106

∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
420 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 6752

∴ 𝜌 = 0.00125227

Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 0.00125227 ∗ 1000 ∗ 575

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 845.28 𝑚𝑚2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Minimum Reinforcement gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 750
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1350𝑚𝑚2
Using ϕ14 gives 1350/154 = 7.59, use 9 ϕ14/m = 1386mm2
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 1386𝑚𝑚2
Since the required reinforcement is less than Asmin, use Asmin, as the main reinforcement.
Checking ductility gives:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1386 ∗ 420
∴𝑎=
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝑎 = 24.46𝑚𝑚
Since
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
Also
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
28 − 28
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
24.46
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 28.78𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(675 − 28.78)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
28.78
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.0674 ≥ 0.005

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Maximum Reinforcement gives:

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
28
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 ∗ 0.85
420
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625 ∗ 1000 ∗ 675

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 12192.19 𝑚𝑚2

Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ14 and knowing that As for Փ14 is 154mm2 gives:
1386
= 9∅14/𝑚 = ∅14/110
154
Calculating the number of bars gives:
1000
2.9 ∗ = 26 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
110
1000
2.3 ∗ = 21 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
110

Conclusion
Considering the shape factor has increased the footing depth by 100mm or 15.4%

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 4: Check Bearing Strength

As aforementioned, the bearing strength is the ability of material to withstand compressive forces
applied to its surface. Checking bearing strengths for column & footing gives:
Bearing strength of column

∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 4176.9 𝐾𝑁
∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4176.9
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700
Bearing strength of footing

As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:

𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1

2900 ∗ 2300
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3
900𝑥300

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 20760.37 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 4177.00 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4177.00
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 5: Check Bar Spacing

The clear spacing according to Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that spacing between bars
should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
Assume dagg has a value of 21mm, gives:
4
∗ 21 = 28𝑚𝑚
3
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 28𝑚𝑚
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 750 = 1500𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 450𝑚𝑚

Comparing the chosen maximum spacing of 110mm, we notice that the maximum spacing requirement is
satisfied.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 6: Check for development length.

Since the footing in this example isaxial, ldh & ldc will be only checked.
Development Hooked Bars for tension
As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 141.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 180.77 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑 ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 200 𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
750 − 75 ∗ 2 = 600𝑚𝑚 > 200𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Hooked Bars for tension for column

As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 161.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 220.86 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 250𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 250𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Bars for compression

As aforementioned, columns bars need to be developed in compression, the development length
ldc for compression should be the greatest of:
➢ 200mm

0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏

0.24 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 16
1.0 ∗ √28

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 305𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 16

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 289𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 350𝑚𝑚

Checking the footing thickness for

750 − 75 ∗ 2 = 600𝑚𝑚 > 350𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 89 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 7: Draw Details of reinforcement

Figure 18: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 90 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 19: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 91 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 20: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 21: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Example 3 (Uniaxially Loaded Isolated Footing)

A column of concrete dimensions (300x900) having a reinforcement of 20Փ16 has an axial
design load of 2700 KN & 1200KNm in horizontal direction factored loads & a 1800 KN,
900KNm in horizontal direction unfactored loads. The soil report states that the bearing capacity
is 300KNm-2, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete for both column & footing is
36MPa & the yielding strength for steel is 420MPa. Design a footing to support the following
loads & draw details of reinforcements in section & plan, using the ACI-318-2019 code & omit
λs.
Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x900 with 20Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2700 KN
Mux = 1200 KNm
Pw = 1800 KN
Mwx = 600 KNm
qall = 300KNm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
Satisfying the following two equations:
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 94 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

To solve the above equation we have two unknowns, L & B. Like Axial load case,
Let (t-b) = c
∴L=B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐) 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 2 + 2𝐵𝑐 + 𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) − 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 0
(𝑃𝑤 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 )
∴ (𝐵3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑤 (𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 )
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵 (𝑐 2 − )− =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
Let (c2-Pw/qall) = q & (Pwc+6Mxw)/qall = r
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑞 − 𝑟 = 0
This is a cubic equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
Where a=1, b= 2c, c=q & d= -r

