VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI–590018

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON
“STUDY OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF A
TURBULENT FLUID FLOW IN A PIPE USING CFD”
A Mini Project Report Submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University
During the year 2023-24 in the Partial Fulfillment for the Award of the Degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By

LAKSHMIKANTH G. 4RA21ME005
DARSHAN H. K. 4RA22ME402
KARTHIK K. Y. 4RA22ME407
Under the guidance of
Mr. HANOCA P.
Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HASSAN– 573201
2023-2024
 RAJEEV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Hassan–573201

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the mini Project entitled “STUDY OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF

A TURBULENT FLUID FLOW IN A PIPE USING CFD” is carried out by
Mr. LAKSHMIKANTH G., Mr. DARSHAN H. K., & Mr. KARTHIK K. Y.,
bearing university seat number’s 4RA21ME005, 4RA22ME402, and
4RA22ME407, are bonafide students of Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan
in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the
year 2023-2024.The mini project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of mini project prescribed for the said degree.

__________________________
Mr. HANOCA P.
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

__________________________ __________________________
Dr. KULDEEP B. Dr. MAHESH P. K.
Associate Professor & Head Principal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Examiners Name: Signature with Date:

1. __________________________ __________________________

2. __________________________ __________________________
 ABSTRACT
This mini project, "Study of Thermal Behavior of a Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe
Using CFD," focuses on understanding the thermal behavior of turbulent fluid flow in
pipes, which is crucial for various engineering applications. The study investigates the heat
transfer characteristics of turbulent flow through both experimental measurements and
computational simulations. The experimental setup involves measuring temperature
profiles along the pipe length under varying flow rates and fluid properties. The results
highlight the significant influence of Reynolds number on heat transfer rates and thermal
boundary layers. Furthermore, the study examines the validity of empirical correlations for
heat transfer coefficients in turbulent flow regimes. Insights gained from this research
contribute to optimizing heat exchanger designs and enhancing thermal efficiency in
industrial processes.

The purpose of this mini project is to investigate steady, incompressible fluid flow and to
familiarize with CFD. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS FLUENT CFD 19.2
software to observe the effects of changes in velocity and temperature profiles due to
variations in viscosity.

In this study, we analyze the behavior of different fluids, including oil, air, and liquid metal,
at a velocity of 0.146 m/s. Our investigation reveals that oil exhibits an early development
in its velocity profile compared to air and liquid metal. Furthermore, when examining the
temperature profiles, it is observed that liquid metal has a higher thermal conductivity
compared to oil and air. These findings highlight the distinct flow and thermal
characteristics of each fluid, contributing to a deeper understanding of their applications in
various engineering and industrial processes.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of us, the success of this mini-Project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude
to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this mini-
Project.

We express immense gratitude to our guide Mr. Hanoca P., Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT, Hassan for having extended his priceless
technical expertise. We also thank him for his patient thoughtful guidance and also for his
most generous support and encouragement towards the development of the mini-Project.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Kuldeep B., Associate Professor, Head and Project
Coordinator, Department of Mechanical Engineering, RIT, Hassan for his valuable
encouragement and support in carrying out the mini-Project by providing all the facilities.
We convey our gratitude to Dr. Mahesh P.K., Principal, RIT, Hassan for his kind
encouragement.

We would like to thank our Parents and Friends for their constant encouragement in
carrying out this mini project.

LAKSHMIKANTH G. [4RA21ME402]

DARSHAN H. K. [4RA22ME402]

KARTHIK K. Y. [4RA22ME407]

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 DECLARATION
We, Mr. LAKSHMIKANTH G., Mr. DARSHAN H.K., and Mr. KARTHIK K.Y.,
bearing University Seat Number’s 4RA21ME005, 4RA22ME402, and 4RA22ME407,
student’s, Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering, hereby declare that this
mini project entitled “STUDY OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF A TURBULENT
FLUID FLOW IN A PIPE USNG CFD” has been carried out by us under the guidance
of Mr. HANOCA P., Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajeev
Institute of Technology, Hassan for partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi. We also declare that we have not submitted this mini-Project to any other
university for the award of any degree.

Date:

Place; Hassan

LAKSHMIKANT G. [4RA21ME402]

DARSHAN H. K. [4RA22ME402]

KARTHIK K. Y. [4RA22ME407]

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 CONTENTS
Title Page
Certificate
Abstract ⅰ
Acknowledgement ⅱ
Declaration ⅲ
Contents ⅳ-v
List of Figures vi
List of Table vii

Chapter
1. Introduction 1-3

2. Literature Survey 4-5

3. Problem Formulation 6

3.1 Objectives 6

3.2 Methodology 6

4. Introduction to computational fluid dynamics 7-17

4.1 Concept of Computational Fluid Dynamics 7

4.2 Importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics 9

4.3 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics 9-10

4.4 Typical Areas where CFD is Used 10

4.5 CFD Analysis Process 10-14

4.5.1 Formulate the Flow Problem 10

4.5.2 Model the Geometry and Flow Domain 11

4.5.3 Establish the Boundary and Initial Condition 11

4.5.4 Grid Generation 11-12

4.5.5 Establish the Simulation Strategy 12

4.5.6 Establish the Input Parameters and Files 12

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 4.5.7 Performing the Simulation 12

4.5.8 Monitor the Simulation for Completion 12

4.5.9 Post-Process the Simulations to Get the Results 12

4.5.10 Make Comparison of the Results 13

4.5.11 Repeat the Process to Examine Sensitivities 13

4.6 Boundary condition 13

5. Description of the commercial codes used for CFD analysis 14-19

5.1 Introduction to ANSYS Design 14-15
5.1.1 Features of ANSYS Design 14-15
5.2 Introduction to Fluent 15-17
5.2.1 Program Structure 15-16
5.2.2 Fluent Capability 16-17

6. CFD analysis of the flow domine 18-26

5.2.1 Program Structure
6.1 Specification of Model 18
5.2.2 Fluent Capabilities
6.2 Geometry of the Model 18-19

6.3 Meshing 19-21

6.4 Boundary Condition 21-25

6.5 Validation calculation 25-26

7. Results and Discussion 27-33

7.1 Study of Air at 0.146m/s 27-30

7.2 Comparing Air with Different fluid at 0.146 m/s 30-35

7.2.1 Velocity Profile 30-31

7.2.2 Temperature Profile 31-33

17-18
Conclusion 34
18-20
Future Scope 35

References 36

v
 List of Figure
Fig No. Particulars Page No.

