A.

FLOWCHART

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Functions and its shape:

✅
1. Start points, end points. - OBLONG

✅
2. Shows relationship - ARROW

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3. input or output - PARALLELOGRAM

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4. process, action, or function - RECTANGLE

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5. question to be answered (yes/no or true/false) - DIAMOND

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6. depict a step (preparation) - HEXAGON
7. connects separate elements across one page - CIRCLE

B. PART OF ACCESS MODIFIER

- controls the visibility or accessibility of classes, methods, and variables
1. Access Modifier (public, private, protected, default)
public class Main {
}
2. Classname (pangalan ng system)
public class VidVivbe {
}
3. Keyword (static, return, new, this, abstract, implements)
public static void main(String[] args) {
}

C. RETURN TYPES
- The return type specifies what a method will return when it is called.
• void - doesn’t return anything
• int - returns an integer (whole number, 2005)
• float - returns a (6-7 decimal digits) (decimal, add: letter f after decimal, 10.11f )
• double - return a (15-17 decimal digits) (there is no need to add f, “5.75”)
• char - returns a single character (single character, add: ‘ ‘ between, ‘b’)
• boolean - returns a boolean value true / false
• String - returns a series of characters (word / sentence, add: “ “ between, “hello world”)
• array[] - returns an array ( int[ ], float[ ], char [ ], boolean [ ] )
• List<String> - returns a collection List<String> groceryList = new ArrayList<>();
groceryList.add(“Apples”);
groceryList.add(“Bananas”);

D. DATA TYPES
- data types determine the type of variable declared
• int - integer
• float/double - decimals
• char - single character
• boolean - true or false
• String - words, text
• array[] - collection of data arranged sequentially; linear data structure
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
- An operator is used to process an arithmetic, relational and logical action in the program
- ARITHMETIC OPERATORS - allows mathematical actions in the program

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the 1st whole number: ");

int num1 = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter the 2nd whole number: ");

int num2 = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Choose an operation:");
System.out.println("1. Addition (+)");
System.out.println("2. Subtraction (-)");
System.out.println("3. Multiplication (*)");
System.out.println("4. Division (/)");
System.out.println("5. Modulus (%)");
System.out.println("");
System.out.print("Enter the number corresponding to the operation: ");
int choice = scanner.nextInt();

int result;

switch (choice) {
case 1:
result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Addition (+): " + num1 + " + " + num2 + " = " + result);
break;
case 2:
result = num1 - num2;
System.out.println("Subtraction(-): " + num1 + " - " + num2 + " = " + result);
break;
case 3:
result = num1 * num2;
System.out.println("Multiplication(*): " + num1 + " * " + num2 + " = " + result);
break;
case 4:
if (num2 != 0) {
result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Division(/): " + num1 + " / " + num2 + " = " + result);
} else {
System.out.println("Error: Division by zero (0) is not allowed.");
}
break;
case 5:
result = num1 % num2;
System.out.println("Modulus(%): " + num1 + " % " + num2 + " = " + result);
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid operation selected.");
break;
}

scanner.close();
}
}
SCANNER
- The Scanner class is used to obtain input from various sources, including user input from the console. It
is part of the java.util package.

Example:
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter your age: ");

int age = scanner.nextInt();

scanner.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter your favorite color: ");
String favoriteColor = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("May pera ka pa? (true/false): ");

boolean haveMoney = scanner.nextBoolean();

System.out.print("Magkano na lang ang pera mo?: ");

double howMuch = scanner.nextDouble();

System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Hello, " + name + "! You are " + age + " years old.");
System.out.println("Your favorite color is " + favoriteColor);
System.out.println("is " + name + " have Money pa? " + (haveMoney ? "Madame HAHAHAHA" : "ubos na HUHUHU"));
System.out.println("You have " + howMuch + " on your wallet");

scanner.close();
}
}

Use Case: Choose Available Fruits

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] fruits = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Grapes", "Strawberry"};

System.out.println("Available fruits:");
for (int i = 0; i < fruits.length; i++) {
System.out.println(i + ": " + fruits[i]);
}

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Please enter the number of the fruit you want to choose: ");
int choice = scanner.nextInt();

if (choice >= 0 && choice < fruits.length) {

System.out.println("You have chosen: " + fruits[choice]);
} else {
System.out.println("Invalid choice. Please select a number between 0 and " + (fruits.length - 1) + ".");
}

scanner.close();
}
}
Use Case: Basic User Authentication
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

String correctUsername = "admin";

String correctPassword = "p@ssw0rd";

System.out.print("Username: ");
String username = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Password: ");
String password = scanner.nextLine();

if (username.equals(correctUsername) && password.equals(correctPassword)) {

System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Login successful!");
System.out.println("Welcome, " + username + ".");
} else {
System.out.println("");
System.out.println("Invalid username or password. Please try again.");
}

scanner.close();
}
}
CONTROL STRUCTURES
- Control structures determine the flow of execution in a program.
- The main types include:
1. Conditional Statements
2. Loops

1) Conditional Statements
a) if statement
- Executes a block of code if a condition is true.
Example:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 8;

if (number % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("The number " + number + " is even.");
}
}
}

b) if-else statement
- Executes one block of code if the condition is true and another block if it is false.
Example:
int number = 10;
if (number > 0) {
System.out.println("Positive number");
} else {
System.out.println("Non-positive number");
}

c) switch statement
- Selects one of many code blocks to execute based on the value of a variable.
Example:
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
}
 2) LOOPS
- Are used for executing a block of code repeatedly
- Types: (for, while, do-while)

for - used when you know the number of iterations in advance

while - executes a block of code as long as the condition is true.

do-while - Similar to the while loop, but guarantees that the block of code will execute at least
once before checking the condition.