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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∴𝑎=1
∴ 𝑐 = 900 − 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚 = 0.60𝑚
∴ 𝑏 = 2𝑐 = 1.20𝑚
1800
∴ 𝑞 = (0.602 − ) = −5.64 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
300
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑞 = −5.64 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
(1800 ∗ 0.60 + 6 ∗ 600)
∴𝑟= = 21.6 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
300
∴ 𝑑 = −𝑟 = −21.6 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
𝑥 3 + 1.2𝑥 2 − 5.64𝑥 − 21.6 = 0
To solve this equation, follow these steps.
Let:
3𝑐 𝑏 2
𝑎 − 𝑎2
𝑓=
3
2𝑏 3 9𝑏𝑐 27𝑑
3 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎
𝑔= 𝑎
27
𝑔2 𝑓 3
ℎ= +
4 27
3 ∗ −5.64 1.22
− 2
1 1 = −6.12
∴𝑓=
3
2 ∗ 1.23 9 ∗ 1.2 ∗ −5.64 27 ∗ −21.6
3 − +
∴𝑔= 1 12 1
= −19.216
27
(−19.216)2 (−6.12)3
∴ℎ= + = 83.824
4 27
ℎ > 0, ∴ 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 & 2 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 96 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Case 1 (One real root & two complex & conjugate roots)
−𝑔
∴𝑅= + √ℎ
2
−(−19.216)
∴𝑅= + √83.824 = 18.764
2
3
∴ 𝑆 = √𝑅
3
∴ 𝑆 = √18.764 = 2.657
−𝑔
∴𝑇= − √ℎ
2
−(−19.216)
∴𝑇= − √83.824 = 0.45
2
3
∴ 𝑈 = √𝑇
3
∴ 𝑈 = √0.45 = 0.766
𝑏
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑆 + 𝑈 −
3𝑎
1.2
∴ 𝑥1 = 2.657 + 0.766 − = 3.023
3∗1
𝑆+𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥2 = −( )− + 𝑖
2 3𝑎 2
2.657 + 0.766 1.2 (2.657 − 0.766)√3
∴ 𝑥2 = − ( )− + 𝑖 = −2.1115 + 1.6377𝑖
2 3∗1 2
𝑆+𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥3 = −( )− −
2 3𝑎 2
2.657 + 0.766 1.2 (2.657 − 0.766)√3
∴ 𝑥3 = − ( )− − 𝑖 = −2.1115 − 1.6377𝑖
2 3∗1 2
∴ 𝐵 = 3.023~3.05𝑚
∴ 𝐿 = 3.05 + 0.6 = 3.65𝑚

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking stress gives:

𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
1.1 ∗ 1800 6 ∗ 900
∴ F1𝑤 = + = 310.75 > 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
3.05 ∗ 3.65 3.05 ∗ 3.652
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
1.1 ∗ 1800 6 ∗ 900
∴ F2𝑤 = − = 44.96 < 0
3.05 ∗ 3.65 3.05 ∗ 3.652
The stresses are satisfied are unsatisfactory, to overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error
table for dimensions.
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴0≤ ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2

Trial Dimensions (mm) Soil Stresses

B L t d F1w F2w qall (KNm-2) Safety
(KNm-2) (KNm-2)
1.00 3050.00 3650.00 300.00 225.00 310.75 44.96 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
2.00 3100.00 3700.00 350.00 275.00 324.49 20.76 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
3.00 3150.00 3750.00 400.00 325.00 312.74 22.49 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
4.00 3200.00 3800.00 450.00 375.00 301.60 24.05 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
5.00 3250.00 3850.00 500.00 425.00 291.03 25.45 300.00 Safe Stresses

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 2: Determine the required footing thickness.

As aforementioned, the footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural
design. Initially, let us assume an initial footing thickness of 300mm and a concrete cover of
75mm.
One-way shear contribution
Calculating Vu gives:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 𝐿𝑥𝐵𝑥𝑡 6𝑀𝑥𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2
2700 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 3.25𝑥3.85𝑥0.5 6 ∗ 1200
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = +
3.25 ∗ 3.85 3.25 ∗ 3.852
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 380.25 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
3.85 − 0.90
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 374.25 ∗ 3.85𝑥[( ) − 0.225]
2
𝑉𝑢 = 1537.14 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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 Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

As aforementioned, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that Vc can be calculated by either a,

b or c, but since, one-way shear is usually resisted by concrete only, equation c of Table 22.5.5.1
of ACI-318-2019 will be only used.
Checking for VC using (c) & omitting λs gives:
2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:

2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ (0.0018)(3) √28 ∗ 3850 ∗ 425 ∗ 10−3
3

∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 526.61 𝐾𝑁

∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

1537.14
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 2.92
526.61
To overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error table to determine d.