1.1 Boundary layer

1.2 Different Boundary Layer 2
4.1 Process of Computational Fluid Dynamics 7

4.2 Structured Grids 12

4.3 Unstructured Grids 12

4.4 Boundary Conditions of Pipe Flow 13

5.1 Parallel ANSYS Fluent Architecture 16

6.1 Geometry of the Pipe 19

6.2 O-grid block 20

6.3 Selection of K- epsilon 22

6.4 Selection of Fluid Medium 22

6.5 Fluid Properties 23

6.6 Specifying Heated Wall Boundary Condition 24

6.7 Iteration Setup 24

6.8 Chart Residual Over 150 Iteration 25
7.1 Velocity Profile of Air at 10000RE 27
7.2 Temperature Profile of Air at 10000RE 27
7.3 Velocity Profile of Air at2 0000RE 28
7.4 Temperature Profile of Air at 20000RE 28
7.5 Velocity Profile of Air at 30000RE 29
7.6 Temperature Profile of Air at 30000RE 29
7.7 Velocity Profile at 5m 30
7.8 Velocity Profile at 15m 30
7.9 Velocity Profile at 25m 31
7.10 Velocity Profile at 29m 31
7.11 Temperature Profile at 25m 32
7.12 Temperature Profile at 29m 32

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 List of Table
Table no. Particular Page no.

4.1 Comparison of Simulation and Experiment 9

6.1 Cells at different mesh size 21

6.2 Properties of Fluids 23

6.3 Grid independence study and Validation of the result 26

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The study of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in pipes is fundamental to numerous
engineering applications, ranging from industrial processes to HVAC systems and energy
production. Among the various flow regimes encountered in conduits, turbulent flow stands
out due to its complex dynamics and enhanced mixing capabilities, which significantly
influence heat transfer rates.

Turbulent flow is characterized by chaotic fluctuations in velocity and pressure, resulting

in vigorous mixing of fluid particles. This mixing, in turn, leads to a more efficient transfer
of thermal energy between the fluid and the pipe wall compared to laminar flow.
Understanding the thermal behavior within turbulent flow regimes is essential for
optimizing the design and performance of heat exchangers, boilers, cooling systems, and
other thermal management devices.

In practical engineering scenarios, accurately predicting heat transfer coefficients and

temperature distributions is crucial for ensuring equipment operates efficiently and reliably.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has emerged as a powerful tool for studying
turbulent flows, offering insights into flow patterns, turbulence intensity, and thermal
characteristics. Coupled with experimental techniques such as heat flux sensors and
thermocouples, CFD simulations enable validation and refinement of theoretical models
against real-world conditions.

This study aims to investigate the thermal behavior of turbulent fluid flow in pipes through
a combination of numerical simulations and experimental measurements. Specifically, the
research focuses on analyzing heat transfer mechanisms, turbulence modelling techniques
(such as k-epsilon and LES), and the impact of flow parameters (e.g., Reynolds number,
inlet temperature) on thermal performance. By elucidating these relationships, the study
seeks to enhance our understanding of turbulent heat transfer phenomena and provide
practical insights for optimizing thermal systems in engineering applications.

Understanding the flow and thermal characteristics of fluids in pipes is crucial in various
engineering applications, including HVAC systems, chemical processing, and energy
production. Traditional analytical methods often fall short in providing comprehensive
details due to the complexity of fluid behavior. CFD, a powerful simulation tool, enables
detail visualization and analysis, leading to better design and optimization of fluid.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

The boundary layer as shown in the Fig. 1.1, is a special region starting at a surface and
extending some distance away from that surface. The existence of the velocity boundary
layer originates mainly from the shear forces that individual particles of the fluid exert on
one another. The existence of the thermal boundary layer comes from the basic principle
of heat transfer, that energy flows from warmer to cooler locations within or between
masses. Another important contributor to boundary layer theory is the fact that particles
extremely near the surface of a plate experiencing flow over it will have a presumed velocity
of zero. This means that there is a region between the surface of the plate and the fully
developed region where the velocity of the fluid grows from zero to the free stream velocity.
This region is known as the boundary layer.

Fig. 1.1 Boundary layer

Fig. 1.2 Different Boundary Layer

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

There are actually several types of boundary layers, the two main types are velocity and
thermal. The velocity boundary layer transitions from a velocity of zero to the free stream
velocity. The thermal boundary layer begins at the surface of the plate and rises (or falls) to
meet the free stream temperature of the fluid. Both layers overlap at the surface of the plate
but ultimately have different thicknesses.

For each layer there are also considerations to be made in regards to laminar vs. turbulent
flows. Depending on the dimensions of the surface fluid is travelling over or through, the
velocity, the density of the fluid and the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, either laminar,
turbulent or both flows will develop. In any case, the engineer must make careful
calculations because the behavior of the fluid under different conditions varies. The
pressure varies, the heat transfer rates vary, the thicknesses vary.

