Production of sound Propagation of sound Waves and wave motion ‘Types of waves Longitudinal and transverse Waves Characteristics of a sound wave ‘Speed of sound in different media Characteristics of sound Intensity of sound Reflection of sound Echo > Reverberation Uses of multiple reflections of sound Range of hearing > Applications of uitrasound waves ‘Structure of human ear From early morning till late at night, we hear sound from various sources like humans, animals, birds, machines (onicles, musical instruments, bells, sirens, radios, TVs. etc. Basically, sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. We are now familiar with the transformation of energy and ee law of conservation of energy. Accordingly, we can say that in order to produce sound energy, an equal aa of energy in some other form must be used. Generally, mechanical energy of a vibrating object is transformed into sound energy. In this chapter, we shall learn how sound is produced and how sound is propagated through a material medium. We shall gizo know how to distinguish between one sound and another sound produced by different persons Br different musical instruments and how sound is received by our ears. EEE Jo understand the production of sound, let us perform the following activities vichesege ‘Take tuning fork. Hold it from its stem and gently strike one of its prong with a rubber pad. What do you observe? ‘You will observe thi You wi Coser that the prongs of tuning fork start vibrating to and fro and as a result,LA mod ‘Take a rubber band and tie it at its two ends so that itis quite taut. Now, gently pluck it at the middle and then release. 4 Fi i aBt thread, a “support. tuning ‘The stretched rubber band vibrates up eer eS and down about tts equilibrium position ‘by striking ts prong on & and simultaneously, a sound is produced. rubber pad. Touch the SS tabi tes ba ‘tuning fork 25 shown it : the adjoining figure. Tut uber band ‘ball? The ball also starts Via Eee ‘A vibrating stretched rubber band ee and produces sound ‘about its mean position and 2 light Vibrating tuning fork just touching the ‘sound is produced. ‘suspended table tennis ball ns of an object. Whenever we set an \d of rapid to and fro motion of an From the above activities, itis clear that sound accompanies vibra object vibrating, it produces a sound. Here, vibration means a object. In case ofa tuning fork, we have produced sound by starting vibrations when a prong of tuning fork is striken on a rubber pad. In a string, vibrations are produced by plucking it at the middle. In general, we can start vibrations in different objects, so as to produce sound by plucking, scratching, rubbing, hammering, blowing or shaking them. The sound of the human voice is produced due to the vibrations in vocal cords in the throat. Sound is produced when a bird flaps its wings. We are all familiar with the sound produced by a buzzing bee or a mosquito. So, we conclude by noting that sound is produced due to vibration of different objects. 6.2 PROPAGATION OF SOUND Sound is produced by vibrating objects and it moves through a medium from the point of generation to the listener's ear. The medium, through which sound is propagated, can be a solid or a Jiquid or However, sound energy cannot travel through vacuum (ie. without the presence of a material ‘medium). To demonstrate that sound cannot travel through vacuum, we perform a simple experiment as given ahead.eee | an experiment to demonstrate that ne ound needs a materi sa medium for its Propagation and cannot travel through Ge pe ; as ti ator qake an ait ne bell jar. Suspend an electric bell inside the t saute fig, 61. The electric bells connected to a battery ed poaat as shown in : operated from outside the bell ja. The bell jar is connactodl vec want can be ae gwitch on the bell. We are able to hear the sound produced by the ball Nec eg grt the vacuum Pump. AS the air from the belljer'k pumped set cmd 5 bai the sound produced by electric bell becomes fainter thea a aaa Uirrent is flowing through the bell ue he eg infter some time, When very less air is left inside the bel ; feeble sound. side the bell jar, we hear a very the air is completely removed from the bell jar then we are not able to hear the sound of the bell although it is still ringing, L—=-+ toveawm Disconnect the vacuum pump and let the air enter in the bell jar. We are able Fig. 6.1 Bell jar experiment tolisten the sound of bell again. showing sound cannot travel through vacuum This proves that sound cannot travel through vacuum and it requires a = material medium (air in this experiment) for its propagation. 6.2.1 The method of propagation of sound through a medium When an object vibrates, it sets the particles of the MCdiUM TTS zround it vibrating, The medium particles do not travel all the Knowtence Desk way from the vibrating object to the ear. In fact, a particle of Se ee ee ereciern’inicontact with the vibrating cbject is displaced) ge. (WS ssUoMa Us conse alam from its equilibrium position. It then exerts a force on the adjacent particle and so the adjacent particle gets displaced + from its equilibrium position. After displacing the adjacent partide, the first particle of medium comes back to its original position This process of transfer of disturbance from one particle of medium to the next particle and so on continues till medium particle just near our ear starts vibrating and sound (the disturbance) reaches our ear. Thus, the disturbance created by a source of sound in a medium travels through the me les but there is no bodily motion of the medium particles. The medium particles simply vibrate to and fro about their respective equilibrium positions and ‘simultaneously transfer disturbance (energy) to the adjacent particles. In this way, disturbance propagates from source of sound to the listener. This method of propagation of a disturbance (sound energy) is called a wave motion. 6.3 WAVES AND WAVE MOTION To understand the concept of waves and wave motion, let us consider the following examples: 1. Water ripples: Let us throw a small-sized stone (pebble) in a pond of still water, On hitting the water surface, the pebble sinks but the water surface Gets disturbed, Phe disturbance spreads outwards in the form of concentric Ps cles I a cork piece is gently put on the disturbed water surface, the cork piece simply moves up and down but does not move away from its SD cuenibre souttion: This shows that the water mass, asa whole, does not flow outwards and only a moving disturbance is created which travels outwards towards the edges of the pond as water ripples. a Fig. 6.2 Water ripplesMec Miatiae . og ee 2. Wave in a string: Take a long, thin string and fix one end of it to ah a rigid support and hold the other end of the string in your hand. _ You may stand at such a position so that the string is just taut 2s we Ee shown in Fig. 6.3 (a). Now, give gentle up and down jerks to the free end of the string with your hand. We observe that whole nis as string starts oscillating up and down as shown in Fig. 6.3 (b). The — disturbance travels from the free end to the fixed end of the string ©) t From these examples, we can say that a wave is a disturbance that moves through a medium such that the particles of the medium set Fig. 6.8. sting "xed al one end neighbouring particles into motion. They, in turn, produce si r (a) a eS Jeairerel: Rage ng ) motion in others. Although medium particles do not move forward a themselves, but the disturbance is carried forward. 6.3.1 De! in of a Wave A wave is any disturbance that propagates through a medium due to the repeated vibratory motion of medium particles to and fro about their respective mean positions. A wave transfers energy as well as momentum but does not transfer mass (or matter). 