One-Way Shear Contribution

Dimensions (mm)
Trial Safety UR
Fact (KNm-2) ρw Vu (KN) ՓVc (KN)
B L t cover d
1 3250.00 3850.00 500.00 75.00 425.00 380.25 0.0018 1537.14 526.61 Unsafe 2.92
2 3250.00 3850.00 550.00 75.00 475.00 381.75 0.0018 1469.72 588.56 Unsafe 2.50
3 3250.00 3850.00 600.00 75.00 525.00 383.25 0.0018 1401.72 650.52 Unsafe 2.15
4 3250.00 3850.00 650.00 75.00 575.00 384.75 0.0018 1333.14 712.47 Unsafe 1.87
5 3250.00 3850.00 700.00 75.00 625.00 386.25 0.0018 1263.99 774.43 Unsafe 1.63
6 3250.00 3850.00 750.00 75.00 675.00 387.75 0.0018 1194.26 836.38 Unsafe 1.43
7 3250.00 3850.00 800.00 75.00 725.00 389.25 0.0018 1123.95 898.34 Unsafe 1.25
8 3250.00 3850.00 850.00 75.00 775.00 390.75 0.0018 1053.06 960.29 Unsafe 1.10
9 3250.00 3850.00 900.00 75.00 825.00 392.25 0.0018 981.59 1022.24 Safe 0.96

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Two-way shear contribution

As aforementioned, the two-way shear can be resisted by either concrete only or concrete &
reinforcement. In this example, we will use concrete only for resisting punching shear. Like one-
way shear, we will omit λs.

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑡 + 𝑑)]

∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 392.25 ∗ 3.25 ∗ 3.85 − 392.25[(0.3 + 0.825)(0.90 + 0.825)]
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 4146.82 𝐾𝑁
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑) + (𝑡 + 𝑑)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.825) + (0.9 + 0.825)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 5700 𝑚𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 1746.20𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0825
∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 6158.61 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Using equation (b) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
900
∴𝛽= = 3.0
300
0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
3
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = 1481.62𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐2 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 1481.62 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0.825
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 5225.49 𝐾𝑁

Using equation (c) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Columns is interior:
∴ 𝛼 = 40
0.083 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.825
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
5.7
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = 3442.26 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐3 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 3048.81 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0.825
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 12140.43𝐾𝑁
Of the three calculated values (Vc1, Vc2 & Vc3) Vc2 has the least value of 3003.06 KN.
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 5225.49 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)
4146.82
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑂𝑆) = = 0.79
5225.49

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 102 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 3: Design for Flexure

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 103 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Considering the long direction:

Let (L-t)/2 = z1
3.85 − 0.90
∴ 𝑧1 =
2
∴ 𝑧1 = 1.475
𝑧1 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗
2
1.4752
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 392.25 ∗
2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 426.70 𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Also:

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑

0.85 ∗ 28 2.61 ∗ 426.70 ∗ 106

∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
420 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 8252

∴ 𝜌 = 0.001680674

Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 0.001680674 ∗ 1000 ∗ 825

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 1386.56 𝑚𝑚2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Minimum Reinforcement gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 900
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1620𝑚𝑚2
Using ϕ18 gives 1620/254 = 6.37, use 7 ϕ18/m = 1778mm2
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 1778𝑚𝑚2
Since the required reinforcement is less than Asmin, use Asmin, as the main reinforcement.
Checking ductility gives:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1778 ∗ 420
∴𝑎=
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝑎 = 31.38𝑚𝑚
Since
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
Also
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
28 − 28
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
31.38
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 36.92𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(825 − 36.92)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
36.92
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.06403 ≥ 0.005

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Checking Maximum Reinforcement gives:

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
28
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 ∗ 0.85
420
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625 ∗ 1000 ∗ 825