B
MODULUS
- The modulus operator (%) is used to find the remainder of a division operation. It is commonly used in
various scenarios, such as determining if a number is even or odd.

Example: (10/3= 3 r.1)

int a = 10; Use Case: To check if a number is even or odd:
int b = 3; int number = 5;
int remainder = a % b; if (number % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("Even");
System.out.println(remainder); } else {
// remainder will be 1 System.out.println(“Odd”);
}

To check the Even numbers from 0-100:

public class Main { To check the Odd numbers from 0-100:
public static void main(String[] args) { public class Main {
System.out.println("Even numbers from 0 to public static void main(String[] args) {
100:"); System.out.println("Odd numbers from 0 to
100:");
for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) { // Check if the number is even for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.println(i); if (i % 2 != 0) { // Check if the number is odd
} System.out.println(i);
} }
} }
} }
}
STRINGS
- Strings in Java are objects that represent a sequence of characters. They are immutable, meaning
once created, their values cannot be changed.

Common String Methods:

1) .length()
- returns the length of a string.
2) .toUpperCase()
- converts to uppercase letters.
3) .toLowerCase()
- converts to lowercase letters.
4) .indexOf(string variable)
- returns the position of the first occurrence of specified character(s).
5) .charAt(int index)
- returns the character at the specified index in a string.
6) .replace(‘character to find’, ‘character to replace with)
- returns the character at the specified index in a string.
7) .substring()
- Returns a substring from the string.
8) .trim()
- removes whitespace from both ends of a string.
9) .equals()
- method compares two strings, and returns true if the strings are equal, and false if not.
ARRAYS
- Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same type in a single variable. They have a fixed size,
and their elements can be accessed using an index.

a. Declaring and Initializing Arrays

int[] numbers = new int[5]; // Declares an array of integers with size 5
numbers[0] = 10; // Assigns 10 to the first element
b. Example of Array Initialization
int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Initializes an array with values
c. Accessing Array Elements
int firstNumber = numbers[0]; // firstNumber will be 1
d. Iterating Through an Array
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
System.out.println(numbers[i]);
}

Use Case: Add the stored numbers

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {

sum += numbers[i]; // Add each element to sum
}

System.out.println("The sum of the array elements is: " + sum);

}
}

Use Case: Print all the Fruit values

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] fruits = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Grapes", "Strawberry"};

for (int i = 0; i < fruits.length; i++) {

System.out.println(fruits[i]);
}
}
}
Use Case: Print Specific Fruit values
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] fruits = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Grapes", "Strawberry"};

System.out.println(fruits[0]); // Apple
System.out.println(fruits[1]); // Banana
System.out.println(fruits[2]); // Cherry
}
}

Use Case: Characteristics of Simon Lara

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] charac = {"Mabait", "Mataray", "Pogi", "Hehe, Malikot"};

System.out.println(charac[0]);
}
}
COMBINATION
OF SCANNER, CONTROL STRUCTURE, MODULUS, STRINGS, ARRAYS

Example:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

// Prompt user for the number of grocery items

System.out.print("Enter the number of grocery items: ");
int n = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume the newline character

// Create an array to store the grocery items

String[] groceryItems = new String[n];

// Read grocery items from user

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
System.out.print("item " + (i + 1) + ": ");
groceryItems[i] = scanner.nextLine(); // Read the item as a string
}

// Check if the number of items is even or odd

if (n % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println("You have an even number of grocery items.");
} else {
System.out.println("You have an odd number of grocery items.");
}

// Display the grocery list

System.out.println("\nYour Grocery List:");
for (int i = 0; i < groceryItems.length; i++) {
System.out.println((i + 1) + ". " + groceryItems[i]);
}

// Close the scanner

scanner.close();
}
}
Explanation of the Program
1. Import Statement:
● The program starts with import java.util.Scanner;, which allows the use of the Scanner
class for reading user input.
2. Main Method:
● The execution begins in the main method.
3. Creating a Scanner Object:
● Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); creates a Scanner object to read input
from the console.
4. Prompting for Number of Items:
● The program prompts the user to enter the number of grocery items they want to add to
the list.
5. Reading the Number of Items:
● int n = scanner.nextInt(); reads the integer input for the number of items. The
scanner.nextLine(); is called afterward to consume the newline character left in the
buffer.
6. Creating an Array:
● String[] groceryItems = new String[n]; creates a string array to hold the grocery items.
7. Reading Grocery Items:
● A for loop iterates n times, prompting the user to enter each grocery item. Each item is
stored in the groceryItems array.
8. Checking Even or Odd:
● The program uses an if statement to check if the number of items (n) is even or odd
using the modulus operator (n % 2). It prints a corresponding message.
9. Displaying the Grocery List:
● Another for loop iterates through the groceryItems array and prints each item along with
its index.
10. Closing the Scanner:
● Finally, scanner.close(); is called to close the Scanner object.