6.3.2 Wave Motion The motion of energy (disturbance) through a medium in the form of a wave is called wave motion, In a wave motion through a medium, the medium particles periodically vibrate to and fro about their ns and simultaneously transfer energy (disturbance) to the neighbouring particles, Lea dd ean) —E~>~>—~—>—Ee—]_——_—>>_————EEE——— The waves are of the following three types: Electromagnetic Waves: The waves which do not require and can travel even through vacuum are known as the waves, X-rays and thermal radiations are examples of, electromagnetic waves. 3. Matter Waves: Waves associated with Proton, etc., are called matter waves. However, in our present studi i Howey ues we shall study only about the mechanical waves, ie. longitudinal and transverse 6.5 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE WAVES From the viewpoint of relationship c propagation of wave, we classify 5.1 Longitudinal Waves material medium for their propagation waves. Light waves, radio moving atomic and subatomic particles like electron,y aera 3 a en ara | SS To demonstrate the formation of a longitudinal wave ‘ake @ long slinky. Request your fiend to hold w g Sa Aer ne end of You should hold the sapar. Sirk ara ee eof the sly, Now, ! a sharp push to the slinky towards your frend, thew punt a tack. In this wave, move your hand in pushing Mane be sinky alteratively few times, Carefully, observe the slinky You SE ge ae wild that at some places, the sinky gets compressed vod ws is helcals come closer to each other. Such regions are known oy, as compression regions and are shown by symbol ¢ in Fg. (b), Alternatively, at some other places, the helicals of slinky drift away from one another forming a region of rarefaction shown 2Y Symbo Rin the figure. Thus, altermate zones of compressions and rarefacions are formed inthe a ‘slinky Push or pull applied at one end of slinky has travelled throughout the slinky, Le., a wave is formed on ‘If you mark a dot with a ball pen on the slinky, the dot on the slinky moves back and forth parallel to the direction of ‘the propagation of the disturbance. It shows that the wave formed is a longitudinal wave. Longitudinal wave in a From the above activity, we conclude that in a longitudinal wave, alternate regions of compression and rarefaction are formed in the medium, Compressions are the regions where medium particles are crowded together and the density as well as pressure are high. On the other hand, rarefactions are the regions where medium particles are spread apart and the density as well as pressure are low. Sound Waves are Longitudinal Waves [Propagation of Sound through Air Medium] To show that sound waves are longitudinal waves, let us consider a sound wave travelling through air medium. To produce sound, let us have a vibrating object (say a tuning fork), Ordinarily, when prongs of a tuning fork are not vibrating, ' ; Seer maar atersac sham nb 64h HALLE When a prong of a tuning fork moves outwards, it eee pushes and compresses the air in front of it creating a tuning @ region of high pressure, which is commonly known as ok |. a compression(C) as shown in Fig. 6.4 (b). The E \ \ | | | | | || | | | | | c compression tends to move away from the vibrating tuning fork. _ When the prong of a tuning fork moves inwards, it creates a region of low pressure called rarefaction (R) + : hear it as shown in Fig. 6.4 (c). The original { | | | \l| \| | | | | | | | | | ‘compression C has moved away from the tuning fork. ui i As the prongs of a tuning fork move back and forth © rapidly, a series of compressions and rarefactions is ~ ‘created in the air and these make the sound wave that Ill | | | {III | | | | | | | Propagates through the air medium. PL TTL The pressure at a region is related to the number of a ‘medium particles in a given volume, i.e., the density of medium. More density of the particles in the medium | | | \II| | | | III | | | III Gives a region of more pressure and a low density of the particles in the medium gives a region of low RONG. Ro Sot Rae! Pressure, — Direction of sound propagation Fig. 6.4Hence, propagation of sound can be visual of pressure variations in the medium ( ‘The density variations of a sound (longitudinal) wave are sho variations of pressure for a sound wave. neue Speaker 3 wn in Fig, 65 (a) and the Fig. 6.5 (b) shows the Densiyveratons Cie 08 Ree R cS @ Pressure variations =< Crost » 5 \ A [ \ / \ / ae Average aa yee Gonsity oF ae \ pressure Trout © Fig. 65 Sound propagates as density or pressure variations as shown in (a) and (b), and ‘represents graphically the density and pressure variations ‘A-sound (longitudinal) wave, in graphic form, is shown in Fig. 6.5 (c). In the graph, distance from the seed souree is taken along X-axis and density or pressure of the medium at a given time is taken slong Y-axis. From the graphical representation of a wave, it is clear that the density as well the pressure of the medium at a given time vary with distance above and below the average value of Tensity or pressure of the medium. In the graph, a peak of density or pressure on upper side of cure represents a compression and is called the crest. On the other hand, a peak of density or pressure 0” lower side of the curve represents a rarefaction and is called the valley or trough. A longitudinal wave can be produced in any medium, a solid or 2 liquid or a gas. 6.5.2 Transverse Waves ‘Transverse waves are the waves in which the medium particles vibrate to and fro about their respectivé mean positions perpendicular (at right angles) to the direction of wave propagation. Light waves, wate ripples and waves on strings are transverse waves. To understand transverse waves, let us perform the following activity: ACTIVITY 6.6— | observe disturbance due to jerk | spreadit the fixed end of the string. Give a number of ‘up and down to the free end of the string. A ig set up in the string and whole wave vibrates down about its undisturbed position as shown figure. The disturbance travels from the free end fixed end and the string particles vibrate up and ™ ‘ie, perpendicular to the length of string. Thus, wave Is formed on the string. m the above activity, it is clear that in fom “the individual particles of the medium move ut their respective mean positions in a direction Zerpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. pa¥g.6 shows @ transverse wave (as a water ripple) faieling on the surface of water. ja transverse wave, there is no change in density or vessure in the medium but due to propagation of a Pnsverse wave through a medium, the shape of the medium changes. At some points, medium particles rise shove their mean positions but at some other points, the ‘medium particles go down below their mean positions. ‘The points on the elevation of the medium, whose Uistance from the mean position is maximum, are alled crests (C). The points on the depression of the medium at maximum distance from the mean position are called troughs (T). A transverse wave Is graphically represented by taking distance along X-axis and displacement figure 6.7 graphically depicts a transverse wave Acres Fig. 6. can be produced only in solids and on liquid surfaces. Atransverse wave ‘waves, medium particles vibrate in ‘that of wave motion. iterate zones of compressions 1. In longitudinal 1 direction parallel to 2 In longitudinal waves, and rarefactions are ‘waves can be formed in any media, ic, . ls id waves, vibrations of air columns, ec Direction of jerk ce Crest se jae Fig. 6.6 Knowzence Desk [A single disturbance created in a medium for & is called puls of particles at a given time along Y-axis. L In transverse waves, the medi i e i , jum particles vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. 