Reynold’s number is integral to the boundary layer calculations and as such it is of some
importance to consider the values obtained with respect to the types of flow being studied.
Flow through a tube produces laminar flow at Re ≤ 2100 and turbulent flow at Re ≥ 4000
with mixed conditions in between that range. But for a flat plate, the transition Reynolds
value is around 100,000, below that are laminar conditions and above that are turbulent
conditions. When analyzing a cylinder in external flow, Re ≤ 200,000 represents laminar
flow and turbulent flow occurs above that value. So beyond simply calculating the
Reynolds number, it is critical that the engineer understand the type of flow being analyzed
and the appropriate range of Reynold’s numbers, so that the correct equations can be used
based on the condition being laminar, turbulent or a mix of the two.
Fully developed flow is when both the velocity and the temperature in the fluid moving
over or through a surface are considered to be uniform. If the fluid velocity is 5 m/s, all
the fluid in the fully developed region will be travelling at presumably that exact speed.
The fully developed temperature is not necessarily going to be the initial temperature,
because often the surface and the fluid passing over it are different temperatures, causing
the fluid to either decrease or increase during its movement. In regards to the thermal
properties of the fluid, the term “fully developed” means that the fluid is now at essentially
the temperature of all the fluid not being affected by the temperature boundary layer.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 Lamsal and Abish. [1], experimented on analyzing pipe flow scenarios using
CFD, performing a comprehensive exploration of both laminar and turbulent flows.
His study focused on how fluid flows in pipes, examining the velocity and pressure
distributions. He concluded that the velocity at the inlet is uneven, with higher
velocity near the center. As the flow progresses, the velocity becomes more
uniform, eventually developing into a fully developed profile. This finding
highlights the transition from an uneven to a stable velocity distribution along the
pipe length, offering valuable insights into fluid dynamics within conduit systems.
 Debtera et al. [2], experimented on CFD simulation and analysis of fluid flow in
a pipe, specifically investigating the effect of viscosity. Conducted using both
MATLAB and CFD, the study examined fluid flow properties with varying
viscosities. The research concluded that the 3D CFD model provided well-
validated results compared to MATLAB, particularly for high-viscosity fluids in
laminar flow. Additionally, the numerical results for velocity profile and pressure
drop showed good correspondence with MATLAB outcomes. These observations
indicated that CFD performance predictions were more accurate, offering a deeper
understanding of the hydrodynamic behaviors of fluids in relation to viscosity.
Such studies enhance the comprehension of fluid dynamics, aiding in the
optimization of fluid transport systems.
 Rambhad et al. [3], performed experiment on heat transfer enhancement using
modified inserts (MIs) as vortex generators in pipe flow and conducted fluid flow
analysis using CFD. The MIs were fastened to the center rod and the circular wall
of the test pipe. The experiments were conducted with various pitch and diameter
ratios, evaluating the Nusselt number and friction factor at different Reynolds
numbers. They concluded that as the distance between the MIs increases, fluid
mixing becomes weaker, resulting in a decrease in the pitch and diameter ratio.
Conversely, the Nusselt number increases with enhanced fluid mixing, contributing
to a higher coefficient of heat transfer. These findings highlight the significant
impact of MI spacing on the efficiency of heat transfer in pipe flow.
 Tirodkar et al. [4], experimented on the application of CFD analysis in fully
developed velocity and temperature flow fields through a pipe. The investigation

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

focused on the behavior of fluid flowing in a closed duct and its effects on velocity,
friction, and velocity profile. His study concluded that the axial velocity, mean
temperature, hydrodynamic entry length, and thermal entry length are found to be
closer to theoretical values.
 Dutta et al. [5], experimented on Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of
single-phase turbulent flow was performed in a 90° pipe bend. After validation of
present model against existing experimental results, the influence of Reynolds
number on static pressure and velocity distributions at three different locations
throughout the bend were studied. The standard k-ε turbulence model has been
chosen for the present study. The results so obtained, are presented in graphical
form. It was found that the static pressure and velocity profile has a weak
dependency on Reynolds number. Present study provides results to characterize the
turbulent flow in 90° bend pipes.
 C. Diyoke and U. Ngwaka. [6], experimented on the CFD analysis of fully
developed turbulent flow in a pipe with constrictions and obstacles. The study
investigated how water flows across a circular pipe containing obstacles and
compressible water flow across the pipe. The simulation utilized the standard two-
equation k-epsilon turbulence model of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes
equations. The boundary conditions included a uniform inlet velocity and zero
pascal at the pressure outlet. The researcher concluded that the pressure difference
is proportional to the flow rate and velocity, with velocity increasing as the length
of the pipe increases. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of
turbulent flow in pipes with constrictions, contributing to the optimization of fluid
transport systems.
 S. S. Thakre and J.B Joshi. [7], experimented on CFD modelling of heat transfer
in turbulent flow, analyzing twelve versions of low Reynolds number models and
two low Reynolds number heat transfer scenarios. The study aimed to evaluate the
performance of these models in predicting heat transfer characteristics. The results
concluded that the LSO model of the k-epsilon and Reynolds stress models showed
overall good agreement with the experimental data. These findings highlight the
reliability and accuracy of these turbulence models in simulating heat transfer in
low Reynolds number turbulent flows, providing valuable insights for improving
CFD modelling techniques.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

Chapter 3

PROBLEM FORMULATION
3.1 Objectives
 To develop a numerical model of the fluid flow in a pipe using CFD software.
 To simulate and analyze how fluids (liquids and gases) move and behave under
different Reynold’s numbers.
 This study aims to provide detailed insights into the velocity distribution, pressure
drop, and temperature variations along the pipe.

3.2 Methodology
The project will use ANSYS Fluent, commercial CFD software, to simulate the turbulent
fluid flow in the pipe. The numerical model will be developed based on the governing
equations of fluid flow, and appropriate turbulence models will be selected to capture the
turbulence effects in the flow. The simulations will be performed for a different flow
condition.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

Chapter 4

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS
4.1 Concept of Computational Fluid Dynamics
Computational Fluid Dynamics or simply CFD is concerned with obtaining numerical
solution to fluid flow problems by using computers. The advent of high speed and large
memory computers has enabled CFD to obtain solutions to many flow problems including
those that are compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent, chemically reacting or
non-reacting. The Fig. 4.1, represent the process of the computational fluid dynamic.