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14901.56 𝑚𝑚2

Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ18 and knowing that As for Փ18 is 254mm2 gives:
1778
= 7∅18/𝑚 = ∅18/150
254
Calculating the number of bars gives:
1000
3.85 ∗ = 26 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
150
1000
3.25 ∗ = 22 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
150

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 4: Check Bearing Strength

As aforementioned, the bearing strength is the ability of material to withstand compressive forces
applied to its surface. Checking bearing strengths for column & footing gives:
Bearing strength of column

∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 4176.9 𝐾𝑁
∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4176.9
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700
Bearing strength of footing

As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:

𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1

3250 ∗ 2850
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3
900𝑥300

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 24464.50 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 8535.80 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
8535.80
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 3.09 ≥ 1
2700

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 5: Check Bar Spacing

The clear spacing according to Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that spacing between bars
should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
Assume dagg has a value of 21mm, gives:
4
∗ 21 = 28𝑚𝑚
3
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 28𝑚𝑚
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 650 = 1300𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 450𝑚𝑚

Comparing the chosen maximum spacing of 125mm, we notice that the maximum spacing requirement is
satisfied.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 6: Check for development length.

Since the footing in this example is uniaxial, ldh & ldt will be only checked.
Development Hooked Bars for tension for footing
As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 181.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 263.54 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 300𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Development Hooked Bars for tension for column

As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 161.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 220.86 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 250𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 250𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Bars for Tension

As aforementioned, columns bars need to be developed in tension as they carry moment, the
development length ldt for tension should be the greatest of:
➢ 300mm

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ≤ 18𝑚𝑚
2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 > 20𝑚𝑚
1.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑡 = ( ) ∗ 16
2.1 ∗ √28

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑡 = 604.74𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 650𝑚𝑚

Checking the footing thickness for

900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 650𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 7: Draw Details of reinforcement

Figure 22: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 23: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Figure 24: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Figure 25: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Example 4 (Uniaxially Loaded Isolated Footing with λs taken into consideration)

Repeat Example 3 without omitting λs.
Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x900 with 20Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2700 KN
Mux = 1200 KNm
Pw = 1800 KN
Mwx = 600 KNm
qall = 300KNm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
Satisfying the following two equations:
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
To solve the above equation we have two unknowns, L & B. Like Axial load case,
Let (t-b) = c
∴L=B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 116 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ F1𝑤 = + = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐) 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴ = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 + 𝑐)2
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐵(𝐵 2 + 2𝐵𝑐 + 𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 )
∴ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 (𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − 𝑃𝑤 (𝐵 + 𝑐) − 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 = 0
(𝑃𝑤 𝐵 + 𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 )
∴ (𝐵3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑐 2 ) − =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑤 (𝑃𝑤 𝑐 + 6𝑀𝑥𝑤 )
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵 (𝑐 2 − )− =0
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
Let (c2-Pw/qall) = q & (Pwc+6Mxw)/qall = r
∴ 𝐵 3 + 2𝐵 2 𝑐 + 𝐵𝑞 − 𝑟 = 0
This is a cubic equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
Where a=1, b= 2c, c=q & d= -r
∴𝑎=1
∴ 𝑐 = 900 − 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚 = 0.60𝑚
∴ 𝑏 = 2𝑐 = 1.20𝑚
1800
∴ 𝑞 = (0.602 − ) = −5.64 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
300
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑞 = −5.64 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
(1800 ∗ 0.60 + 6 ∗ 600)
∴𝑟= = 21.6 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
300
∴ 𝑑 = −𝑟 = −21.6 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
𝑥 3 + 1.2𝑥 2 − 5.64𝑥 − 21.6 = 0

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 117 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

To solve this equation, follow these steps.