2 In transverse waves, alternat = tely crests and troughs are 3. Transverse waves can be formed ‘ ia oe in solids and on liquid Eamples Light waves water ples, waves om ringdisturbance due to jerk 5 ot read fixed end of the string, Give a iva Hp and down to the free end ofthe sting, A A jg setup in the string and whole wave vibrates Mand down about Its undisturbed position as shown, , The disturbance travels fromthe free end fixed end and the string particles vibrate up and, ie, perpendicular to the length of string. Thus, verse wave Is formed on the string, i! Direction of ork ithe above activity itis clear that in a transverse ie, the individual particles of the medium move Mout thet respective mean positions in a direction cro c Free water dicular to the direction of wave propagation. A Ey fares preg shows a transverse wave (as a water ripple eS Feeling on the surface of wate. Ce ae yea sransverse wave there is no change in density or sure in the medium but due to propagation of a reerse wave through a medium, the shape ofthe waium changes. At some points, medium particles rise tpn their mean positions but at some other points, the medium particles go down below their mean positions. Knowieoce Desk ‘he points on the elevation of the medium, whose etl anim fistance from the mean position is maximum, are Gilled crests (C). The points on the depression of the ‘edium at maximum distance from the mean are called troughs (T). A transverse wave is Faghically represented by taking distance along X-axis MF displacement of particles at a given time along Y-axis. Figue 67 graphically depicts a transverse wave Fig. 6.6 1 single disturbance created in a medium for 8 calle wh Crest 67 nent Di ota parce Strout Fig. 6.7 ‘transverse wave can he produced only in solids and on liquid surfaces. Ee ET TRANSVENSE WAVES iio 1, In transverse waves, the medium particles vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. 2. In transverse waves, alternately crests and troughs are 3. Transverse waves can be formed in solids and on liquid surfaces only, S Examples Light waves water ripples, waves on sting, 1. In longitudinal waves, medium particles vibrate in pectin parallel 1 that of wave motion, 2. In longitudinal waves alternate zones of compressions And aefacons te formed an 2. Longing] waves canbe formed in any mea, solids, igus oF #28, Examples: Sound waves, © sibrations of air columns, et.6.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND WAVE We have learnt that when a sound wave is propagated through a medium, the density as well as the pressure AG ere Of the medium at a given time vary with distance, both We above and below the mean value of density and wae pressure. Thus, a sound wave in graphic form is iY represented by a graph shown in Fig. 6.8 San ae Let us now discuss some important characteristics of a eso Se wate eae sound wave 9. 6 \ (@) Amplitude: The magnitude of the maximum disturbance (pressure or density) in the medium Knowtece Desk on either side of the mean value is called the amplitude of sound wave. Amplitude is usually represented by the symbol A. For sound, unit of amplitude is same as the unit of density or pressure. Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions is called the wavelength. The wavelength is usually represented by 2 (Greek letter lambda). In Fig. 68, distance C,C, = RR, = 2. The SI unit of wavelength is metre (m). Frequency: When sound is propagated through a medium, the density (or pressure) of the medium oscillates between a maximum value and 2 minimum value: The change in density (or pressure) from the maximum value to the minimum value and again to Wavelength (A) may also be defined as the distance travelled by the wave during one oscillation period (or time period 7) of a medium particle. ‘As compressions and rarefactions in a wave are © © the maximum. value is called one complete oscillation. Frequency of a sound wave is the number HAR. Hertz (1857-1894) of osci tions completed per unit time by H.R. Hertz was a German Physicist and studied at University the sound. Alternately, frequency of a °f Berlin. He experimentally confirmed Maxwell's sound wave is the number of €léctromagnetic wave theory. He laid the foundation for comprestions or rarefactions crossing aus delet lao elshone ind 1 Hern Particular section per unit time. Frequency named as hertz (Hz) in his honour, is usually represented by symbol v (Greek letter nu). The SI unit of frequency is called 1 hertz (1 Hz), where 1 Hz = 1 oscillation per second. (@) Time period: The time taken between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions crossing a point is called the time period of the wave. Alternately, the time taken for one complete oscillation the density (or pressure) of the medium is called the time period of the wave. Time period is usually represented by the symbol T. The SI unit of time period is second(s). (©) Relation between frequency and time period of a wave If Tbe the time period of a wave, then as per definition of time period, Number of oscillations completed in time T = . Number ofoscillations completed in unit timeThus, frequency of a wave i. 7 « fave is rec i ¥ from this relation, we can also oe Cea i) Wave speed: Thi LHze1st ‘ Ooeive such as & care aeeed (Say of sound waves is defined as the distance which a point of Pression or a rarefaction, travels per unit time. Alternately, speed of 508) wave ina gi Bhawan ait 6 efined asthe dletance through whieh Aird wave eravels in thay lation bet . Wave speed is usually denoted by symbol v, The SI unit of wave speed is mS ion Bese f aa wave speed, frequency and wavelength {et time period of a wave be T and its wavelength be &. Then, as per definition of wave speed, we have Distance travelled by the wave Time Distance travelled in one oscillation Wave speed (v) = ime of one oscillation Wavelength(2) _ 4 x 2 = Time period (7) r pat 1 _ y (the frequency of the wave) So, we have wave speed (v) = Wavelength (7) x frequency “ e a = tris to be noted here that the speed of a sound wave is, constant in a given medium. Therefore, if sound of larger frequency is produced by a vibrating object, then the wavelength of this sound wave will be smaller ‘and vice versa. The product of frequency and wavelength fie, the wave speed) of all sound waves in a given medium remains constant. ‘The speed of a sound wave changes when sound goes from one medium to another. EXAMPLE 6.: e interval between two successive compressions in a sound wave is 0.0025 s. What is the frequency of sound waves? SOLUTION: Here, time period, T= time between two successive compression: 0.0025 s feel 5 Fr Df ee : requency of a wave, v= = = 5995 = 400 Hz EXAMPLE 6.2: A tuning fork is producing sound waves of frequency 512 Hz. Calculate the distance tarmeen (a) two consecutive compressions, and (b) a compression and an adjacent rarefaction. aerahat speed of sound waves in air at room temperature is 348 m Oe SOLUTION: Here frequency, v= 512 Hz and speed of sound wave in air v = 348 m s* {@) Distance between two consecutive compressions, 348 +o ay 7 068m (b Distance between a compression and an adjacent rarefaction a 0.68 5 => = 034mEXAMPLE 6.3: The speed of a sound wave in a medium is 760 m s 5 a point in the medium in 10 s, find its frequency as well as wavelength. e SOLUTION: Here, speed of a sound wave, v = 760 ms and number of waves passing throug medium in time t = 10 s, n = 3600 : Wave frequency, v = Number of waves passing through 2 poi 3600 int in 1s a a = 360 Hz peeaOTe a v _ 760 gO ern ” Wavelength, i= 7 = 369 = 2-1 -1, yf 3600 waves are passing through EXAMPLE 6.4: Frequency of a tuning fork producing sound waves in air is 280 Hz and the wavelength in 2.5 s? of sound waves in air is 1.2 m. How far does the sound travel in SOLUTION: Here, frequency, v = 280 Hz; wavelength, 2 = 1.2 m and time, t= 2.5 s Speed of sound, v= vA = 280 x 1.2 = 336m s* Distance travelled by sound in the given time, s= vt = 336 x 25 = 840m Coe ecole 1. Is sound a form of energy? 