Fluid-
Fluid Mechanics Problem Comparison and analysis

Physics of Simulation
fluid
C Results

Navier-
Stokes
equations
F Computer
Program

Numerical Programming
Method
D language

Geometry Grids
Discretized
Form

Fig. 4.1 Process of Computational Fluid Dynamics

The equations governing the fluid flow problem are the continuity (conservation of mass),
the Navier-Stokes (Conservation of Momentum), and the energy equations. These equations
form a system of coupled non-linear Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). Because of the

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

non-linear terms in these PDEs, analytical methods can yield very few solutions. In general,
closed form analytical solutions are possible only if these PDEs can be made linear, either
because non-linear terms naturally drop out (e.g., fully developed flows in ducts and flows
that are inviscid and irrotational everywhere) or because nonlinear terms are small compared
to other terms so that they can be neglected (e.g., creeping flows, small amplitude sloshing
of liquid etc.). If the non- linearities in the governing PDEs cannot be neglected, which is
the situation for most engineering flows, then numerical methods are needed to obtain
solutions.

CFD is the art of replacing the differential equation governing the Fluid Flow, with a set of
algebraic equations (the process is called discretization), which in turn can be solved with
the aid of a digital computer to get an approximate solution. The well-known discretization
methods used in CFD are Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Volume Method (FVM),
Finite Element Method (FEM), and Boundary Element Method (BEM).
 Computational - Having to do with mathematics, computing.
 Fluid Dynamics - The dynamics of things that flow.
The computational technologies enable us to study the dynamics of things that flow. Using
CFD, we can build a computational model that represents a system or device that we want
to study. We apply the fluid flow physics and chemistry to this virtual prototype, and the
software will output a prediction of the fluid dynamics and related physical phenomena.
Therefore, CFD is a sophisticated computationally-based design and analysis technique.
CFD software gives the power to simulate flows of gases and liquids, heat and mass
transfer, moving bodies, multiphase physics, chemical reaction, fluid-structure interaction
and acoustics through computer modelling. Using CFD software, we can build a “virtual
prototype” of the system or device that you wish to analyze and then apply real world
physics and chemistry to the model, and the software will provide us with images and data,
which predict the performance of that design. It is the science of predicting fluid flow, heat
transfer, mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by solving the
mathematical equations which govern these processes using computational methods. CFD
is predicting what will happen, quantitatively, when fluids flow, often with the
complications of:
 Simultaneous Flow of Heat.
 Mass Transfer (e.g., perspiration, dissolution).
 Phase Change (e.g., melting, freezing, boiling).
 Chemical Reaction (e.g., combustion, rusting).
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 Mechanical Movement (e.g., of pistons, fans, rudders).

 Stresses in and Displacement of immersed or surrounding solids.

4.2 Importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics

There are three methods in study of Fluid: theory analysis, experiment and simulation
(CFD). As a new method, CFD has many advantages compared to experiments Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Comparison of Simulation and Experiment

Particulars Simulation (CFD) Experiment

Cost Cheap Expensive

Time Short Long

Scale Any Small/Middle

Information All Measured Point

Repeatable Yes Some

Safety Yes Some Dangerous

4.3 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics

As CFD has so many advantages, it is already generally used in industry such as
aerospace, automotive, biomedicine, chemical processing, heat ventilation air condition,
hydraulics, power generation, sports and marine etc. CFD has been widely used in industry
in the past decade. It is certainly fun for fluids enthusiasts, but where exactly can CFD be
applied. The following are areas of applications of CFD to date.

 Automobile and Engine Aerodynamics, Engines, Turbochargers, Intake/Exhaust,

Heating/Cooling systems, Brakes etc.
 Industrial Manufacturing Aerospace, Aerodynamics. Gas Turbines, Rockets etc.
 Mechanical Pumps, Compressors, Heat Exchangers, Furnaces, Nuclear Reactors
etc.
 Chemical Mixers (multiphase), Chemical Reactors, Separator, Boiler, Condensers
etc.
 Environmental Engineering Weather prediction, River and Tidal flows, Wind and
Water borne pollution, Fire and Smoke spread, Wind loading etc.

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 Physiological Cardiovascular flows (Heart, major vessels), Flow in Lungs and

breathing passages etc.
 Others Glass, Steel and Textile manufacturing, Food processing etc.

4.4 Typical Areas where CFD is used

The result of CFD analysis is relevant engineering data used in conceptual studies of new
designs, detailed product development, troubleshooting, redesign etc. Knowing how fluids
will flow, and what will be their quantitative effects on the solids with which they are in
contact, assists in:

 Power plant designers to attain maximum efficiency, and reduce release of

pollutants.
 Chemical engineers to maximize the yields from their reactors and processing
equipment.
 Risk and hazard analysts, and safety engineers, to predict how much damage to
structures, equipment, human beings, animals and vegetation will be caused by
fires, explosions, and blast waves. CFD analysis complements testing and
experimentation it reduces the total effort required in the laboratory.

4.5 CFD Analysis Process

The general process for performing a CFD analysis is outlined below so as to provide a
reference for understanding the various aspects of a CFD simulation. The process includes:

4.5.1 Formulate the Flow Problem.

 Model the Geometry and Flow Domain.
 Establish the Boundary and Initial Conditions.
 Generate the Grid.
 Establish the Simulation Strategy.
 Establish the Input Parameters and Files.
 Perform the Simulation.
 Monitor the Simulation for Completion.
 Post-process the Simulation to get the Results.
 Make Comparisons of the Results.
 Repeat the Process to Examine Sensitivities.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

4.5.2 Model the Geometry and Flow Domain

The body about which flow is to be analyzed requires modelling. This generally involves
modelling the geometry with a CAD software package. Approximations of the geometry
and simplifications may be required to allow an analysis with reasonable effort.
Concurrently, decisions are made as to the extent of the finite flow domain in which the
flow is to be simulated. Portions of the boundary of flow domain coincide with the surfaces
of the body geometry. Other surfaces are free boundaries over which flow enters or leaves.
The geometry and flow domain are modelled in such a manner as to provide input for the
grid generation.