Let:
3𝑐 𝑏 2
𝑎 − 𝑎2
𝑓=
3
2𝑏 3 9𝑏𝑐 27𝑑
3 − 𝑎2 + 𝑎
𝑔= 𝑎
27
𝑔2 𝑓 3
ℎ= +
4 27
3 ∗ −5.64 1.22
− 2
1 1 = −6.12
∴𝑓=
3
2 ∗ 1.23 9 ∗ 1.2 ∗ −5.64 27 ∗ −21.6
3 − +
∴𝑔= 1 12 1
= −19.216
27
(−19.216)2 (−6.12)3
∴ℎ= + = 83.824
4 27
ℎ > 0, ∴ 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 1 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 & 2 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
Case 1 (One real root & two complex & conjugate roots)
−𝑔
∴𝑅= + √ℎ
2
−(−19.216)
∴𝑅= + √83.824 = 18.764
2
3
∴ 𝑆 = √𝑅
3
∴ 𝑆 = √18.764 = 2.657
−𝑔
∴𝑇= − √ℎ
2
−(−19.216)
∴𝑇= − √83.824 = 0.45
2
3
∴ 𝑈 = √𝑇
3
∴ 𝑈 = √0.45 = 0.766
𝑏
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑆 + 𝑈 −
3𝑎

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 118 of 142
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1.2
∴ 𝑥1 = 2.657 + 0.766 − = 3.023
3∗1
𝑆+𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥2 = −( )− + 𝑖
2 3𝑎 2
2.657 + 0.766 1.2 (2.657 − 0.766)√3
∴ 𝑥2 = − ( )− + 𝑖 = −2.1115 + 1.6377𝑖
2 3∗1 2
𝑆+𝑈 𝑏 (𝑆 − 𝑈)√3
∴ 𝑥3 = −( )− −
2 3𝑎 2
2.657 + 0.766 1.2 (2.657 − 0.766)√3
∴ 𝑥3 = − ( )− − 𝑖 = −2.1115 − 1.6377𝑖
2 3∗1 2
∴ 𝐵 = 3.023~3.05𝑚
𝐿 = 3.05 + 0.6 = 3.65𝑚
Checking stress gives:
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
F1𝑤 = + ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
1.1 ∗ 1800 6 ∗ 900
∴ F1𝑤 = + = 310.75 > 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
3.05 ∗ 3.65 3.05 ∗ 3.652
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
F2𝑤 = − ≥0
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
1.1 ∗ 1800 6 ∗ 900
∴ F2𝑤 = − = 44.96 < 0
3.05 ∗ 3.65 3.05 ∗ 3.652
The stresses are satisfied are unsatisfactory, to overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error
table for dimensions.
𝑃𝑤 6𝑀𝑥𝑤
∴0≤ ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵𝐿 𝐵𝐿2
Trial Dimensions (mm) Soil Stresses
B L t d F1w F2w qall (KNm-2) Safety
(KNm-2) (KNm-2)
1.00 3050.00 3650.00 300.00 225.00 310.75 44.96 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
2.00 3100.00 3700.00 350.00 275.00 324.49 20.76 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
3.00 3150.00 3750.00 400.00 325.00 312.74 22.49 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
4.00 3200.00 3800.00 450.00 375.00 301.60 24.05 300.00 Unsafe Stresses
5.00 3250.00 3850.00 500.00 425.00 291.03 25.45 300.00 Safe Stresses

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 119 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 2: Determine the required footing thickness.

As aforementioned, the footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural
design. Initially, let us assume an initial footing thickness of 300mm and a concrete cover of
75mm.
One-way shear contribution
Calculating Vu gives:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 (𝑧 − 𝑑) ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐵
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 𝐿𝑥𝐵𝑥𝑡 6𝑀𝑥𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = +
𝐿𝑥𝐵 𝐵𝐿2
2700 + 1.2 ∗ 25 ∗ 3.25𝑥3.85𝑥0.5 6 ∗ 1200
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = +
3.25 ∗ 3.85 3.25 ∗ 3.852
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 380.25 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
3.85 − 0.90
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 374.25 ∗ 3.85𝑥[( ) − 0.225]
2
𝑉𝑢 = 1537.14 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 120 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

As aforementioned, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that Vc can be calculated by either a,

b or c, but since, one-way shear is usually resisted by concrete only, equation c of Table 22.5.5.1
of ACI-318-2019 will be only used.
Checking for VC using (c) gives:
2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝜆𝑠 ∗ 𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3

2
𝜆𝑠 = √
1 + 0.004𝑑

2
∴ 𝜆𝑠 = √ = 0.86 < 1
1 + 0.004 ∗ 425

Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 300 = 540𝑚𝑚2

1
( )
2 540 3
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 1 ∗ ( ) √28 ∗ 2900 ∗ 225 ∗ 10−3
3 1000 ∗ 225

∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 210.00𝐾𝑁

∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

930.01
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 4.43
210.00
Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:

2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ (0.0018)(3) √28 ∗ 3850 ∗ 425 ∗ 10−3
3

∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 526.61 𝐾𝑁

∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

1537.14
∴ 𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 (𝑈𝑅) = = 2.92
526.61

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 121 of 142
 Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

To overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error table to determine d.