2. Can sound propagate through vacuum? 3. Are sound waves in air longitudinal waves or transverse waves? 4, What happens when prongs of a tuning fork vibrate to and fro about their mean positions? 5. Which wave travels in the form of alternate crests and troughs? 6.7 SP OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA The sound propagates through a medium at a finite speed. The speed varies from medium to medium. Let us study some important points regarding speed of sound: 1, Sound travels with a speed which is much less than the speed of light. In air medium, light travels with a speed of 3 x 10° m s*. In its comparison, speed of sound in different media varies from few hundreds to few thousands metre per second. is seen. ‘The speed of sound depends on certain It is due to this reason that the sound of a thunder is heard a little later than the flash of lightning physical properties of the medium through which it travels. To be more precise, the speed of sound depends on the elasticity and density of the medium through which it travels. 3. The speed of sound in a medium d in any medium increases with ine 331 ms at 0°C and 343 ms at for every 1°C rise in temperature. The speed of sound decreases when in a solid (Vioid) > speed of sound in a liquid (Vagus) The speed of sound in a medium does not waves. It means that sound waves of all possible ie } j The speeds of sound in various media at a temperature of 25°C are given in Table 6.2. lepends on temperature of the medium. In fact, speed of sound Tease in temperature. For example, the speed of sound in air is 20°C. In air, speed of sound increases by 0.6 m s* (approximately) we go from solid to gaseous state. In general, speed of sound > speed of sound in a gaseous medium (Vgu.)- depend on the frequency or wavelength of sound wae 3 frequencies will travel with same speed in a given mediumBSTANCE (medium) | SPEED (ms | Solids iui 1 | Seno on 1 | \ e Sea water 1531 ‘ Nickel ) 2 ea eae 2 Distilled water 1498 3 | Granite 400 5 Bthanol 1207 Steet ‘ | a | 5940 4 Methanol 103 | tren 5980 Gases Brass © |e | = 1 ribet 1m , Glass (ind) 3980 2 Helium 9% & Copper | 3860 ‘ Ki 6 @| Valeanised rubber ot 4 Oxygen 316 | 5 Sulphur dioxide 23 tp cection 66, we have leart that a wave is mainly characterised by is frequency, wavelenglt and amplitude. Candis also a wave. A sound of single frequency is called a tone, The sound produced by MNT fork sears angle frequency. However, most sounds ae not ofa single frequency. The sound which is produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is called a note. If the sound of a note is pleasant to listen, it is called m is unpleasant to listen, is termed as noise. + musical sound is characterised by three characteristics namely (a) pitch, (b) loudness and (c) quality. All these three characteristics are subjective in nature. Let us now study ‘about these three characteristics of sound in somewhat more details: Wave Pitch is that characteristic of sound due to Sate which we are able to distinguish between a shrill (high-pitched) sound and a hoarse (low-pitched) sound. Sound of a crow has a low pitch whereas sound of a cuckoo has a high pitch. Again, pitch of the Sound produced by a child is more than that of an old person’ Sound produced by a woman is generally ofa higher pitch than that of a man. Sound of a buzzing gistrbance bee has a high pitch. Pitch of a sound depends on its frequency. Higher the frequency of a sound, higher is its pitch and Sound is shriller. In this context, we can also say that | sound, However, if the sound of a note Wave shape for low-ptched sound @ sean‘he brain interprets the frequency of the Wave shape fora tigh-piched sun emitted sound is called the pitch. are hed sound Sojects of different sizes and conditions vibrate Ia: 68 Low pichad sound has ow Noseetiy and OPiifferent frequencies to produce sounds of high-pitched sound has high Trequency different pitchs. ig, 69 (a) shows th 7 Be (she the wave shape of ow pitched sound and Fig. 69 (b) shows the wave shape of a high- {) Loudness: The loudness is that characteristic of i iingui Bese ria isnene Hatcher ni stone due to which we are able to distinguish Loudness is a subjective term which is determined basi Tele gpd he sound esThe amplitude of the sound wave depends upon the force with which an object is made to vibrate. If one beats the membrane of a drum with a drumstick gently, the sound produced is a soft sound because the sound produced has a wave of lesser amplitude (or energy). However, if the same person starts beating the membrane of the drum at a harder pace, the sound produced is louder on account of greater amplitude of the sound wave. A sound wave spreads out from its source in directions. As it moves away from the source, its amplitude and consequently, its loudness decreases. A louder sound can travel a larger distance as it is associated with higher energy. As an example, ‘one can listen the sound produced due to explosion of a high-power cracker bomb from quite a large distance. Fig, 6.10 (a) and (b) respectively show the wave shapes of a soft sound and a louder sound of the same frequency, (© Quality: The quality (or timbre) is the characteristi of sound which enables us to distinguish between the sounds produced by different persons or different musical instruments although the sounds may have same amplitude and same fundamental frequency (or sound may have the same pitch and loudness.) The sound produced by a tuning fork is of a single frequency. But most other objects (musical instruments as well as persons) produce sound which consist of a basic or fundamental frequency and a number of, ‘overtones of different amplitudes. In fact, overtones are sounds whose frequencies are integer multiples (double, triple, 4 times, etc.) of the fundamental frequency. Due to the presence of these overtones, the sound produced by an instrument or a person is quite complex and is a characteristic of that instrument (or person). ‘The sound which is more pleasant to the ear is sa to be of a rich quality. 6.9 INTENSITY OF SOUND The amount of sound energy passing per unit time through unit area at a place is called the intensity of sound at that pla If total sound energy E crosses normally on area A at a uniform rate in time t, then intensity of sound is given as: Intensity of sound, / = = (64) KnowLence Desk sdness of sound is usually measured in decibel The unit is named in the honour of Haeecr Graham Bell, the inventor of telephone. The rant sound, which can be perceived by average seeree gars, is said to have a loudness of zero decibel (0'u8), The loudness of sound produced during CO sinary conversation among people varies from 40 dB 2 60 0B. Sounds of much higher decibels are painful and harmful for us. ed The tout written as dl Wave aetittnce SNES Sot sound (a) wave alice \ te Lowa sound (b) Fig. 6.10 Soft sound has small amplitude and loud sound has large amplitude Knowteoce Desk ‘© We can identify a person by listening to his sound without actually seeing him on account of the characteristic quality of his sound. Again, we can distinguish the sounds produged by different musical instruments in an orchestra only on account of the characteristic quality ‘© If an object has a speed greater than the speed ‘of sound in air, it is said to be travelling at 2 supersonic speed. Jet aircrafts often travel at supersonic speeds. ‘© When a sound producing object is travelling at 2 Supersonic speed, it produces shock waves in at. which carry a large amount of energy. The shock waves produced by a supersonic aircraft may have 2 loudness of 140 dB or even more and ene's¥ ‘enough to shatter glass panes and even damage buildings. —Intensity of sound is an objective quantity which can be easily measured ‘The SI unit of intensity of sound is J ms or W m2. For a normal person, intensity level of 10? W m? corresponds to zero decibel level of loudness. Intensity of sound and loudness We sometimes use the term loudness’ in place of intensity of sound and vice versa. However, it must be clearly Poted that these two terms are not the same Intensity of sound is an objective physical quantity. However, is a subjective physical quantity and is a measure of the response of the ear to the sound. Even when two sounds are of equal intensity, we may hear one sound as louder than the other simply our ears detect it better. 