LAST REPORT

PROPERTIES OF THE IMAGES PRODUCED

IN A CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRROR

Barcenas Guzman Breiner Yesid

Royals Escorcia Sebastian David

Monsalvo Rodriguez Andres Antonio

PROFESSOR: EDUARDO MARTINEZ

AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF THE CARIBBEAN

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB. PHYSICS HEAT AND WAVE

BARRANQUILLA
2022
 Introduction
Optics is the application of lenses, mirrors, and prisms to instruments that control and
manipulate light. This also applies to the design and manufacture of lenses and tools for
their use. Mirrors and lenses are used to make a variety of useful optical instruments, such
as cameras, video projectors, microscopes, or telescopes. Telescopes used to observe the
stars date back to the early 18th century.

In general, lenses and mirrors are larger than the wavelength of visible light, so their main
effects on light can be studied without reference to interference and diffraction phenomena.
However, as mentioned in the previous chapter, these oscillation phenomena limit the
resolution and sharpness of images produced by optical instruments.

This experience is carried out taking into account the basic principles of reflection and
knowing the laws of optics and their properties, which allows us to understand how and
why images are formed, which is the most valuable way for a person to express their world.
It involves observing and analyzing the performance of mirrors, lenses, and optical
instruments. This is explained by reflections, which occur when a wave encounters a
surface off of which it bounces.

Summary
In this report, the formation of images in different mirrors was investigated and the
properties of the images and their behavioral changes under different conditions could be
observed. To carry out this experiment we will use a concave mirror, another convex mirror
and a convergent lens. With them we will obtain all the necessary information to solve the
observable problems of the real world that this physical phenomenon presents to us.

Keywords: concave, convex, reflection.

Abstract
In this report, the formation of images in different mirrors was investigated as the
properties of the images and their behavior changes under different conditions could be
observed. To carry out this experiment we will use a concave mirror, another convex mirror
and a converging lens. With them we will obtain all the necessary information to solve the
observable problems of the real world that this physical phenomenon presents to us.

Keywords: concave, convex, reflection.

Theoretical foundations
The concave or convergent mirror is a mirror with an almost always spherical shape, in
which the reflecting surface is on the inner side of the sphere or rather a part of it. Other
curved shapes are also possible, such as the parabola.
With curved mirrors, such as the concave mirror, it is possible to achieve various images:
enlarged, reduced or even inverted. Magnified images make it easier to see the fine details
of an object.
In a concave mirror, magnification is achieved because the curvature allows the light to be
focused in a very similar way to a lens.
The mirror works as shown in the figure above. The incident horizontal light rays come
from the left, where there is a distant source, such as the Sun. These rays obey the law of
reflection, which states that the angle of incidence of the light ray is equal to its angle of
reflection.
After being reflected, the rays intersect at a special point, the F point or focal point, because
that is where the light is focused. By placing objects in different locations on the axis that
passes through C, F and V, the different images are obtained.
Characteristics of a concave mirror
Before we look at how the image is formed, let's carefully analyze the points and distances
presented in this illustration:

 The center of the sphere to which the mirror

belongs is at point C and R is its radius. Point C is
known as the center of curvature and R is the radius of curvature.
  Point V is the vertex of the mirror.
 The line joining points C, F and V is known as the optical axis of the mirror and is
perpendicular to its surface. A ray that passes through these points is reflected in the
same direction and in the opposite direction.
 The reflection of the incident rays parallel to the optical axis intersect at point F,
called the focal point of the mirror.
 Note that point F is approximately halfway between C and V.
 The distance between F and V, denoted as f, is called focal length and is calculated
as:
f = R/2

A convex or divergent mirror is a curved mirror, almost always spherical in shape and with
the reflective surface on the outside of the sphere, such as Christmas tree ornaments.
Thanks to convex mirrors, it is possible to achieve a wide variety of images depending on
where the object is located and that is the reason why they have so many uses.
For example, mirrors placed on streets to facilitate vehicle traffic at narrow intersections are
convex, as they produce an image with a wide field of vision.

The images thus formed are diverse, depending on where the object is placed. The image
above shows parallel rays coming from a distant source such as the Sun.
The rays are reflected according to the law of reflection, which states that the angle of
incidence of the ray is the same as that at which it is reflected. As we can see, the reflected
rays separate - they do not cross - when leaving the specular surface, which is why this type
of mirror is also known as divergent.
When the reflections extend behind the mirror – broken lines in the figure – they intersect
at a point F called the focus.

Features of convex mirrors

  The convex mirror has the following characteristics (see image above):
The notable points of the mirror are:

1) C the center, which coincides with the center of the sphere to which the mirror
belongs.
2) F the focus, where the rays reflected behind the mirror converge.
3) The vertex P of this, which corresponds to the center of the spherical surface and is
collinear with C and F.
 It has an optical axis or principal axis, which is the line perpendicular to the
specular surface. Rays incident directly on the optical axis are reflected in the same
direction.
 The center of the sphere to which the mirror belongs is at point C and r is its radius.
AC is known as the center of curvature, while r is the radius of curvature and
indicates how curved the mirror is: the smaller the r, the more pronounced the
convex shape.
 The point of intersection of the reflected rays is known as the focal point of the
mirror. The distance between F and P is approximately r/2:
f = r/2
This expression is valid for mirrors whose size is considerably smaller than their
radius of curvature.
 The image that is formed is smaller and also virtual, since it is located behind the
mirror, as we will see later.

