TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Trigonometric ratios are used to relate the angles and sides of right triangles. There are six primary trigonometric
ratios, which are derived from a right triangle's angles and sides. These ratios are:

1. Sine (sin): It is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse.

2. Cosine (cos): It is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse.

3. Tangent (tan): It is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side.

4. Cosecant ( Cosec ) : It is the reciprocal of Sine .

5. Secant ( Sec ) : It is the reciprocal of Cos.
6. Cotangent ( Cot) : It is the reciprocal of Tan.

DAILY LIFE EXAMPLE

1. Construction and Architecture: When building structures, architects often use trigonometric ratios to calculate
heights and distances. For example, if they need to find the height of a building, they can measure the distance from
the building and the angle of elevation from that point to the top of the building. Using the tangent ratio
(opposite/adjacent), they can calculate the height.

2. Navigation: When navigating using maps or GPS, trigonometric ratios are used to determine distances and angles.
For instance, if a pilot needs to fly from one city to another, they can use sine, cosine, or tangent to calculate the
required flight path based on their current position and destination.

3. Sports: In sports like basketball, players often use angles to improve their shooting. When aiming for a basket, they
can consider the angle of their shot (the angle of elevation) and use sine or cosine to estimate the best angle for
making the shot.

4. Surveying Land: Land surveyors use trigonometric ratios to measure distances and angles when mapping out plots
of land.
 PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM
The Pythagorean Theorem is a fundamental principle in geometry that relates to right triangles. It states that in a right
triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares
of the lengths of the other two sides.
The formula is written as:
c² = a² + b²
Where:
- c is the length of the hypotenuse,
- a and b are the lengths of the other two sides.

Here’s a breakdown of the theorem:

1. Right Triangle: A triangle that has one angle measuring 90 degrees.
2. Hypotenuse: The longest side of a right triangle, opposite the right angle.
3. Legs: The two sides that form the right angle

DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES

1. Ladder Against a Wall: If you place a ladder against a wall, the height the ladder reaches on the wall and the
distance from the wall to the base of the ladder form a right triangle. If the ladder is 10 feet long (hypotenuse) and the
base is 6 feet away from the wall, you can find out how high the ladder reaches by using the theorem.

2. Finding Shortest Path: If you want to walk from one corner of a rectangular park to the opposite corner, instead of
walking around the edges, you can walk diagonally. If the park is 30 meters long and 40 meters wide, you can use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the diagonal distance you would walk.

3. Television Screen Size: When buying a TV, the size is often given as the diagonal measurement. If you know the
width and height of the screen, you can use the theorem to find out the diagonal size. For example, if a TV is 48 inches
wide and 36 inches high, you can find the diagonal size using the theorem.

4. Designing a Garden: If you want to create a rectangular garden and you know the lengths of two sides, you can
use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine the diagonal distance between opposite corners, which can help in
planning pathways or fences.

5. Sports Field: In sports like football or soccer, the field can be viewed as a rectangle. If you want to know the
distance between two corners of the field, you can apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find that diagonal distance for
better strategy planning.
 PARALLEL LINES AND TRANSVERSAL
When a transversal (a line that crosses two or more lines) intersects two parallel lines, it creates several angles. The
key concepts to understand are:
1. Interior Angles:
- The interior angles are the angles that lie between the two parallel lines.
- There are pairs of interior angles formed on the same side of the transversal and on opposite sides.
- The interior angles on the same side of the transversal are called consecutive interior angles. They are supplementary,
meaning they add up to 180°. For example, if one angle is 70°, the consecutive interior angle will be 110° because 70°
+ 110° = 180°.
2. Alternate Interior Angles:
- These are the angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal but still between the parallel lines.
- Alternate interior angles are equal. For example, if one angle measures 75°, the angle directly opposite it (on the
other parallel line) will also measure 75°.
3. Exterior Angles:
- The exterior angles are the angles that lie outside the two parallel lines.
- Similar to interior angles, there are pairs of exterior angles formed on the same side of the transversal and on
opposite sides.
- The exterior angles on the same side of the transversal are also supplementary. For example, if one exterior angle is
120°, the corresponding exterior angle on the same side will be 60° because 120° + 60° = 180°.
4. Alternate Exterior Angles:
- These are the angles that are on opposite sides of the transversal and outside the parallel lines.
- Alternate exterior angles are also equal. For example, if one exterior angle is 45°, the alternate exterior angle will
also be 45°.

DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES

1. Architecture and Construction: Architects and builders use these principles to ensure that structures are built
correctly. When designing buildings, they need to create walls and roofs that are parallel and perpendicular to each
other. Understanding angles helps in creating accurate plans and ensuring structural integrity.
2. Engineering: Engineers often work with designs that involve parallel lines, such as roadways, bridges, and
railways. Knowing how to calculate angles helps in ensuring that these structures are safe and functional.
3. Art and Design: Artists and designers use the concepts of angles and lines to create visually appealing works.
Understanding how to manipulate angles can help in creating perspective and depth in drawings and paintings.
4. Navigation and Mapping: In navigation, especially in creating maps, understanding angles is crucial. Surveyors
use these principles to measure land and create accurate maps, ensuring that distances and angles are correctly
represented.
5. Sports: In sports like basketball or soccer, players often need to understand angles to make successful passes or
shots. For example, knowing the angles can help in determining the best way to shoot a basketball to ensure it goes
through the hoop.
6. Robotics and Programming: In robotics, understanding angles is essential for programming movements and
ensuring that robotic arms or vehicles move in precise paths