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Ch.05
Presentation of Data-
Textual And Tabular Presentation

The Presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analysed.
There are many forms of presentation of data of which the following are many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well
known:
i. Textual or Descriptive presentation,
ii. Tabular Presentation, and
iii. Diagrammatic Presentation.

1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
In textual presentation, data are a part of the next of study or a part of the description of the subject matter of study. Such a presentation is
also called descriptive presentation of data.

Example 1
In a strike call given by the trade unions of shoe making industry in the city of Delhi, 50% of the workers reported for the duty, and only 2 out of
the 20 industries in the city were totally closed.

Example2
Surveys conducted by a Non-government Organisation reveal that, in the state of Punjab, area under pulses has tended to shrinks by 40% while
the area under rice and wheat has tended to expand by 20%, between the years 2001-2011.

Suitbaility
Textual presentation of data is most suitable when the quantum of data is not very large.
Drawbacks
A serious drawback of the textual presentation of data is that one has to go through the entire text before quantitative facts about a phenomenon
become evident.

TABULAR PRESENTATION
“A statistical table is a systematic organisation of data in columns and rows.”
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Components of a Table
Following are the principal components of a table:
1. Table Number: firs of all, a table must be numbered. Different tables must have different numbers, e.g., 1,2,3,…..,
2. Title: A table must have a title. Title must be written in bold letters. It should attract the attention of the readers. The title must be simple,
clear and short. A good title must reveal:

i. The problem under consideration,

ii. The time period of the study,
iii. The place of study, and
iv. The nature of classification of data. A good title is short but complete in all respects.

3. Head Note: If the title of the table does not give complete information, it is supplemented with a head note. Head note completes the
information in the title of the table. Thus, units of the data are generally expressed in the form of lakhs, tonners, etc. and preferably in
brackets as a head-note.
4. Stubs: Stubs are titles of the rows of a table. These titles indicate information contained in the rows of the table.
5. Caption: Caption is the title given to the columns of a table. A caption indicates information contained in the columns of the table.
A caption may have sub-heads when information contained in the columns is divided in more than one class. For example, a caption of
‘students’ may have boys and girls as sub-heads.
6. Body or Field: Body of a table means sum total of the items in the table.
7. Footnotes: Footnotes are given for clarification of the reader. These are generally given when information in the table need to be
supplemented.
8. Sources: When tables are based on secondary data, source of the data is to be given. sources of the data is specified below the footnote.
It should given: name of the publication and publisher, year of publication, reference, page number, etc.
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Kinds of Tables
There are three basis of classifying tables, viz., (1) Purpose of a table, (2) originality of a table, and (3) construction of a table. According to each
of these basis, statisticians have classified tables as in the following flow chart
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Kinds of Tables

According to Purpose According to Construction

According to Originality

Special Original Table Derived Table Simple or

General Purpose Table One-way Complex Table
Purpose Table
Table

Double or Treble Manifold

Two-way Table Table Table

1. Table according to Purpose

According to purpose, there are two kinds of tables:
i. General Purpose Table: General purpose table is that table which is of general use. It does not serve any specific purpose or
specific problem under consideration. Such tables are just ‘data bank’ for the use of researchers for their various studies. These are
also called Reference Tables.
ii. Special Purpose Table: special purpose table is that table which is prepared with some specific purpose in mind. Generally these
are small tables limited to the problem under consideration. In these tables data are presented in the form of result of the analysis.
That is why these tables are also called summary tables.
2. Tables according to Originality
On the basis of originality, tables are of two kinds:
i. Original Tables: An original tables is that in which data are presented in the same form and manner in which they are collected.
ii. Derived Table: A derived table is that in which data area not presented in the form or manner in which these are collected. Instead
the data first converted into ratios or percentage and then presented.
3. Tables according to construction
i. Simple or one-way table: A simple table is that which shows only one characteristic of the data.

Number of students in a college

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Class Number of Students

XI 200
B.A. (i) 100
B.A. (ii) 80
B.A (iii) 60
Total 440

ii. Complex Table: A complex table is one which shows more than one characteristic of the data. On the basis of the characteristics
shown, these tables may be further classified as:
a. Double or two-way Table: a two-way table is that which shows two characteristics of the data.

Number of Students in a college

(According to Sex and Class)

Class Number of Students Total

Boys Girls
XI 160 40 200
B.A. (I) 40 60 100
B.A (II) 60 20 80
B.A. (III) 50 10 60
Total 310 130 440

b. Treble Table: A treble table is that which shows three characteristics of the data. For example,

Number of Students in a college

(According to class, Sex and Habitation)

Class Boys Girls Total

Rur Urba Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
al n
XI 50 110 160 10 30 40 60 140 200
B.A. (I) 10 30 40 15 45 60 25 75 100
B.A. (II) 15 45 60 5 15 20 20 60 80
B.A. (III) 10 40 50 5 5 10 15 45 60
Total 85 225 310 35 95 130 120 320 440
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c. Manifold Table: A manifold table is the one which shows more than three characteristics of the data.

Number of Students in a College

(According to their sex, Class, Habitation and Marital Status)
Class Boys Girls
Rural Urban Rural Urban Total
Marrie Unmarried Married unmarrie Married Unmarried Marrie Unmarried
d d d
XI 5 55 10 90 2 8 5 25 200
B.A.(I) 5 15 15 35 4 4 4 18 100
B.A.(II) 5 10 15 30 2 3 5 10 80
B.A.(III) 5 5 20 20 3 2 2 3 60
Total 20 85 60 175 11 17 16 56 440

Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation

Tabular presentation is based on four fold classification of data, viz., quantitative, temporal, and spatial. Following are the details with suitable
illustrations.
1. Qualitative Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation:
Qualitative Classification occurs when data are classified on the basis of qualitative attributes or qualitative characteristics of a
phenomenon. Example: Data of unemployment may relate to rural-urban areas, skilled and unskilled workers, or male and female job-
seekers.

Unemployment in Punjab by Sex and Location (Per cent)

Sex Location
Rural Urban
Male 20 10
Female 30 20
Total 25 15

2. Quantitative classification of Data and Tabular Presentation:

Quantitative classification occurs when data are classified on the basis of quantitative characteristics of phenomenon.
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Marks Obtained by students of Class XII

of XYZ School
Marks Number of Students
20-30 3
30-40 7
40-50 12
50-60 22
60-70 32
70-80 36
80-90 09
90-100 01

3. Temporal Classification of Data and Tabular Presentation:

In temporal Classification, data are classified according to time, and time becomes the classifying variable.

Annual Sale of Cell Phones in the City of Delhi

(2014-2018)
Year Sale (Units)
2014 50,000
2015 70,000
2016 90,000
2017 1,00.000
2018 2,00,000

4. Spatial Classification: In spatial classification, place/location becomes the classifying variable. It may be a village, a town, a district, a
state or a country as a whole.

Indian Students in different Countries of the world (2018)

Country Number of Students

USA 50,000
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UK 15,000
Japan 5,000
Russia 2,000
Australia 7,000

Merits of Tabular Presentation

1. Simple and Brief Presentation:
2. Facilitates Comparison:
3. Easy Analysis:
4. Highlights Characteristics of Data
5. Economical