4.5.3 Establish the Boundary and Initial Condition

Since a finite flow domain is specified, physical conditions are required on the boundaries
of the flow domain. The simulation generally starts from an initial solution and uses an
iterative method to reach a final flow field solution

4.5.4 Grid Generation

There are three types of grids:
 Structured grids
 Unstructured grids and
 Block structured grids
The simplest one is structured grid Fig. 4.2, this type of grids, all nodes have the same
number of elements around it. We can describe and store them easily. But this type of grid
is only for the simple domain.

If we have a complex domain, we can use unstructured grid. For example, Fig. 4.3, is an
air foil. The structure of air foil is very complex. The flow near the object is very important
and complex; we need very fine grid at this region. Far away from the air foil, the flow is
comparably simple, so we can use coarse grid.

Generally, unstructured grid is suitable for all geometries. It is very popular in CFD. The
disadvantage is that because the data structure is irregular, it is more difficult to describe
and store them.

Block structure grid is a compromising of structured and unstructured grid. The idea is,
firstly, divide the domain into several blocks, and then use different structured grids in
different blocks.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

Fig. 4.2 Structured Grids Fig. 4.3 Unstructured Grids

4.5.5 Establish the Simulation Strategy

The strategy for performing the simulation involves determining such things as the use of
space-marching or time-marching, the choice of turbulence or chemistry model, and the
choice of algorithms.

4.5.6 Establish the Input Parameters and Files

A CFD codes generally requires that an input data file be created listing the values of the
input parameters consisted with the desired strategy. Further the grid file containing the grid
and boundary condition information is generally required. The files for the grid and initial
flow solution need to be generated.

4.5.7 Performing the Simulation

The simulation is performed with various possible options for interactive or batch
processing and distributed processing.

4.5.8 Monitor the Simulation for Completion

The Post Processing mode is actually a runtime visualizer which is instrumental in

visualizing the development of the flow till the iterations are completed. On entering this
mode, the Flow domain will be displayed in the display area of the main window.

4.5.9 Post-Process the Simulations to Get the Results

Post-Processing involves extracting the desired flow properties (pressure, mass flow etc.)
from the computed flow field. On entering this mode, the flow domain will be displayed in
the display area of the main window.

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 Study of the Thermal Behavior of the Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Pipe Using CFD

4.5.10 Make Comparison of the Results

The computed flow properties are then compared to results from analytic, computational,
or experimental studies to establish the validity of the computed results.

4.5.11 Repeat the Process to Examine Sensitivities

The sensitivity of the computed results should be examined to understand the possible
differences in the accuracy of results and / or performance of the computation with respect
to such things as:

 Dimensionality
 Flow conditions
 Initial conditions
 Marching strategy
 Algorithms
 Grid topology and density
 Turbulence model

4.6 Boundary Conditions

To solve the equation system, we also need boundary conditions. The typical boundary
conditions in CFD are No-slip boundary condition, Axis symmetric boundary condition,
Inlet, outlet boundary condition and Periodic boundary condition. For example, Fig. 4.5, is
a pipe, the fluid flows from left to right. We can use inlet at left side, which means we can
set the velocity manually. At the right side, we use outlet boundary condition to keep all
the properties constant, which means all the gradients are zero. At the wall of pipe, we can
set the velocity to zero. This is no-slip boundary condition. At the center of pipe, we can
use axisymmetric boundary condition.

Fig. 4.4 Boundary Conditions of Pipe Flow

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Chapter 5

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMERCIAL CODES

USED FOR CFD ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction to ANSYS Design
The ANSYS Design Modeler application is designed to be used as a geometry editor of
existing CAD models. The ANSYS Design Modeler application is a parametric feature
based solid modeler designed so that we can intuitively and quickly begin drawing 2D
sketches, modelling 3D parts, or uploading 3D CAD models for engineering analysis pre-
processing. If you have never used a parametric solid modeler, you will find the ANSYS
Design Modeler application easy to learn and use. If you are an experienced user in
parametric modelling, the ANSYS Design Modeler application offers you the functionality
and power you need to convert 2D sketches of lines, arcs, and splines into 3D models.
Design model primarily function they are, Overview information about graphical user
interface, toolbars, tree outline, toolboxes, graphics window, detail’s view, and status bar.

5.1.1 Features of ANSYS Design

 Extrude: Use the Extrude button to create an extruded feature. The active sketch is the
default input but can be changed by selecting the desired sketch, a plane from face
boundary used features of Point features in the Tree Outline.
 Normal: Extrudes in positive Z direction of base object.
 Reversed: Extrudes in negative Z direction of base object.
 Both-Symmetric: Applies feature in both directions.
 Both-Asymmetric: Applies feature in both directions. Each direction has its own
extent and depth.
 Sweep: The Details View can be used to change the modelling operations (Add, Cut,
Slice Imprint, or Add Frozen) and the alignment of the sweep. Solid, Surface, line
bodies, and thin-walled features can be created by using this feature. For creating a
surface body, the inner and outer thickness values should be kept equal to zero.
 Fixed Radius: The Fixed Radius feature allows you to create blends on model edges.
This feature can be executed on both frozen and active bodies. This feature would only
a operate on active bodies.

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 Variable Radius: The Variable Radius feature allows you to blend features on model
edges. This feature can be executed on both frozen and active bodies.
 Vertex Blend: The Vertex Blend feature allows you to create blends at vertices on
solid, surface or line bodies. This feature can be executed on both frozen and active
bodies.

5.2 Introduction to Fluent

ANSYS Fluent is a state-of-the-art computer program for modelling fluid flow heat transfer
and chemical reactions in complex geometries. ANSYS Fluent is written in the C language
and makes full use of the flexibility and power offered by the language. Consequently, true
dynamic memory allocation, efficient data structures and flexible solver control are all
possible. In addition, ANSYS Fluent uses a client server architecture which enables it to
run as separate simultaneous processes on client desktop workstations and powerful
computer servers. This architecture allows for efficient execution interactive control and
complete flexibility between different types of machines or operating systems.