6.10 REFLECTION OF SOUND In junior classes, we have already read about reflection of light from mirrors. Like light, sound also gets reflected &t the surface of a solid or a liquid. So, reflection of sound is the phenomenon of bouncing back of sound from 2 solid or a liquid surface just like 2 rubber ball bounces off a wall or a hard floor. While undergoing reflection, the sound, just like light, follows the following laws of reflections: {@ The directions of incident and reflected sound beams and the normal to the reflecting surface at the point Of incidence lie in the same plane. (©) The angle of incidence £i is equal to the angle of reflection Zr. Thus, the directions in which the sound is incident and is reflected make equal angles with the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence. trate and verify the laws of reflection of sound, let us perform the following experiment: ACTIVITY 6.7 verify the laws of reflection of sound ‘two identical PVC pipes A and B, each about SO cm long and 4 cm ‘in diameter. Set a large-sized hardboard sheet PQ vertical near an edge of 2 table. It serves as the reflecting surface. Arrange the pipes A and B on "the table 2s shown in the figure. Keep 2 dock near the open end of the Pipe A and try to hear the sound of the dock through the other pipe. pes so that you can best hear the ticking ‘Measure the angle of incdence (Zi) and the angle of gongwtcs akahehocae ot Nai For reflection of sound, we do not need a polished mirror as a reflector. Sound can be reflected from any surface polished or opaque, smooth or rough, Since sound waves are much longer than light waves, we need a reflecting surface of large size for reflection ‘of sound. Reflection of sound is more pronounced if the reflecting surface is hard. Soft surfaces are poor reflectors of sound and they generally absorb sound.If we shout or clap near a suitable reflecting object like large wall or a big building or a hil, we shall hear the same sound again after a short interval of time. This is called echo and it is on account of reflection of soung from the reflecting surface. Thus, echo is the repetition of a sound due to reflection of original sound from a suitable reflecting surface (obstacle) e. 6.11.1 Time of Echo Ifa child stands at a distance d from a reflecting surface (say a large wall) and |) Reflector once shouts, then for hearing echo of that, the sound wave has to travel © ‘Surface < ‘through a total distance 2d (d from observer to wall and back after reflection). ase If v be the speed of sound in air at the temperature of experiment, then the time of echo is given as d Time of echo, t = 24 i) ‘t Echo For hearing of distinct echo, following conditions should be fulfilled: (a) Time of echo must be at least 1/10 second or more. The sensation of a particular sound persists in our brain for about 0.1 s. This is known as the persistence of hearing, If another sound reaches our ear within this time, then our brain will not be able to analyse the second sound distinctly. Due to this reason, the time interval between the original sound and the reflected sound must be at least 0.1 s or more (©) The distance between the source of sound and the reflecting surface must be at least equal to about 17 m or more. At a room temperature of 15°C, the speed of sound in air is about 340 m s*.If the distance between sound source and reflecting surface be d, then time of echo is given as: = ‘As minimum value of time of an echo is 0.1 s, hence putting t = 0.1 s in the above relation, we find the minimum value of d as: minimum = 170 x 0.1 = 17 m Thus, for hearing distinct echoes, the minimum distance of the reflecting obstacle from the source of sound must be 17 m at 15°C. Of course, this distance will slightly increase with increase in temperature (© Nature and size of the reflecting surface. For formation of an echo of sufficient loudness, the reflecting surface (or obstacle) should be hard and rigid and of large size. 6.11.3 Multiple Echoes If sound wave suffers multiple reflections, then one can hear more than one echo. The repetitions of a sound number of times due to multiple reflections of sound from one or more obstacles are known as multiple echoes. Following examples demonstrate the formation of multiple echoes: (@) Multiple echoes are heared when a sound of large energy is produced between two distant hills or two large buildings. (b) The rolling of thunder is due to the multiple reflections of a sound of thunder from a number of reflecting surfaces, such as the clouds and the land EXAMPLE 6.5: A boy whistled for a short time near a cliff and heard the echo after 3 s. Find the distance of the cliff from the boy. Given that the speed of sound in air is 344 ms. SOLUTION: Here, time of an echo, t = 3 s and speed of sound in air, v = 344m s*2 REVERBERATION nen a sound is produced in a bi ig hall (or audit, e i We cling and Moor ofthe hall eas tora) the sound waves suffer multiple reflections from the vot that these are not heard ditty ee echoes should be formed. However, the time of echoes Beatson pes for sme tin tinct but all echoes overlap with the original sound, As 2 result, the chads eisai ntl the sound energy is reduced to a value where it is no longer audible re scaaiiion ctv sore i due to repeated reflections is called reverberation. ws ‘ 'e phenomenon of persistence of a sound in a big hall due to ted reflections from the walls, celling and floor of the hall. e ‘he time interval for which the original audible sound persists i ion of original igor called rberatiohitans! persists in a hall after the production o1 igt small amount of reverberation makes the hall lively and ad ‘ oun » k ly and adds to the quality of sound. However, an excessive ee undesirable as it interferes with the original sound and makes the speech of 2 person jacessive reverberation in a hall or auditorium can be controlled by the use of following steps {@) Panels made of sound absorbing materials ike compressed fibreboard or felt are fitted on the walls and ceiling of the hall. The penals absorb most of incident sounds and thus minimise reverberation. {b) The walls of halls should have a rough plaster so that they may absorb sound. {9 Heavy curtains are put on doors and windows of the hall. They absorb sound and reduce reverberation. {@ Carpets are put on the floor to absorb sound and reduce reverberation. {© The seats arranged in the hall should be cushioned seats so as to absorb sound. 