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7_-_ch_1.1_categorical_data

The document discusses categorical data, defining key concepts such as frequency, relative frequency, and various methods for visual representation including pie charts, bar graphs, and two-way tables. It explains marginal and conditional distributions, as well as side-by-side and segmented bar graphs for comparing variables. The document emphasizes that association between variables does not imply causation.

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11 views1 page

7_-_ch_1.1_categorical_data

The document discusses categorical data, defining key concepts such as frequency, relative frequency, and various methods for visual representation including pie charts, bar graphs, and two-way tables. It explains marginal and conditional distributions, as well as side-by-side and segmented bar graphs for comparing variables. The document emphasizes that association between variables does not imply causation.

Uploaded by

vidya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch 1.

1 – Categorical Data
Categorical Data…Places an individual into one of several groups or categories.

Frequency – It’s the number of times (or count) a particular outcome appears within
your
sample.

Relative frequency - It’s the percent that allows you to compare the absolute
frequency
back to the whole sample.

Note: Be careful with rounding!


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Pie Charts – requires each section of data to be represented (as a percentage of the
whole)
– all parts have to add up to the whole pie
– doesn’t work to show change over time

Bar Graphs – most familiar type of graph


– the independent variable is the x – axis and the dependent variable is
the y –
axis
– allows comparison of more than one sample
– can be hard to compare multiple categories

Two-Way Tables – describe two categorical variables at the same time

Marginal Distribution – looks at one variable described in a two-way chart and


compares it
to all the individuals described in the table (the whole)

Conditional Distribution – looks at the values of one variable among the individuals
who are in
a specific category in another variable

Side-by-side Bar Graphs – allows both variable in a two-way table to be displayed in


the
same graph
– display one variable on the x-axis and use two bars next to
each
other to represent the other variable

Segmented Bar Graph – allows both variable in a two-way table to be displayed in the
same
graph
– displays one variable on the x-axis and the other variable is
displayed by breaking the bar into two parts

Association occurs when certain values of one variable correspond with certain
values of the other variable. This does NOT imply causation.

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