5.2.1 Program Structure

ANSYS Fluent provides complete mesh flexibility, including the ability to solve your flow
problems using unstructured meshes that can be generated about complex geometries with
relative ease.

Supported mesh types include 2D triangular, quadrilateral 3D tetrahedral, hexahedral,

pyramid wedge, polyhedral and mixed (hybrid) meshes.

The ANSYS Fluent serial solver manages file input and output, data storage and flow field
calculations using a single solver process on a single computer.

ANSYS Fluent parallel solver enables you to compute a solution using multiple processes
that may be executing on the same computer, or on different computers in a network.

Parallel processing in ANSYS Fluent involves an interaction between ANSYS Fluent a

host process, and a set of compute node processes.

ANSYS Fluent interacts with the host process and the collection of compute nodes using
the cortex user interface utility as shown in the Fig. 5.1

The ANSYS fluent serial solver manages file input and output, data storage and flow field
calculations using a single solver process on a single computer.

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Fig. 5. 1 Parallel ANSYS Fluent Architecture

5.2.2 Fluent Capabilities

When in meshing mode ANSYS Fluent functions as a robust unstructured volume mesh
generator. When in solution mode Fluent allows to simulate the following.

 2D planar, 2D axisymmetric, 2D axisymmetric with swirl rotationally symmetric

and 3D flows.
 Flows on quadrilateral, triangular, hexahedral, tetrahedral, wedge, pyramid,
polyhedral.
 Steady-state or transient flows.
 Incompressible or compressible flows, including all speed regimes.
 In viscid, laminar, and turbulent flows.
 Newtonian or non-Newtonian flows.
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 Ideal or real gases.

 Heat transfer, including forced, natural and mixed convection, heat transfer and
radiation.
 Chemical species mixing and reaction, including homogeneous and heterogeneous
combustion models and surface deposition reaction models.
 Free surface and multiphase models for gas-liquid, gas-solid and liquid-solid flows.
 Lagrangian9trajectory calculations for dispersed phase including coupling with
continuous phase and spray modelling.
 Cavitations model simulations.
 Solidification applications using the phase change model.
 Porous media with non-isotropic permeability, inertial resistance, solid heat
conduction, and porous face pressure jump conditions.
 Lumped parameter models for fans, pumps, radiators, and heat exchangers.
 Acoustic models for predicting flow induced noise.
 Inertial or non-inertial reference frames.
 Multiple moving frames using multiple reference frames and sliding mesh options.
 Mixing-plane model simulations of rotor-stator interactions, torque converters and
similar turbo machinery applications with options for mass conservation and swirl
conservation.
 Dynamic mesh model simulations for domains with moving and deforming
meshes.
 Volumetric sources of mass, momentum, heat, and chemical species.
 Simulations that use a material property database.
 Simulations customized by user defined functions.

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Chapter 6

CFD ANALYSIS OF THE FLOW DOMINE

6.1 Specification of Model
Following is the specification of the given model.

Length of horizontal pipe (L) = 30m

Diameter of the inlet pipe(D) = 1m

Diameter of the outlet pipe(D) = 1m

 Calculation for length

L=Dx0.44Re 1/6

For 10000RE

L=1x0.44(10000) 1/6

L=2.042m

similarly,

For 20000RE L=2.292m

For 30000RE L=2.452m

Therefore, for steady flow of fluid in a pipe, L=30m

6.2 Geometry of the Model

The steps required to generate 3D model is given below.

 Open ANSYS Workbench.

 Select the “geometry” in “Analysis System”.
 Under right click on geometry click new geometry.
 Select all dimensions in m.
 Creating geometry by selecting XY Plane and draw the circle of diameter 1m.
 Extrude the diameter that created up to 30m and create the cylinder, as shown
in Fig.6.1
 Split the cylinder at the 20m mark from the starting point, where the wall is
untreated and heated. The remaining 10m of the wall is treated and heated.

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 Ansys workbench automatically saves the geometry and updates the project
schematic accordingly.

Fig. 6. 1 Geometry of the Pipe

6.3 Meshing
Meshing is the breaking of physical solution domain that can be a 2D or 3D domain
into simpler sub domain or element i.e. triangles, quadrilaterals for 2D and tetrahedral,
hexahedral for 3D. Meshing make the solution easier and more accurate. The denser
the meshing is more accurate the result will be but at the same time it will be more
complex to solve the problem. Meshing is probably the most important part in any of
computer simulations; because it can show the drastic changes in results you get (have
a first-Hand experience of this). Meshing means you to create a mesh of some grid
points called 'nodes'. It is done with a variety of tools and options available in the

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software. The results are calculated by solving the relevant governing equations
numerically at each of the nodes of the mesh. The governing equations are almost
always partial differential equations, and finite element method is used to find
solutions to such equations. The pattern and relative positioning of the nodes also
effect the solution. The computational efficiency and time. This is why good meshing
is very essential for a sound computer simulation to give good results.

 Select ICEM CFD from ANSYS Workbench.

 Right-click on the model and import the model from geometry.
 Select geometry. In geometry, select the part as fluid and right-click on the
point of the circle.
 Go to blocking, and create a blocking of the cylinder.
 Go to associate. In association, select "Associate Edge to Curve" and click on
the rectangle boxes to change them to circular boxes.
 Go to snipping and select OK.
 Select the o-grid block. In the o-grid block, select the block and faces, then
click OK.
 Fig. 6.2 represent the o-grid block.