6.13 USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS OF SOUND let us now discuss some important applications of the reflection of sound 1. Megaphones (or loud hailers), horns and musical instruments such as trumpets and shehnais, are all designed to send sound in a particular direction without spreading in all directions. In these instruments, we Megaphone — have a tube followed by a conical ‘@) bs ‘opening. The tube successfully reflects Fig. 6.12 send again and again and thus guide most ofthe sound waves from the source inthe forward direction, einai the sound waves coming out ofthe conical opening of the instrument can be heard over 3 longer distance. 2. Stethoscope: The stethoscope is a medical instrument used by doctors for listening to sounds produced within the body, Specialy in the heart or lungs. As shown in Fig. 63 (), a wEEhoseope consists of a chest piece carrying a sensitive diaphragm to receive sound of heartbeats ofa patient. The chest piece is connected to two metallic ear pieces through sretiter tube. The doctor puts the ear pieces of stethoscope ‘ito bis ears and puts the chest piece above that part of Co} “istance ofthe cliff from pire di the boy is dm, then total distance covered by sound is 2d m and we have 2d vt 44 Wie aye lS ste 2 REVERBERATION ‘a sound is produced in a big hall (or ceiling and floor of the hall Hi hall (oF auditorium), the sound waves suffer multiple reflections from the Bait these ate not Ni eth result, multiple echoes should be formed. However, the time of echoes $0 Ryisihd persists For som istinctly but all echoes overlap with the original sound. ‘As a result, the in bella me time until the sound energy is reduced to a value where it is no longer audible. this pet sae te for some time due to repeated reflections is called reverberation. snus, reverberation of a sound is the phenomenon of persis ir i persistence of a sound in a big hall due to repeated reflections from the walls, ceiling and floor of the hall. time interval for which the original audible so. ists it i igi und iction of original Be cata rereoustch ore ind persists in a hall after the production of origi {small amount of reverberation makes the hall ively and adds to the quality of sound, However an excessive reverberation is undesirable as it interferes with the original sound and makes the speech of a person indistinct. fxcessive reverberation in a hall or auditorium can be controlled by the use of following steps: (a) Panels made of sound absorbing materials lke compressed fibreboard or felt are fitted on the walls and ceiling of the hall. The penals absorb most of incident sounds and thus minimise reverberation. {© The walls of halls should have a rough plaster so that they may absorb sound. (@ Heavy curtains are put on doors and windows of the hall. They absorb sound and reduce reverberation. (@) Cerpets are put on the floor to absorb sound and reduce reverberation. (©) The seats arranged in the hall should be cushioned seats so as to absorb sound. 6.13 USES OF MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS OF SOUND let us now discuss some important applications of the reflection of sound. 1. Megaphones (or loud hailers), horns and musical instruments such as trumpets and shehnais, are all designed to send sound in a particular direction without spreading in all directions. In these instruments, we ree rics have a tube followed by a conical ©) Fat ‘opening, The tube successfully reflects Fig. 6.12 sre ain and again and thus guide most ofthe sound waves from the source inthe forward direction, een 2a ne sound waves coming out ofthe conical opening of the instrument can be heard over a longer distance. 2. Stethoscope: The stethoscope is a medical instrument used by ject for listening to sounds produced within the body, ee specially in the heart of lungs. As shown in Fig, 6.13 (a), a ePShostope consists of a chest piece carrying a sensitive ddaphragm to receive sound of heartbeats ofa patient. The chest piece is connected to two metalic ear pieces through a rubber tube. The doctor puts the ear pieces of stethoscope Seip into his ears and puts the chest piece above that part of (@) ©) 6.13FPO eel Br patient's body (such as heart or lungs) which is to be examined. Sound waves picked up by the chest piece reach the doctor's ear undergoing multiple reflections through the rubber tube of stethoscope as shown in Fig, 6.13 () Sound board: A sound board is curved (generally 3, concave-shaped) board with a smooth surface. The sound board is fitted on the stage of a large-sized hall behind } the source of sound (for example, a speaker). The source shund board eee of sound is at the focus point of the concave board as Sound souree (speaker) Fig. 6.14 shown in Fig. 6.14, The sound waves received by the sound board are reflected back towards the audience. As a result, the sound spreads evenly across the width of the hall 4. Curved ceiling of a conference hall: The ceilings of concert halls, conference halls, cinema halls and multiplexes are generally curved as shown in Fig. 6.15. As a result, the sound after reflection from the curved ceiling reaches all corners of the hall Fig. 6.15 Curved ceiling of a conference hall 4 RANGE OF HEARING We know that whenever an object vibrates, it produces t oeeeeeeeneeeeemnaninmeenmmmmmal waves. The frequency of waves produced is same as the KNowtence Desk frequency of vibrating objects. However, all these waves do. people with hearing loss may use 2 hearing aid. A not cause sensation of sound in our ears. For example, in an hearing aid i a battery operated electronic device. oscillating pendulum, vibrations of pendulum bob are going Th aid receives sound through ‘on but there is no sound heard. t Itis found that human ears are sensitive for vibrational frequencies within a certain specified range, which is known as the audible range of sound. The audible range of sound for human being extends from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (i.e, 20 kHz). Young children under the age of 5 years and some animals, such as dogs, have the extended audible limit upto 25 kHz. As people grow older, their ears become less sensitive to higher frequencies. Mechanical sound waves of frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sounds and mechanical sound weaves of fraquences higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sounds. Let us talk about them in somewhat more details. Mechanical sound waves of frequencies ranging from 0 Hz to 20 Hz are known as infrasonic sounds or infrasounds. Waves produced by a vibrating simple pendulum are infrasounds. Some animals like elephants, thinoceroses and whales produce sound in the infrasonic range. Rhinoceroses communicate among themselves using infrasounds of frequency as low as 5 Hz. ee eeae quakes produce low frequenc y infrasounds by fore earthquakes on receiving these low eqdehenns ly shock waves. Some animals get disturbed unds Ultrasonic Sounds or Ultrasounds chani | sound waves of frequi en encies of ultrasounds are greater ae higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic sounds or ultrasounds. Fer electric generator and magneto st ‘an 20 kHz and may be as high as 10” Hz. Special scientific devices (like ind enone riction oscillators) are employed to produce ultrasounds in a laboratory. Wg organs. AS a result these Pe ats andl pofpolses: Moths of certain families have very sensitive jad are able to escape capture. 