One-Way Shear Contribution

Dimensions (mm)
Trial Safety UR
Fact (KNm-2) ρw Vu (KN) ՓVc (KN)
B L t cover d
1 3250.00 3850.00 500.00 75.00 425.00 380.25 0.0018 1537.14 453.23 Unsafe 3.39
2 3250.00 3850.00 550.00 75.00 475.00 381.75 0.0018 1469.72 488.78 Unsafe 3.01
3 3250.00 3850.00 600.00 75.00 525.00 383.25 0.0018 1401.72 522.51 Unsafe 2.68
4 3250.00 3850.00 650.00 75.00 575.00 384.75 0.0018 1333.14 554.66 Unsafe 2.40
5 3250.00 3850.00 700.00 75.00 625.00 386.25 0.0018 1263.99 585.41 Unsafe 2.16
6 3250.00 3850.00 750.00 75.00 675.00 387.75 0.0018 1194.26 614.92 Unsafe 1.94
7 3250.00 3850.00 800.00 75.00 725.00 389.25 0.0018 1123.95 643.31 Unsafe 1.75
8 3250.00 3850.00 850.00 75.00 775.00 390.75 0.0018 1053.06 670.70 Unsafe 1.57
9 3250.00 3850.00 900.00 75.00 825.00 392.25 0.0018 981.59 697.16 Unsafe 1.41
10 3250.00 3850.00 950.00 75.00 875.00 393.75 0.0018 909.55 722.80 Unsafe 1.26
11 3250.00 3850.00 1000.00 75.00 925.00 395.25 0.0018 836.93 747.67 Unsafe 1.12
12 3250.00 3850.00 1050.00 75.00 975.00 396.75 0.0018 763.73 771.83 Safe 0.99

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 122 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Two-way shear contribution

As aforementioned, the two-way shear can be resisted by either concrete only or concrete &
reinforcement. In this example, we will use concrete only for resisting punching shear. Like one-
way shear, we will omit λs.

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑)(𝑡 + 𝑑)]

∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 392.25 ∗ 3.25 ∗ 3.85 − 396.75[(0.3 + 0.975)(0.90 + 0.975)]
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 4146.82 𝐾𝑁
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑) + (𝑡 + 𝑑)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.825) + (0.9 + 0.825)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 5700 𝑚𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 1746.20𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0825
∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 6158.61 𝐾𝑁

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 123 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Using equation (b) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
900
∴𝛽= = 3.0
300
0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
3
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = 1481.62𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐2 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 1481.62 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0.825
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 5225.49 𝐾𝑁

Using equation (c) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Columns is interior:
∴ 𝛼 = 40
0.083 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.825
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
5.7
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = 3442.26 𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐3 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 3048.81 ∗ 5.7 ∗ 0.825
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 12140.43𝐾𝑁
Of the three calculated values (Vc1, Vc2 & Vc3) Vc2 has the least value of 3003.06 KN.
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 5225.49 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)
4146.82
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑂𝑆) = = 0.79
5225.49

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 124 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 3: Design for Flexure

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 125 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Considering the long direction:

Let (L-t)/2 = z1
3.85 − 0.90
∴ 𝑧1 =
2
∴ 𝑧1 = 1.475
𝑧1 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗
2
1.4752
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 392.25 ∗
2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 426.70 𝐾𝑁𝑚/𝑚
Also:

0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑

0.85 ∗ 28 2.61 ∗ 426.70 ∗ 106

∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
420 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 8252

