LESSON 10 : GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

( GAP)

GROUP 6
 SEX ROLE vs. Gender Roles

Sex roles and gender roles arose from the construct of sex and gender, respectively.

Sex Roles- are those roles that are based on the biological characteristics of a person ; they are
universal, permanent, and unchanging.

Gender roles are those that are learned by a person , as appropriate to their gender, and are
determined by cultural norms.
 Narratives of Gender Bias

Gender Bias
As a social construct, gender unpins the concepts of bias and
inequality, across all genders, typically against women. Manifestations
of gender bias include marginalization, subordination, stereotyping,
multiple burden, and gender-based violence.
Gender Equality- means that the rights, responsibilities and opportunities of individuals will not
depend on whether they are male or female, handicapped or able bodied, young or elderly,
white or black, or from rural or urban settings. Women are entitled to live in dignity, safety and
security.

Sex - the biological aspects related to reproduction.

Gender - socially constructed roles and behaviors related to masculinity and femininity.

Sex roles - a person's functions based on biological characteristics.

Gender roles - roles learned by a person related to his or her gender .

Gender socialization - how people learn norms, traditions, and behaviors associated with a
person's sex Gender equality - equal participation of women and men in different life domains.
 Reflect about Gender Gap

GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX

Gender gap is defined as the distance

between males and females in relation to their access to
social, political, cultural, and economic lives (Hausmann,
Tyson, & Zahidi 2012). The 2020 Global Gap Index
depicts that the Philippines is one of the top countries in
the world that is able to narrow the gender gap, as it
ranked 16th out of 153 countries.
 Infographic about Policies on Gender Equality
One of the main reasons why the Philippines ranks high in the previously
presented 2020 Global Gender Gap Index is due to the enactment of various laws
and policies that champion gender equality and women empowerment. The
following is a list of the salient policies that are either adopted to or enacted in the
country, subdivided into categories, as presented in the following.

Policy Imperatives on Gender and Development International® Policies

UN Convention on Elimination and Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW) - This is frequently referred to as a global charter of rights for women. It
establishes an agenda for national action to end such prejudice against women
while defining what constitutes such behavior.
Beijing Platform for Action- On September 15, 1995, the UN passed a
resolution known as the Beijing Declaration at the conclusion of the Fourth World
Conference on Women. The resolution was passed to establish a set of guidelines
for gender equality.

Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development

Goals - Also known as the Global Goals, these are a set of 17 interconnected
international objectives that are intended to serve as a common blueprint for
peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.
National Policies The 1987 Philippine Constitution - This is the Republic of the Philippines'
constitution, which is also its highest legislation. On October 12, 1986, the Constitutional
Commission completed the final text, and on February 2, 1987, a countrywide referendum
approved it.

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women - The Magna Carta of Women is a thorough human rights law
for women that aims to end discrimination against them by recognizing, upholding, and
advancing their rights, particularly those of underprivileged Filipino women.

RA 7192: Women in Nation-Building Act - The Act's goal is to support the participation of
women as full, equal partners with men in economic growth and national development.

Joint Memorandum Circulars 2012-1, 2013-01, and 2016-01 - These guide the distribution of the
Gender and Development budget.
 GAD-related Plans
Philippine Plan for Gender Responsive Development (1995- 2025) - This is a national plan that
addresses, offers, and seeks complete equality for female and male development.

Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (GEWE) Plan (2019-2025) - The government will
use this as a guide and primary resource for creating Gender and Development (GAD) plans and
budgets.

Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) - This shall offer a guide for achieving inclusive and
sustained progress for all Filipinos.

Policies on Gender-Based Violence/Violence Against Women or Girls Republic Acts

RA 9262: Anti-Violence Against Women & Children Act (VAWC) - prescribes penalties for
violence against women and children, provides protective measures for victims, and other
purposes related to VAWC

RA 7877: Anti-Sexual Harassment Act - a law making sexual harassment illegal in settings of
employment, education, or training.
RA 11313: Safe Spaces Act - a law defining gender-based sexual harassment in public places,
online, at work, and in educational or training facilities

RA 8353: Anti-Rape Law - According to this law, anyone can be a victim of rape, including
prostituted individuals, non-virgins, and those with active sexual lives.

RA 8505: Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act - This law guides the establishment of rape
crisis centers in every province and city, authorizing the appropriation of necessary funds, and
other requirements to provide assistance and protection for victims of rape.

RA 10364: Expanded Anti-Trafficking Law - establishes the essential institutional arrangements

for the defense and assistance of trafficked individuals by formulating sanctions for violations

RA 9775: Anti-Child Pornography Law - The purpose of this law is to define the crime of child
pornography and prescribe penalties.

RA 7610: Anti-Child Abuse Law - institutes greater defenses and security against child abuse,
exploitation, and discrimination
 Revised Penal Code Crimes
Acts of Lasciviousness - the act of making physical contact with another person's
body to satisfy one's sexual needs even without intending to engage in sexual
activity

Seduction (Simple and Qualified) - persuading another to engage in prohibited

sexual activity by using promises, flattery, bribery, or other means without
employing physical force or violence

Concubinage - any male spouse who maintains a mistress in the marital residence,
engages in scandalous sexual activity with a woman who is not his wife, or cohabits
with her in another location

Unjust Vexation - any nonviolent human action that unjustly irritates a person who
is innocent
Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights and Privileges of Women

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women - This extensive law on women's rights attempts to end
discrimination against them by recognizing, defending, and expanding their rights, particularly
those of Filipino women from disadvantaged backgrounds.

RA 11210: Expanded Maternity Leave Law - increases the maternity leave period for female
employees to 105 days, with the option of extending for an additional 30 days without pay. It
grants an additional 15 days for solo mothers as well.

RA 6725: Prohibition on Discrimination against Women - strengthens the restriction on

discrimination against women in relation to employment .

RA 7882: Provision of Assistance to Women Engaging in Micro and Cottage Business

Enterprises - gives assistance to women in the micro and cottage business

RA 6949: National Women's Day - designates March 8 as the National Women's Day and a
working holiday
Policies Promoting and Protecting the Rights of the LGBTQIA+ Community

International Policies
Universal Declaration of Human Rights - an international charter that protects the freedoms
and rights of all people and was approved by the United Nations General Assembly

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - This multilateral agreement binds
the state parties to uphold the civil and political rights of all citizens, including the right to life,
freedom of religion or belief, freedom of expression, freedom of association, the right to vote,
and the right to a fair trial and due process.

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) - This multilateral
agreement was approved by the UN General Assembly (GA) on December 16, 1966, through GA
Resolution 2200A (XXI), and it became official on January 3, 1976. It binds the parties to work for
the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the non-self-governing and trust
territories and to people, including labor rights and the right to health, to education, and to a
livable wage.
National Policies

The 1987 Philippine Constitution - This is the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines,
which also serves as its highest law.

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women - By recognizing, defending, and extending women's rights,
particularly those from underprivileged contexts, this wholistic law seeks to abolish
discrimination against women.

RA 11166: Philippine HIV and AIDS Act - This law helped enhance the Philippines' wholistic
policy on HIV and AIDS prevention, treatment, care, and support; reconstituted the Philippine
National Aids Council (PNAC); and repealed RA 8504 or the "Philippine Aids Prevention and
Control Act of 1998.“

RA 10627: Anti-Bullying Act - This law establishes the adoption of policies and programs against
bullying in primary and secondary schools.
THANK
YOU!!!