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LEC 01. Introduction to Petrology

Petrology is the study of rocks, focusing on their origin, history, structure, chemical composition, and classification into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types. Rocks are classified based on their composition and texture, with specific characteristics defining each type. Understanding rocks is essential for resource extraction and interpreting geological history.

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John Bhebs Mellijor
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21 views20 pages

LEC 01. Introduction to Petrology

Petrology is the study of rocks, focusing on their origin, history, structure, chemical composition, and classification into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types. Rocks are classified based on their composition and texture, with specific characteristics defining each type. Understanding rocks is essential for resource extraction and interpreting geological history.

Uploaded by

John Bhebs Mellijor
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GEOL 102

PETROLOGY

PETROLOGY

2nd Year 2nd Semester | DGEOL - Patrick Sam M. Buenavista


PETROLOGY

• Petros (rock) + logos (study)


• Study of rocks
• Deals with the origin, history, occurrence, structure, chemical
composition, and classification of rocks.
• Rocks are classified based on Composition and Texture.
• Igneous Petrology
• Sedimentary Petrology
• Metamorphic Petrology
PETROLOGY

• COMPOSITION
• Depends on chemistry of parent material e.g. melt, protolith
• Percentage of SiO2 (for igneous), Rock Type (for sedimentary),
and Lithology of protolith (for metamorphic).

• TEXTURE
• Depends on Degree of Crystallinity (for igneous), Size of grain
(for sedimentary), and both (for metamorphic).
Igneous Rocks
• Formed from the crystallization of molten material or melt.
• Composition depends on Magma chemistry and Temperature.
• Texture depends on Degree of Crystallinity (due to Rate of
Cooling).
• Classified based on:
• Silica content (% SiO2)
• Color (% of dark-colored minerals)
• Texture (degree of crystallinity)
% SiO2 Rock Color
Crystalline Texture

Phaneritic Aphanitic Porphyritic


Crystalline Texture

Glassy Frothy
Sedimentary Rocks
• Formed from the deposition, lithification, and diagenesis of
sediment grains.
• Sediments (from any parent rock) are transported via water,
wind, or ice and are deposited. Continuous deposition of
sediments over earlier layers results to compaction and
cementation, forming sedimentary rocks.
• Strata (beds) are the most diagnostic property
• Classified into: (1) Clastic, (2) Biochemical, and (3) Chemical.
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of fragments (clasts) of pre-existing minerals and
rocks, and classified based on Grain Sizes.

Conglomerate Breccia
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of fragments (clasts) of pre-existing minerals and
rocks, and classified based on Grain Sizes.

Sandstone
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of fragments (clasts) of pre-existing minerals and
rocks, and classified based on Grain Sizes.

Siltstone Claystone Mudstone


Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of fragments (allochems) embedded in a matrix, and
classified based on the percent abundance of both.

Shelly Limestone Bafflestone Coquina


Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Composed of chemically-precipitated minerals from a mineralized
fluid that had undergone evaporation, leaving a residue which later
transformed into sedimentary rocks.

Evaporite Phosphate rock Coal


Metamorphic Rocks
• Formed from the recrystallization of pre-existing rocks and
minerals due to higher temperature and pressure, forming a
new mineral assemblage of that specific P-T range.
• Rocks are subjected to higher P-T, and mineral components
change (either compositionally or texturally).
• Classified based on Texture: Foliated or Non-foliated
• Classified based on Composition (dominant minerals)
• Excellent markers for Temperature and Pressure.
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks characterized with repetitive layering due to
either different composition or alignment of phyllosilicate minerals.
Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks that have no foliation or sheet-like structures.

Marble Eclogite
Why study rocks?
• Provide industrial and economic mineral resources.
• Interpret the geologic history of an area.
• Study the past and origin of a region.
Questions?

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