∴ 𝜌 = 0.001680674

Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 0.001680674 ∗ 1000 ∗ 825

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 1386.56 𝑚𝑚2

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 126 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Checking Minimum Reinforcement gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 900
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1620𝑚𝑚2
Using ϕ18 gives 1620/254 = 6.37, use 7 ϕ18/m = 1778mm2
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 1778𝑚𝑚2
Since the required reinforcement is less than Asmin, use Asmin, as the main reinforcement.
Checking ductility gives:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1778 ∗ 420
∴𝑎=
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝑎 = 31.38𝑚𝑚
Since
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
Also
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
28 − 28
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
31.38
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 36.92𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(825 − 36.92)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
36.92
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.06403 ≥ 0.005

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 127 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Checking Maximum Reinforcement gives:

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
28
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 ∗ 0.85
420
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625 ∗ 1000 ∗ 825

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14901.56 𝑚𝑚2

Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ18 and knowing that As for Փ18 is 254mm2 gives:
1778
= 7∅18/𝑚 = ∅18/150
254
Calculating the number of bars gives:
1000
3.85 ∗ = 26 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
150
1000
3.25 ∗ = 22 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
150

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 128 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 4: Check Bearing Strength

As aforementioned, the bearing strength is the ability of material to withstand compressive forces
applied to its surface. Checking bearing strengths for column & footing gives:
Bearing strength of column

∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 4176.9 𝐾𝑁
∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
4176.9
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.55 ≥ 1
2700
Bearing strength of footing

As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:

𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1

3250 ∗ 2850
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3
900𝑥300

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 24464.50 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 28 ∗ 900 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−3

∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 8535.80 𝐾𝑁

∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
8535.80
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 3.09 ≥ 1
2700

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 129 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 5: Check Bar Spacing

The clear spacing according to Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that spacing between bars
should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
Assume dagg has a value of 21mm, gives:
4
∗ 21 = 28𝑚𝑚
3
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 28𝑚𝑚
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
2ℎ = 2 ∗ 650 = 1300𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 450𝑚𝑚

Comparing the chosen maximum spacing of 125mm, we notice that the maximum spacing requirement is
satisfied.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 130 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Step 6: Check for development length.

Since the footing in this example is uniaxial, ldh & ldt will be only checked.
Development Hooked Bars for tension for footing
As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 181.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 263.54 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 300𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 300𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

Page 131 of 142
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Development Hooked Bars for tension for column

As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑜 𝜓𝑐
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 1.5
23𝜆√𝑓𝑐

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = ( ) ∗ 161.5
23 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 220.86 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 250𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 250𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Development Bars for Tension

As aforementioned, columns bars need to be developed in tension as they carry moment, the
development length ldt for tension should be the greatest of:
➢ 300mm

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ≤ 18𝑚𝑚
2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 > 20𝑚𝑚
1.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑡 = ( ) ∗ 16
2.1 ∗ √28

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑡 = 604.74𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 650𝑚𝑚

Checking the footing thickness for

900 − 75 ∗ 2 = 750𝑚𝑚 > 650𝑚𝑚
⸫ Footing thickness is satisfactory.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Step 7: Draw Details of reinforcement

Figure 26: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Figure 27: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Figure 28: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Figure 29: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Prominent figures in RC History

Figure 30: : From top left: Charles S. Whitney, Joseph Aspdin, William Josep Aspdin,, François Coigent,, La Maison de
François Coigent

Charles S. Whitney (1892-1959) was a prominent civil engineer who along with Othmar Amman
(1879-1965) founded Amman & Whitney engineering firm, which made innovative buildings in
the USA & abroad.
Joseph Aspdin (1778-1855) was an English, businessman, inventor & stonemason who obtained
the patent for Portland Cement on October 21st, 1824.
William Joseph Aspdin (1815-1864) was an English cement manufacturer & considered the
inventor of modern Portland cement.
François Coigent (1814-1888) was a French entrepreneur & civil engineer and was renowned for
building the first reinforced concrete (La Maison de François Coigent) between (1853-1855).
La Maison de François Coigent is the 1st reinforced concrete building in history.

