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Physics Investigatory Project

The project titled 'Determining the Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Hollow Prism' was completed by Saswat Soubhagya Rout under the guidance of Ms. S. Guha. The aim was to measure the refractive indices of various liquids, including water, dilute sulfuric acid, and benzaldehyde, using a hollow prism, with experimental results closely matching actual values. The project includes detailed methodology, observations, calculations, and acknowledgments of support received.

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routsaswat27
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2 views

Physics Investigatory Project

The project titled 'Determining the Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Hollow Prism' was completed by Saswat Soubhagya Rout under the guidance of Ms. S. Guha. The aim was to measure the refractive indices of various liquids, including water, dilute sulfuric acid, and benzaldehyde, using a hollow prism, with experimental results closely matching actual values. The project includes detailed methodology, observations, calculations, and acknowledgments of support received.

Uploaded by

routsaswat27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Topic: Determining the Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Hollow Prism


PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya Ishapore No. 1, Kolkata

Name: Saswat Soubhagya Rout

Class & Section: XII – C

Board Roll Number: 12706796

Class Roll Number: 04

Subject: Physics

Subject Teacher: Ms. S. Guha


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Saswat Soubhagya Rout, a student of


Class XII-C, has successfully completed the project titled
“Determining the Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Hollow
Prism” under the guidance of Ms. S. Guha during the
academic year 2024-25.
This project is a genuine work carried out in accordance with
the requirements of the Class XII curriculum. The
observations and results recorded in this project are accurate
and have been thoroughly verified.

Signature of Subject Teacher: __________________

Signature of External Examiner: __________________


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher,


Ms. S. Guha, for her constant guidance, encouragement, and
support throughout the course of this project on “Determining the
Refractive Index of Liquids Using a Hollow Prism.” Her expertise
and advice were crucial in shaping my understanding and the success
of this work.
I am also thankful to our Principal, Mr. B. B. Mahato, for
providing the necessary resources and a conducive academic
environment that made this project possible.
Saswat Soubhagya Rout
XII - C
INDEX
1. Aim
2. Apparatus Required
3. Theory
4. Procedure
5. Observations & Calculations
6. Conclusion
7. Precautions
8. Bibliography
AIM
To find the refractive index of different liquids using a hollow prism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Hollow glass prism
• Various liquids (e.g., water, carbon disulfide, benzaldehyde)
• Bell pins
• Drawing board

THEORY
PRISM:
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces
that refract light. Prisms can be made from various transparent
materials such as glass, plastic, or fluorite. They are used to break
light into its constituent spectral colours, reflect light, or split light
into components with different polarizations.
REFRACTION:
The refractive index of a liquid is calculated using the formula:

Where:
: Refractive index of the liquid
: Angle of minimum deviation
: Angle of refraction
: Angle of incidence
: Angle of prism
PROCEDURE

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board using pins.

2. Place the hollow prism on the paper and mark its outline as .

3. Draw a normal line on side .

4. Mark the angle of incidence and fix two pins along this line.

5. Fill the prism with the liquid sample and place it on the marked
outline.

6. Fix two more pins on the other side such that all four pins
appear in a straight line.

7. Remove the prism and draw the emergent ray.

8. Measure the angles and repeat the procedure for different


liquids.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
WATER:
SL NO < OF PRISM < OF < OF
INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
U = (sin(60+22)/2)/sin(30) = 1.306
DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID:
SL NO < OF PRISM < OF < OF
INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30
U = (sin(60+25)/2)/sin(30) = 1.351
BENZALDEHYDE:
SL NO < OF PRISM < OF < OF
INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45
U = (sin(60+40)/2)/sin(30) = 1.504
CONCLUSION

Refractive indices at room temperature:

WATER:
• Actual : 1.33
• Experimental: 1.306
DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID:
• Actual: 1.355
• Experimental: 1.351
BENZALDEHYDE:
• Actual: 1.546
• Experimental: 1.504
PRECAUTIONS

1. The angle of incidence should lie between 35° and


60°.

2. Pins should be vertically fixed and aligned.

3. The distance between two points should not be less


than 10 mm.

4. Use the same prism angle for all observations.

5. Mark arrowheads to indicate the emergent and


incident rays.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Gupta, R. K. (2020). Physics Made Easy for Class 12. ABC


Publishers.
2. Sharma, A. (2022). Simple Experiments in Optics. XYZ
Education.
3. Brown, T. (2018). Understanding Light and Prisms. Light
Books.
4. Newton, I. (2015). Basics of Refraction. Science Works.
5. Patel, S. (2019). Practical Physics for Beginners. EduWorld
Press.

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