2.

Right skewed binary tree: If the left sub-tree is missing in every node of a tree we call it is right
sub-tree.

3. Complete binary tree:

The tree in which degree of each node is at the most two is called a complete binary tree. In
a complete binary tree there is exactly one node at level 0, two nodes at level 1 and four nodes at level
l
2 and so on. So we can say that a complete binary tree depth d will contain exactly 2 nodes at each
level l, where l is from 0 to d.

B C

D E F G
Note:
n
1. A binary tree of depth n will have maximum 2 -1 nodes.
2. A complete binary tree of level l will have maximum 2l nodes at each level, where l starts from 0.
3. Any binary tree with n nodes will have at the most n+1 null branches.
4. The total number of edges in a complete binary tree with n terminal nodes are 2(n-1).

Binary Tree Representation

A binary tree can be represented mainly in 2 ways:

a) Sequential Representation
b) Linked Representation

a) Sequential Representation
The simplest way to represent binary trees in memory is the sequential representation that uses one-
dimensional array.
1) The root of binary tree is stored in the 1 st location of array
th
2) If a node is in the j location of array, then its left child is in the location 2J+1 and its right
child in the location 2J+2
d+1
The maximum size that is required for an array to store a tree is 2 -1, where d is the depth of the tree.

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Advantages of sequential representation:
The only advantage with this type of representation is that the
direct access to any node can be possible and finding the parent or left children of any particular node
is fast because of the random access.

Disadvantages of sequential representation:

1. The major disadvantage with this type of representation is wastage of memory. For example in
the skewed tree half of the array is unutilized.
2. In this type of representation the maximum depth of the tree has to be fixed. Because we have
decide the array size. If we choose the array size quite larger than the depth of the tree, then it
will be wastage of the memory. And if we coose array size lesser than the depth of the tree then
we will be unable to represent some part of the tree.
3. The insertions and deletion of any node in the tree will be costlier as other nodes has to be
adjusted at appropriate positions so that the meaning of binary tree can be preserved.
As these drawbacks are there with this sequential type of representation, we will search for more
flexible representation. So instead of array we will make use of linked list to represent the tree.
b) Linked Representation
Linked representation of trees in memory is implemented using pointers. Since each node in a
binary tree can have maximum two children, a node in a linked representation has two pointers for both
left and right child, and one information field. If a node does not have any child, the corresponding
pointer field is made NULL pointer.

In linked list each node will look like this:

Left Child Data Right Child

Advantages of linked representation:
1. This representation is superior to our array representation as there is no wastage of
memory. And so there is no need to have prior knowledge of depth of the tree.
Using dynamic memory concept one can create as much memory(nodes) as
required. By chance if some nodes are unutilized one can delete the nodes by
making the address free.

2. Insertions and deletions which are the most common operations can be done without
moving the nodes.

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Disadvantages of linked representation:

1. This representation does not provide direct access to a node and special algorithms are
required.
2. This representation needs additional space in each node for storing the left and right sub-
trees.

TRAVERSING A BINARY TREE

Traversing a tree means that processing it so that each node is visited exactly once. A binary
tree can be
traversed a number of ways.The most common tree traversals are

 In-order
 Pre-order and
 Post-order

Pre-order 1.Visit the root Root | Left | Right

2.Traverse the left sub tree in pre-order
3.Traverse the right sub tree in pre-order.
In-order 1.Traverse the left sub tree in in-order Left | Root | Right
2.Visit the root
3.Traverse the right sub tree in in-order.
Post-order 1.Traverse the left sub tree in post-order Left | Right | Root
2.Traverse the right sub tree in post-order.
3.Visit the root

B C

D E F G

H I J

K
The pre-order traversal is: ABDEHCFGIKJ
The in-order traversal is : DBHEAFCKIGJ
The post-order traversal is:DHEBFKIJGCA

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Inorder Traversal:
rd
Print 3
A

nd th
Print 2 Print 4
B D

C Print this
E
at the last
st
Print 1

C-B-A-D-E is the inorder traversal i.e. first we go towards the leftmost node. i.e. C so print that node
C. Then go back to the node B and print B. Then root node A then move towards the right sub-tree
print D and finally E. Thus we are following the tracing sequence of Left|Root|Right. This type of
traversal is called inorder traversal. The basic principle is to traverse left sub-tree then root and then the
right sub-tree.