'ear high frequency squeaks of a bat, when the bat is flying nearby gats also play games by producing ultrasounds 6.15 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND WAVES ee Ultrasound waves goats of high frequency and consequently high energy. As a result, ultrasounds are able tp travel along well-defined paths even in the presence of obstacles. Due to this property, ultrasounds are used ‘tensively in industries, as medical diagnostic tool, for treatment of certain medical problems and for underwater communications. Let us study some important applications of ultrasounds in brief: 1. Ultrasounds are used to clean even those parts of an instrument or device which are located in hard to reach places, e.g, a spiral tube, electronic components and odd shaped parts of instruments For cleaning fn object, the object is placed in a cleaning solution and ultrasonic waves are sent into the solution. Que to high frequency of ultrasonic waves, the particles of dust, dirt and grease get detached and drop out in the splution. Asa result, the object is thoroughly cleaned. This technique is known as ultrasonic cleaning. 2. Ultrasounds are used to detect cracks and flaws in net.) aS blocks and forgings. Metallic components of different sizes and shapes are ‘commonly used in the construction of big structures like bridges, flyovers, buildings, machines and scientific equipments. The cracks or flaws inside these metallic (peso aaa components, which are invisible from outside, reduce the Strength of the structure. To detect such defects or flaws, utrasound Ultrazonic waves are passed through the metal component (say a metal block) as showin in Fig. 6.16 and the waves transmitted through it are detected by the use of detectors. If there is even a small defect or flaw, the ultrasonic waves are safleeted back from it, thereby, indicating the presence of the defect or crack of flaw, Ordinary sound waves of Fig. 6.16 lesser frequencies (or longer wavelengths) cannot be used for this purpose on account of the fact that ‘Fay toy bend around the corners of the defective locations and enter the detector. 5 Liceconic waves are made to reflect from various parts ofthe heart and thus form the image of the heart LUtrasonic waves *siled echocardiography and is employed to have a precise idea about the working of heart. 4 es of internal organs of the human body, one can use an instrum es fe em torso eres ene eee 19 Mnages obtained help the doctor to detect abnormalities in thi kidneys and tumours in various organs are detected in this oe Se ee ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the tissu: : jes of a human body and there isa change of tatue densi, These waves are then converted intoDs. aa Ns a electrical signals that are used to generate images of the organs. The images are then displayed on a monitor or printed on a photographic film. The technique is called ultrasonography. . By the use of ultrasonography technique, a doctor may examine a foetus during pregnancy to detect any sort of congenial defect and growth abnormality. Ultrasounds are employed to break small stones formed in the kidneys of a patient into fine grains. Late, these grains get flushed out with urine. 7. SONAR: Ultrasounds are used to establish underwater communication to detect enemy submarines and to determine the depth of a sea at a given place. The technique used is called SONAR ‘The acronym of SONAR stands for SOund Navigation And Ranging. Sonar is a device which uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed of underwater objects. Sonar consists of a transmitter and a detector and itis installed in a ship or a motorboat The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves. These waves travel through water and strike the objects on the seabed. On reflection from the objects, the reflected waves are sensed by the detector. The detector transforms the ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are then interpreted appropriately. The distance of the object present on seabed, from which ultrasonic waves have been reflected, can be calculated bby knowing the speed of sound in water and time interval between transmission and reception of the ultrasound. Let speed of sound in water be v and depth of an object on seabed be d. Then, total distance travelled by Fig. 6.17 Ultrasound sent by the transmiter and ——— Boat (or shi) the ultrasonic waves in sea water is 2d. If tbe the time ecetveu by tne laerectol between transmission and reception of ultrasound signals, then obviously, 2d o (66) = d= 5ut (67) ‘The above method is called echo ranging. In this way, we can determine the depth of the sea and to locate underwater hills, valleys, icebergs, submarines, sunked ‘ships, etc. 8, Bats search out their prey and fly in dark by emitting and detecting the ultrasonic waves received after reflection. The nature of reflections tells the bat about the location and nature of obstacle or prey. Fig, 6.18 shows a high-pitched ultrasonic squeak produced by Fig. 6.18 Ultrasound is emitted by a bat and its a bat and the reflected squeak returned to bat's ear. reflected back by the prey or an obstacle EXAMPLE 6.6: A sonar device installed on a navy ship picks up a signal at i ner seabrnostne tot? 2s: Hom ms the ier submarine from the ip? Takes ace sud Bia enter as 5 SOLUTION: Here, speed of sound in sea water, v = 1500 m reception of signal after reflection from enemy submarine, and time interval between transmission and 72s :. Distance of enemy submarine from the ship, d= “ = 150072 _ re ship, d= > 7 = s400m = 5.4 kmere aA ia gin, 6.16 STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR Our ear is the sense organ which enables us to detect and hear sound. The human ear is an extremely sensitive device which converts pressure variations in air with audible frequencies into electrical signals. These electrical signals then travel to the brain via the auditory nerve. Let us now discuss the auditory aspect of human ear. The human ear is broadly divided into three parts, namely {@) outer ear (or the external ear), (b) middle ear, and (c) the inner ear. The construction and working of these three Hammer Anvil Stirup Auditory nerve Cochiea Auditory Eardrum ova Pinna “Canal con parts are as follows: Outer Middle Inner The Outer Ear ear ear ear The part of the ear visible to us outside the head of a Eas eigenen ate ot une Person is called the outer (or external) ear. It consists of a broad part called pinna and a passage (of length about 2-3 cm) called the auditory canal. At the end of auditory canal is a thin, elastic and circular shaped membrane called tympanic membrane (also called tympanum) or the eardrum. The outer ear contains air. The pinna of the outer ear collects the sound from the surroundings. The collected sound passes through the auditory canal and reaches the eardrum. When a compression (high pressure) of air medium reaches the eardrum, the pressure on the outside of the eardrum membrane increases and pushes it inwards. Similarly, the eardrum membrane moves outwards when rarefaction (low pressure) reaches it. In this way, the eardrum vibrates. The Middle Ear ie middle ear contains three small and delicate bores called hammer, anvil and stirrup. These three bones re linked to one another. The free end of the hammer is touching the eardrum and the free end of the stirrup is held against the membrane over the oval window of the inner ear. The middle ear also contains air. Three bones of the middle ear work like a lever arrangement. The middle ear receives the vibrations from the eardrum and amplifies the amplitude of these vibrations several times. These amp! “pressure variations are then passed on by the middle ear to the inner ear. The Inner Ear inner ear has a coiled tube called cochlea. The cochlea is filled with a liquid which contains nerve cells ich are sensitive to sound. One side of cochlea is connected to the middle ear through the elastic brane over the oval window and the other side of cochlea is connected to the auditory nerve which s into the brain. lea receives the amplified pressure var d into electrical signals by the cochlea. electrical signals are then sent to the brain via the auditory canal. The bra ‘as sound. aon