Fig. 6.2 O-grid Block

 In blocking, go to pre-mesh parameters, select the edge, and set the number of
nodes, spacing to 0.01, and ratio to 1.1
 Select the pre-mesh and perform meshing as shown in table 6.1
 Name the respective faces as follows:
 Pipe inlet
 Pipe Outlet

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Table 6.1 Cells at Different Mesh Size

CASES GEOMETRY MESH CELLS

15X15
CASE- A (70+50) 125116

20X20
CASE-B (70+50) 274756

22X22
CASE-C (70+50) 278752

6.4 Boundary Condition

 Open "Set Up" under "Fluid Flow (Fluent)".
 Check the mesh size by clicking "Check" under "Model".
 Under "Model" select "Viscous Model" and choose "k- epsilon (2-equ)" as shown
in Fig. 6.3

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Fig. 6. 3 Selection of K- epsilon

 Under "Materials" select "air, oil, liquid metal" under "Fluid" as shown in Fig. 6.4

Fig. 6.4 Selection of Fluid Medium

 click on the air and select the properties of the fluid, as shown in Fig. 6.5

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Fig. 6.5 Fluid Properties

Table 6.2 Properties of Fluids

Liquid metal
Properties Air Unused Oil
(Potassium)
Density (Kg/m3) 1.225 888 807.3

Viscosity (Kg/m-s) 1.7894x10 -5 0.8 0.00372

Prandtl number 0.744 10400 0.0066

Specific Heat (J/Kg-k) 1005 1880 800

Thermal Conductivity
0.0242 0.1454 45
(W/m-K)

NOTE: The data are collected from “Heat and Mass Transfer data hand book”.

 Go to boundary condition, select the thermal and give heat flux value as show in
Fig. 6.6

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Fig. 6.6 Specifying Heated Wall Boundary Condition

 Under "Solution Initialization", click "Initialize".

 Under "Run Calculation" keep 150 numbers of iterations and select "Calculate” as
shown in Fig. 6.7

Fig. 6.7 Iteration Setup

 Run the iterations up to the point where all the residuals are constant as shown in
Fig. 6.8

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Fig. 6.8 Chart of Residuals Over 150 Iterations

6.5 Validation of the Model

Theoretical Calculation

Dittus-Boelter correlation, Nu=0.023Re0.8 Prn

For Reynold’s number 10000

Nu=0.023(10000)0.8 (0.744)0.4
ℎ𝐷
Nu= 𝐾

ℎ×1
32.38=0.0242

h = 0.78s W/m2K

CFD Calculation

Q=hA (𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇𝑏 )
Q
=q=h (𝑇𝑆 − 𝑇𝑏 )
A

𝑞 50
h= (𝑇 = (372.185−300)
𝑆 −𝑇𝑏 )

h = 0.6926 W/m2K

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Table 6.3 Grid independence study and Validation of the result

CFD Results for

different mesh size
Theoretical Correlation W/m2k
Reynolds Number
W/m2k
Case- Case- Case-
A B C
10000 0.78 0.62 0.69 0.70
20000 1.36 1.23
30000 1.88 1.71
Using the Dittus-Boelter correlation, we have calculated the heat transfer coefficient for
theoretical values at different Reynolds numbers. The calculated theoretical values for
Reynolds numbers of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 are 0.78, 1.36, and 1.88 W/m²K,
respectively.

However, the experimental heat transfer coefficients for different geometries at a Reynolds
number of 10,000 vary. For example, in Case A (15x15), the value is 0.62 W/m²K. In Case
B(20x20), the value is 0.69 W/m²K, and in Case C(22x22), the value is 0.70 W/m²K.

For further study on different fluid flow conditions, we have chosen Case B at a Reynolds
number of 10,000. This decision is based on the fact that Case A has a significantly lower
value compared to the theoretical values, and Case C involves larger dimensions.
Therefore, Case B, with its value closer to the theoretical one, is considered the most
suitable for our study.

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Chapter 7

RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

7.1 Study of Air at 0.146m/s

 At 10000RE

Velocity Profile of Air at 10000RE

5 15 25 29
1.2

0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.1 Velocity Profile of Air at 10000RE

As shown in the Fig. 7.1, at position 5, the graph is flat, and the center line velocity at this
point is 0.165502 m/s. As the air moves to position 15, the center line velocity increases to
0.184239 m/s. At positions 25 and 29, the velocity profile becomes parabolic, with the
center line velocities reaching a maximum of 0.189524 m/s and 0.187919 m/s, respectively.

Temperature profile of Air at 10000RE

25 29
1.2
1
0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
280 300 320 340 360 380
Temperature(celcius)

Fig. 7.2 Temperature profile of Air at 10000RE

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As shown in the Fig. 7.2, at position 25, the temperature profile is in the developing stage,
with a temperature of 300.01 Celsius and a diameter of 0.5 m. At position 29, the
temperature profile has developed into a parabolic curve, with a center line temperature of
300.323 Celsius.

 At 20000RE

Velocity Profile of Air at 20000RE

5 15 25 29
1.2
1
0.8
Diaameter(m)

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.3 Velocity Profile of Air at 20000RE

As shown in the Fig. 7.3, at position 5, the graph is flat, and the velocity is 0.321468 m/s.
As the air moves to position 15, the graph becomes parabolic, with a center line velocity of
0.354971 m/s. At positions 25 and 29, the graph remains parabolic, with center line
velocities of 0.369712 m/s and 0.366851 m/s, respectively.

Temperature Profile of Air at 20000RE

25 29
1.2

0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
290 300 310 320 330 340 350
Temperature(celsius)

Fig. 7.4 Temperature Profile of Air at 20000RE

As shown in the Fig. 7.4, at position 25, the temperature profile is in the developing stage,
with a temperature of 300.002 Celsius at diameter of 0.5 m. At position 29, the temperature

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profile has developed into a parabolic curve, with a center line temperature of 300.103
Celsius.

 At 30000

Velocity Profile of Air at 30000RE

5 15 25 29
1.2

1
Diameter(m)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.5 Velocity Profile of Air at 30000RE

As shown in the Fig. 7.5, at position 5, the graph is flat, with a center line velocity of
0.50699 m/s. As the air moves to position 15, the graph becomes parabolic, and the center
line velocity increases to 0.579122 m/s. At positions 25 and 29, the graph becomes fully
developed and parabolic, with center line velocities of 0.567481 m/s and 0.56889 m/s,
respectively.