Pseudo Code:

template <class T>

void inorder(bintree<T> *temp)
{
if(temp!=NULL)
{
inorder(temp->left);
cout<<”temp->data”;
inorder(temp->right);
}
}

is the preorder traversal of the above fig. We are following Root|Left|Right path i.e. data at the
root node will be printed first then we move on the left sub-tree and go on printing the data till
we reach to the left most node. Print the data at that node and then move to the right sub- tree.
Follow the same principle at each sub-tree and go on printing the data accordingly.

template <class T>

void preorder(bintree<T> *temp)

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{
if(temp!=NULL)
{
cout<<”temp->data”; preorder(temp->left);
preorder(temp->right);
}
}

From figure the postorder traversal is C-D-B-E-A. In the postorder traversal we are following the
Left|Right|Root principle i.e. move to the leftmost node, if right sub-tree is there or not if not then
print the leftmost node, if right sub-tree is there move towards the right most node. The key idea
here is that at each sub-tree we are following the Left|Right|Root principle and print the data
accordingly.
Pseudo Code:

template <class T>

void postorder(bintree<T> *temp)
{
if(temp!=NULL)
{
postorder(temp->left);
postorder(temp->right);
cout<<”temp->data”;
}
}

BINARY SEARCH TREE

In the simple binary tree the nodes are arranged in any fashion. Depending on user’s desire
the new nodes can be attached as a left or right child of any desired node. In such a case finding for
any node is a long cut procedure, because in that case we have to search the entire tree. And thus
the searching time complexity will get increased unnecessarily. So to make the searching
algorithm faster in a binary tree we will go for building the binary search tree. The binary search
tree is based on the binary search algorithm. While creating the binary search tree the data is
systematically arranged. That means values at left sub-tree < root node value < right sub-tree
values.

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Operations On Binary Search Tree:
The basic operations which can be performed on binary search tree are.
1. Insertion of a node in binary search tree.
2. Deletion of a node from binary search tree.
3. Searching for a particular node in binary search tree.
Insertion of a node in binary search tree.
While inserting any node in binary search tree, look for its appropriate position in the binary search
tree. We start comparing this new node with each node of the tree. If the value of the node which is
to be inserted is greater than the value of the current node we move on to the right sub-branch
otherwise we move on to the left sub-branch. As soon as the appropriate position is found we
attach this new node as left or right child appropriately.

Before Insertion

In the above fig, if we wan to insert 23. Then we will start comparing 23 with value of root node
i.e. 10. As 23 is greater than 10, we will move on right sub-tree. Now we will compare 23 with 20
and move right, compare 23 with 22 and move right. Now compare 23 with 24 but it is less than
24. We will move on left branch of 24. But as there is node as left child of 24, we can attach 23 as
left child of 24.

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Deletion of a node from binary search tree.
For deletion of any node from binary search tree there are three which are possible.
i. Deletion of leaf node.
ii. Deletion of a node having one child.
iii. Deletion of a node having two children.

Deletion of leaf node.

This is the simplest deletion, in which we set the left or right pointer of parent node as NULL.

10

7 15

Before deletion

5 9 12 18

From the above fig, we want to delete the node having value 5 then we will set left pointer of its parent
node as NULL. That is left pointer of node having value 7 is set to NULL.

Deletion of a node having one child.

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To explain this kind of deletion, consider a tree as given below.

If we want to delete the node 15, then we

will simply copy node 18 at place of 16
and then set the node free

Deletion of a node having two children.

Consider a tree as given below.

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Let us consider that we want to delete node having value 7. We will then find out the inorder successor
of node 7. We will then find out the inorder successor of node 7. The inorder successor will be simply
copied at location of node 7.
That means copy 8 at the position where value of node is 7. Set left pointer of 9 as NULL. This
completes the deletion procedure.

Searching for a node in binary search tree.

In searching, the node which we want to search is called a key node. The key node will be compared
with each node starting from root node if value of key node is greater than current node then we
search for it on right sub branch otherwise on left sub branch. If we reach to leaf node and still we do
not get the value of key node then we declare “node is not present in the tree”.

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In the above tree, if we want to search for value 9. Then we will compare 9 with root node 10. As 9 is
less than 10 we will search on left sub branch. Now compare 9 with 5, but 9 is greater than 5. So we
will move on right sub tree. Now compare 9 with 8 but 9 is greater than 8 we will move on right sub
branch. As the node we will get holds the value 9. Thus the desired node can be searched.

AVL TREES
Adelsion Velski and Lendis in 1962 introduced binary tree structure that is balanced with
respect to height of sub trees. The tree can be made balanced and because of this retrieval
of any node can be done in Ο(log n) times, where n is total number of nodes. From the
name of these scientists the tree is called AVL tree.

Definition:

An empty tree is height balanced if T is a non empty binary tree with T L and TR as
its left and right sub trees. The T is height balanced if and only if
i. TL and TR are height balanced.
ii. hL-hR <= 1 where hL and hR are heights of TL and TR.
The idea of balancing a tree is obtained by calculating the balance factor of a tree.

Definition of Balance Factor:

The balance factor BF(T) of a node in binary tree is defined to be hL-hR where hL and hR
are heights of left and right sub trees of T.

For any node in AVL tree the balance factor i.e. BF(T) is -1, 0 or +1.

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