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Moving the footing with an eccentricity opposite to the moment direction. ................ 10
Figure 2: 3D view for a building with isolated footings. .............................................................. 10
Figure 3: Plan View for an isolated footing. ................................................................................. 12
Figure 4: Sectional View for an isolated footing. ......................................................................... 12
Figure 5: Effective One-Way Shear Perimeter ............................................................................. 21
Figure 6: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear. ........................................................ 24
Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution. ........................................... 30
Figure 8: Critical section for Mu ................................................................................................... 31
Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ........... 33
Figure 10: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution .......................................... 38
Figure 11: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ......... 39
Figure 12: 90o and 180o hooks ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 13: An example for a footing reinforcement detail in section. .......................................... 54
Figure 14: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan .............................................................. 70
Figure 15: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section..................................................................... 71
Figure 16: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan ...................................................................... 72
Figure 17: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section .................................................................. 73
Figure 18: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan .............................................................. 90
Figure 19: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section..................................................................... 91
Figure 20: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan ...................................................................... 92
Figure 21: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section .................................................................. 93
Figure 22: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan ............................................................ 112
Figure 23: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section................................................................... 113
Figure 24: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan .................................................................... 114
Figure 25: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section ................................................................ 115
Figure 26: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan ............................................................ 134
Figure 27: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section................................................................... 135
Figure 28: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan .................................................................... 136
Figure 29: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section ................................................................ 137
Figure 30: : From top left: Charles S. Whitney, Joseph Aspdin, William Josep Aspdin,, François
Coigent,, La Maison de François Coigent .................................................................................. 138

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List of Equations
Equation 1: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ......................................................................... 5
Equation 2: Normal stress Equation ............................................................................................. 13
Equation 3: Stresses equations for uniaxial isolated footing ........................................................ 14
Equation 4: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................... 19
Equation 5: Equation 22.5.1.1 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................... 19
Equation 6: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ....................................................................... 22
Equation 7: Equation 22.6.1.2 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................... 24
Equation 8: Equation 22.6.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................... 24
Equation 9: Equation 22.6.7.2 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................... 27
Equation 10: Equation 22.6.8.2 of ACI-318-2019 ........................................................................ 28
Equation 11: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ..................................................................... 29
Equation 12: Equation 22.8.3.1 of ACI-318-2019 ........................................................................ 42
Equation 13: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019 ............................................................. 50

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

List of Tables
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations .................................................... 9
Table 2: Permanent & Temporary moments acting on footing. ............................................ 10
Table 3: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019)........................ 19
Table 4: vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-
2019) ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Table 5: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019) ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Table 6: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019) ................ 26
Table 7: Shear Stud location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............... 27
Table 8: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ............................................................................................................................. 27
Table 9: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019) ..................... 31
Table 10: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019) ........................................................................................................ 32
Table 11: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019) ................................................................................ 33
Table 12: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............................... 42
Table 13: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019 ............................................................................................................... 46
Table 14: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 47
Table 15: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ............................................................................................................................. 49
Table 16: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019) ............................................................................................................................. 50
Table 17: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019) ............................................................................................................................. 51
Table 18: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019) ...................................................................................................................................... 53

Amr Mohammed (M.ACI, Aff.M. ASCE, M.IEA, M.CIA, GISE)

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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series1A) ACI-318-2019

References
ACI Committee. (2019). (ACI-318M-19) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(SI Units). ACI.
ACI Detailing Manual (MNL-66 (20)). (2020). ACI.
ACI-ASCE Committee. (2008). Guide to Shear reinforcement for slabs. ACI.
Amir Fathi, Pooya Mobadersany, Rahim Fathi. (June, 2012). A simple method to solve quartic
equations. Iran: AJPAS (Australian Journal for Basic & Applied Sciences).
Andrew Taylor, Trey Hamilton III, Antonio Nanni. (2018). ACI SP-17M(14) The Reinforced
Concrete Design Handbook. MICHIGAIN: ACI.
Braja Das. (2008). Prinicples of Foundation Engineering. Cengage Learning.
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute). (December, 2020). Design Guide on the ACI-318
building code requirements for structural cocnrete. CRSI (Concrete Reinfocing Steel
Institute).
David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan, Arthur H. Nilson. (2019). Design of Concrete Structures.
McGraw Hill.
Donald P Coduto, William A.Kitch. (2022). Foundation Design Principles & practices. Pearson.
Jame K.Wright, James G. MacGregor. (2011). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics & Design.
Pearson.
N. S. V. Kameswara Rao. (2010). Foundation Design theory & practice. Wiley.

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