Temperature Profile of Air at 30000RE

25 29
1.2

1
Diameter(m)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
280 300 320 340 360 380
Temperature(celcius)

Fig. 7.6 Temperature Profile of Air at 30000RE

As shown in the Fig. 7.6, at position 25, the temperature profile is in the developing stage,
with a temperature of 300.01 Celsius at diameter of 0.5 m. At position 29, the temperature

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profile has developed into a parabolic curve, with a center line temperature of
300.323Celsius.

7.2 Comparing Air with Different fluid at 0.146m/s

7.2.1 Velocity Profiles

 At position 5m

Velocity Profile at Position 5(m)

Air Oil Liquid Metal
1.2
1
Diameter(m)

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.7 Velocity Profile at Position 5(m)

As shown in the Fig. 7.7, at position 5, the air and liquid metal have a flat velocity profile,
with center line velocities of 0.154319 m/s and 0.165502 m/s, respectively. The oil, due to
its higher viscosity compared to air and liquid metal, has a fully developed profile with a
center line velocity of 0.26916 m/s.

 At Position 15m

Velocity Profile at Position 15(m)

Air Oil Liquid Metal
1.2

0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.8 Velocity Profile at Position 15(m)

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As show in in Fig. 7.8, the liquid metal and air have developing profiles with center line
velocities of 0.166154 m/s and 0.184234 m/s, respectively. In contrast, the oil does not
change its velocity profile because it is already fully developed at position 5 meters.

 At Position 25m

Velocity Profile at Position (25m)

Air Oil Liquid Metal
1.2

0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.9 Velocity Profile at Position 25(m)

As show in in Fig. 7.9, the air becomes parabolic and has a center line velocity of 0.19929
m/s. The liquid metal transitions from a flat profile to a parabolic one, obtaining a center
line velocity of 0.17633 m/s. In contrast, the oil does not change its velocity profile because
it is already fully developed at position 5 meters.

 At Position 29m

Velocity Profile at Position 29(m)

Air oil Liquid Metal
1.2

1
Diameter(m)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Velocity(m/s)

Fig. 7.10 Velocity Profile at Position 29(m)

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As show in in Fig. 7.10, at this position, the air and liquid metal have developed velocity
profiles with a parabolic shape, having center line velocities of 0.189141 m/s and 0.179421
m/s, respectively. The oil has a center line velocity of 0.258271 m/s.

7.2.2 Temperature Profile

 At Position 25m

Temperature Profiles at Position 25m

Air Oil Liquid Metal
1.2

1
Diameter (m)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
280 300 320 340 360 380
Temperature (Celsius)

Fig. 7.11 Temperature Profiles at Position 25m

As show in in Fig. 7.11, at position 25, the air and oil have lower thermal conductivity,
resulting in less heat transfer and a developing temperature profile. In contrast, the liquid
metal has higher thermal conductivity, leading to faster heat exchange and a more advanced
temperature profile.

 At Position 29m

Temperature Profile at Position 29m

Air Oil Liquid Metals
1.2

0.8
Diameter(m)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
280 300 320 340 360 380
Temperature(celsius)

Fig.7.12 Temperature Profile at Position 29m

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As show in in Fig. 7.12, at position 29 meters, the air has a developed temperature profile
with less heat transfer, while the oil's temperature profile is still developing. In contrast, the
liquid metal has a high thermal conductivity, resulting in a fast heat exchange and a
temperature profile that appears as a straight line.

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CONCLUSION
The CFD analysis of the turbulent fluid flow in a pipe for different fluids such as air, oil,
and liquid metal reveals distinct differences at a velocity of 0.146 m/s. The oil exhibits an
early-developed velocity profile, whereas both air and liquid metal display a more gradual
development stage-by-stage. This indicates that oil reaches a stable flow profile more
quickly than the other fluids. Regarding thermal conductivity, liquid metal outperforms
both oil and air significantly, demonstrating much faster heat transfer capabilities. In
contrast, air and oil show lower thermal conductivity, which affects their efficiency in heat
transfer applications. These findings highlight the superior performance of liquid metal in
both flow development and thermal conductivity compared to oil and air.

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FUTURE SCOPE
For their study, researchers can vary the Reynolds numbers to understand the problems that
arise with different flow regimes. They can extend this research to complex geometries,
such as bends and junctions in pipes, to observe how flow behavior changes in these areas.
Additionally, they can investigate multiphase flows within pipes, which is particularly
relevant in the chemical and petrochemical industries. This can help in optimizing
processes, improving efficiency, and reducing potential issues in industrial applications.

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[1] Lamsal, Abish "Analyzing pipe flow scenarios using computational fluid dynamics
(CFD)." Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. Technol 8, no. 3 (2023): 162-166.
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fluid dynamics simulation and analysis of fluid flow in pipe: Effect of fluid
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(2021): 805-810.
[3] Rambhad, Kishor S., Vednath P. Kalbande, Manoj A. Kumbhalkar, Vivek W.
Khond, and Rahul A. Jibhakate. "Heat transfer and fluid flow analysis for turbulent
flow in circular pipe with vortex generator." SN Applied Sciences 3, no. 7 (2021):
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[4] Tirodkar, Siddhesh, and Siddappa Bhusnoor. "Application of CFD analysis in fully
developed Velocity and Temperature flow field through pipe."
[5] Dutta, Prasun, Sumit Kumar Saha, and Nityananda Nandi. "Computational study
of turbulent flow in pipe bends." International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research 10, no. 11 (2015): 2015.
[6] Diyoke, C., and U. Ngwaka. "CFD Analysis of a Fully Developed Turbulent Flow
in a Pipe with a Constriction and an Obstacle." Intl. J. Eng. Res. Technol 4 (2015):
2278-0181.
[7] Thakre, S. S., and J. B. Joshi. "CFD modeling of heat transfer in turbulent pipe
flows." AIChE journal 46, no. 9 (2000).
[8] C P Kothandaraman and S Subramanyam “Heat and mass transfer data book”.
(2022).

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