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Grammar Notes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of key grammar concepts, including identifying subjects, verbs, clauses, sentence types, and objects. It also covers verbal usage, text structures, and correct punctuation with dashes. Each section includes definitions, examples, and key steps for understanding and applying these grammar rules.

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6 views

Grammar Notes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of key grammar concepts, including identifying subjects, verbs, clauses, sentence types, and objects. It also covers verbal usage, text structures, and correct punctuation with dashes. Each section includes definitions, examples, and key steps for understanding and applying these grammar rules.

Uploaded by

203422958t
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grammar Notes & Review

I. Identifying Subjects

The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is about.

●​ Examples:
○​ The dog ran fast. (Subject: The dog)
○​ A heavy rainstorm caused flooding. (Subject: A heavy rainstorm)

Key Steps:

1.​ Find the action (verb) in the sentence.


2.​ Ask who or what is performing the action. The answer is the subject.

II. Identifying Verbs or Verb Phrases

A verb shows action or state of being. Verb phrases are combinations of verbs that work together.

●​ Examples:
○​ She is reading a book. (Verb phrase: is reading)
○​ He ran to the store. (Verb: ran)

Key Steps:

1.​ Identify the main action or linking verb.


2.​ Look for auxiliary (helping) verbs to form verb phrases.

III. Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses

●​ Independent Clause: A group of words that can stand alone as a complete sentence.
●​ Dependent Clause: A group of words that cannot stand alone as a sentence because it doesn't
express a complete thought.
●​ Phrase: A group of words that doesn’t have both a subject and a verb.

Examples:

●​ Independent Clause: He went home.


●​ Dependent Clause: Although he was tired. (This needs more to be a complete thought.)
●​ Phrase: Walking through the park (no subject or verb).

IV. Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex


1.​ Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause.
○​ Example: She sings.
2.​ Compound Sentence: Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or punctuation.
○​ Example: She sings and he dances.
3.​ Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
○​ Example: She sings because she loves music.
4.​ Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
○​ Example: She sings and he dances because they love to perform.

V. Types of Sentences Based on Punctuation

●​ Declarative Sentence: Makes a statement and ends with a period.


○​ Example: The sky is blue.
●​ Interrogative Sentence: Asks a question and ends with a question mark.
○​ Example: Is it going to rain?
●​ Imperative Sentence: Gives a command or request and ends with a period or exclamation mark.
○​ Example: Please pass the salt.
●​ Exclamatory Sentence: Shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation mark.
○​ Example: What a beautiful sunset!

VI. Direct and Indirect Objects

●​ Direct Object: The person or thing that receives the action of the verb.
○​ Example: She kicked the ball. (Direct object: ball)
●​ Indirect Object: The person or thing that receives the direct object.
○​ Example: He gave her the book. (Indirect object: her, Direct object: book)

Key Steps:

1.​ Find the verb.


2.​ Ask who or what receives the action (Direct Object).
3.​ Ask to whom or for whom the action is done (Indirect Object).

VII. Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives

●​ Predicate Noun: A noun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject.
○​ Example: She is a teacher. (Predicate Noun: teacher)
●​ Predicate Adjective: An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
○​ Example: The cake is delicious. (Predicate Adjective: delicious)

VIII. Verbal Usage: Noun, Adjective, or Adverb


Verbs can be used as noun, adjective, or adverb forms, called verbals.

1.​ Gerund (Noun): A verb acting as a noun.


○​ Example: Swimming is fun. (Swimming = noun)
2.​ Participle (Adjective): A verb acting as an adjective.
○​ Example: The running water was cold. (Running = adjective)
3.​ Infinitive (Adverb): A verb acting as an adverb.
○​ Example: She ran to catch the bus. (Catch = modifies ran, adverb)

IX. Text Structures

Different types of writing use different text structures. Recognizing these can help in both reading and
writing.

●​ Problem/Solution: Explains a problem and how it can be solved.


○​ Example: There is a pollution problem; solutions include reducing waste.
●​ Compare/Contrast: Compares similarities and differences.
○​ Example: Dogs and cats are both pets, but dogs need more attention.
●​ Sequence/Chronological/Process: Explains events in order or a process.
○​ Example: First, prepare the ingredients; second, mix them together.
●​ Cause/Effect: Shows how one thing causes another.
○​ Example: The storm caused power outages.
●​ Descriptive: Provides details and paints a picture.
○​ Example: The sky was orange with streaks of purple.

X. Correct Punctuation with Dashes

Use dashes to:

1.​ Emphasize additional information.


2.​ Show a break or interruption in thought.
3.​ Set off parenthetical elements.
●​ Example: The meeting—scheduled for next week—has been postponed.

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