sold does sound travel the fastest? ect of intese erperate on te speed of sound na sven medium? nico of sound? ions from the middle ear. These pressure variations areus Solved Examples Peete oe EXAMPLE 6.7: Sound produced by a thunderstorm is heard 10 s pet a Men seen. Calculate i e of the joud. (Gi .d of sound = the approximate distance of the thunder cloud. (Given, speed 0! [Exemplar Problem SOLUTION: Here, time taken by the sound of thundering to reach the observer f= 10 s and speed of soung in air, v = 340 ms* Distance of the thunder cloud from the observer, vt = 340 « 10 = 3400 m or 3.4 km tion period? How many times does EXAMPLE 68: Frequency of a tuning fork is 256 Hz. What is its oscl it vibrate in a minute? SOLUTION: Here, frequency, v = 256 Hz and time, { = 1 min = 60 s eee v * 256 and total number of vibrations completed by the tuning fork in the given time, . : n= vt = 256 x 60 = 15360 Oxilation period (or time period) EXAMPLE 6.9: A sound wave has a frequency of 2 kHz and wavelength 35 cm. How long will it take to travel 1.5 km? INCERT Solved Example] SOLUTION: Here, frequency of a sound wave, v = 2 kHz = 2000 Hz; wavelength, A = 35 cm = 0.35 m and distance travelled by sound, s = 1.5 km = 1500 m Speed of sound, Time taken by the sound wave to travel the = vA = 2000 x 0.35 = 700 m s* jiven distance, EXAMPLE 6.10: The frequency of a tuning fork is 384 Hz and speed of sound in air is 352 ms. What is the wavelength of a sound wave? How far does the sound travel while the tuning fork completes 36 vibrations? SOLUTION: Here, frequency, v = 384 Hz and speed of sound, v = 352 m s* 352 _ 41 Wavelength, A= “ = 52 = 2% 9 = 3gq 7 gM OF 0.917 m or 91.7em AAs distance covered by the sound wave in 1 vibration = wavelength, & = = m Total distance travelled by sound in 36 vibrations of a tuning fork, n sam,= 36x 2 m= 36x 5 = 33m EXAMPLE 6.11: A person clapped his hands near a cliff and heard i the echo after 5 s. What is the distance of the cliff from the person if the speed of the sound is taken as 346 m s1?__ [NCERT Solved Example] SOLUTION: Here, speed of sound in air, v = 346 m s and time of echo, t= 5s is a Distance of the cif from the person, d = > ¥¢ = a Sao aegisee re Bi i fn JM. 6.12. A boy di 4 amen Sich tire will ee canoe. in a Well 45 m deep. If the speed of sound is 340 m s?, then BN crccucsih of fear the splash? Take g = 10ms2, [cece 2011, 12) : Here, dey ‘* Es Boe Sine e aes h = 45 m; speed of sound in air, v = 340 ms and g = 10m s? time af ©y will hear the splash (() = Time taken by stone to reach the water surface in the well (1) + time taken by sound of th the boy (t2) ‘as motion of a stone is a free fall under gravity, hence USaerh gems ee Using the relation, s = ut + Sat’, we have 1 heOw ott 45 = = - = 2x 3080 Rees EXAMPLE 6.16: In a submarine, fitted with a SONAR, the time interval between the generation of an | ultrasonic wave and the receipt of its echo from an enemy submarine i of the enemy submarine? Given speed of sound in water is 1450 m oe SOLUTION: Here, time interval for ultrasound signal to reach the enemy submarine and back t = 200 s and speed of sound, v = 1450 m s* after reflection, distance of the enemy submarine be d, then 2¢ = 200 s. What is the distance i 1450 x 200 = ae vt ve 2 a = 145000 m = 145 kmREVIEW QUESTIONS _ A. Oral Questions (One-word Answer) 1. Name the wave that requires the presence of a material medium for its propagation. Do radio waves require a medium for their propagation? Give one example of longitudinal waves. What is the distance between two consecutive compressions in terms of wavelength of a wave? Name the scientist, in whose honour, the SI unit of frequency has been named. Name the mechanical waves whose frequency is more than 20 kHz. ~ In which medium, out of the following, sound travels at the fastest rate? Aluminium, copper, sea water, stone, hydrogen, air S. Name the characteristic of sound which is expressed in decibels. 9, What is the minimum time for an echo to be heard distinctly? 10. Which waves are used in echocardiography? 11. How many bones are present in the middle ear of a human being? B. State whether the following statements are True or False 1. Sound is a form of energy which comes from mechanical energy of the vibrating object During propagation of sound through air, there is no change in pressure but there is fluctu: 3. Sound waves can travel through free space. 4. Speed of sound in a gaseous medium increases with increase in the temperature but in a solid medium, it decreases with increase in the temperature 5. Sound waves are longitudinal waves but light waves are transverse waves. 6. The speed of sound in a given medium depends on its physical properties and is constant at a given temperature. 7. Transverse waves as well as longitudinal waves can travel through any medium, a solid or a liquid or a gas. 8. Intensity of sound and loudness are the same thing and are measured in decibels. 9. Pitch of a sound increases with increase in the frequency of vibrations. 10. Working of a stethoscope is based on multiple reflections of sound. 11. Bats can produce and detect ultrasounds. 12. Ultrasounds travel faster in a medium than audible sounds. 13. The middle ear amplifies the amplitude of vibrations received from the eardrum. 14. Ultrasonic waves are also called supersonic waves. Answer the Following Questions (in One Sentence only) 1. What is the basic cause for production of sound? 2. In which direction medium particles vibrate in a longitudinal wave? 3. What is the most special feature of light waves? 4. Define wavelength. 5. How is frequency of a wave related to its time period? 6. What is persistence of hearing? 7, Two sound waves in air have frequencies v; and Vzand wavelengths 2, and 2 respectively. How are these correlated? 1 of density| 4, What is a musical sound? 4, What do you mean by pitch of a sound? 10. On which principle does a megaphone work? i 11. What is the audible range of sound? 12. For what does the acronym SONAR stand for? Match the Columns \ Type of Waves Necessary Conditions for their Formal 1, Mechanical waves (a) Medium particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation (b) Medium particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation 2, Blectromagnetic waves 3, Longitudinal waves 4, Transverse waves: u Term (©) Need a material medium for their propagation (4) Do not need a material medium for their propagation Unit 1, Loudness (a) hertz (H2) 2, Wavelength, (b) decibel (4B) 3. Frequency ~ (6) metre (m) WM. Column A Column B 1. Loudness (a) Frequency 2. Quality (b) Amplitude SAP iH {c) Overtones Match the entries of Column A with those of Column B, However, an entry of Column A may match with ‘one or more entries of Column B. Column A 1, Sound waves 2. Light waves: 3. Radio waves Column B (a) Transverse waves (b) Longitudinal waves (6) Mechanical waves 4. Water ripples (@) Electromagnetic waves E. Multiple Choice Questions (IMCQs) Gee 1, Which of the following is transmitted in a wave motion? (@) Energy (©) Mass (© A particle (@ Amplitude 2. Sound travels in air if {@) particles of medium travel from one place to another {b) there is no moisture in the atmosphere {¢) disturbance moves from one place to another {G) both particles as well as disturbance travel from one place to another. {[€xomplar Problem] 45, Which of the following is an electromagnetic wave, which can travel even through vacuuum? (@) Sound wave ©) Ultrasonic wave (6) X-rays (@ Sound of a flute 44, Select the only false statement out of the following. (@) Sound travels as a wave. (0) In air, sound waves are longitudinal waves. (©) Only vibrating ee produce sound. 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