Experimental development
The heat wave physics practice was titled concave and convex mirrors, this exercise does
not require using the CASSY-LAB laboratory program, for data collection we do it
manually. The main materials for this task are halogen light boxes, concave-convex
mirrors, white screens, etc.

At the beginning of the course, the instructor introduced us to the subject, gave all the
relevant theoretical explanations and clarified any doubts that might have arisen about the
practice.
The first step is to place the lens at the distance specified by the matrix given by the teacher
and see at what distance and size the image produced by the light is reflected. Then we do
the same with the different measurements shown on the paper and we do the same
operation. In the end, we changed the lens and followed the same steps, but now with a new
lens.

DATA TABLE
PRACTICE NO. 1

PROPERTIES OF IMAGES PRODUCED IN A CONCAVE MIRROR

Observations and measurement results for a concave mirror

Table 1.
Distance from Distance from
object to mirror the image to the
do mirror
Image Properties Object size Image size Size Y'/Y Size -di/ do
(said) Y Y'
do 2f 25 15 inverted real Elderly 3 2.5 1.2 -0.6

do =2f 20 20 inverted real Elderly 3 4 1.3 -1

2f do f 15 28 inverted real Elderly 3 6.8 2.2 -1.8

do f 8 Inside the mirror right virtual Minor 3 --------- --------- ---------

do =f 10 Infinite right virtual Minor 3 ----------- ---------- ----------

Results of the measurements. For the law of discards

Table 2.
do(mm) di (mm) 1/ do 1/ say 1/f 1/do +1/di

25 15 0.04 0.066 0.1 0.06

 20 20 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1

15 28 0.06 0.03 0.1 0.102

8 -------- 0.125 ------ 0.1 -------

10 -------- 0.1 ------- 0.1 -------

1.According to theoretical concepts. What is the relationship between a concave mirror and
a convergent lens?
R//. Unlike convex mirrors, concave mirrors display images of different shapes depending
on the distance between the object and the mirror. These mirrors are called "converging"
because they tend to collect the light that falls on them, deflecting the incident parallel rays
of light towards a focus.
2. According to theoretical concepts, what is the relationship between a convex mirror and
a divergent lens?
R//. A lens with two convex surfaces will always refract rays parallel to the optical axis so
that they converge at a focus located on the side of the lens opposite the object, and these
are called diverging lenses.
3.What characteristics does an image formed by a flat mirror have?
R//. The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that light rays do not
actually come from the image), straight, and of the same shape and size as the reflected
object.
4. Why are the images formed in plane mirrors always virtual?
R//. The image behind the mirror is called a virtual image because it cannot be projected
onto a screen: the rays only appear to originate from a common point behind the mirror. If
you walk behind the mirror, you cannot see the image, because the rays do not go there.
5. Explain why when we see our right hand reflected in a flat mirror our left hand appears.
R//. This usually happens when we are in front of a flat mirror. When our hand or object is
there, it will be reflected exactly the same, but the reflection will be "opposite" inverted...
because the extensions of all the reflected rays correspond to rays that have left the object.
This occurs mainly because the image we see in the mirror is virtual, and it is inverted since
it is a flat mirror.
6. What type of mirror can provide both real and virtual images? What does it depend on to
obtain one or the other?
R//. Unlike concave mirrors, where the characteristics of the image depend on the position
of the object, in a convex mirror the image formed is always virtual, since it is generated by
the extensions of the traced rays, straight and smaller than the object. The main factor that
causes this effect is the way the light reaches and is reflected in the mirror.

CONCAVE MIRROR EXERCISES

1. An object 10 mm high is located 15 mm in front of a concave mirror of radius 40 mm.

Determine: a) The position of the image. b) The nature of the image (real or virtual). b) The size of
the image. R/ a) s' = 60 mm; b) virtual; c) y' = + 40 mm.

R//.

R
f=
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ ' = =¿ + '=
s s f 15 mm s −20 mm

15.(−20)
s' =
15−20
'
s =60 mm
' ' '
y s ' s.y 60.10
M= = =¿ y = =¿
y s s 15
'
y =40 mm
2. A spherical mirror forms a real image of a real object located 2000 mm from the vertex of the
mirror. If the distance between the mirror and the image is 500 mm. Determine: a) The radius of
curvature of the mirror. b) The type of mirror (concave/convex) c) The focal length of the mirror.
d) Image magnification. R/ a) R = - 80 mm; b) concave; c) f = -400 mm; d) m = -1/4.

R//.

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = =¿ + =
s s' f −2000 mm 500 mm −f

f =−400 mm
R=f .2=¿ R=(−400 mm )( 2 )
R=−800 mm
s' 500 mm −1
M= = =
s −2000 mm 4
3. At what distance from a concave mirror of 100 mm radius must a real object be placed so that
its image is real and four times larger than the size of the object? R/ s = - 62.5 mm.

R//.
' '
s s '
M = =¿ 4= =¿ 4 s=s
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = =¿ + =
s s' f −s −4 s −50

−s=62 ,5 mm=¿ s=−62 , 5 mm

4. A concave mirror with a radius of 600 mm forms a real image of a real object whose size is twice
that of the object. Determine: a) The position of the object b) The position of the image R/ a) s = -
450 mm; s' = - 900 mm.

R//.
' '
s s '
M = =¿ 2= =¿ 2 s=s
s s
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ ' = =¿ + =
s s f −s −2 s −300

−s=450 mm=¿ s=−450 mm

'
4 s=s =¿ 4 (−450 mm )=−900 mm

5. A convex mirror forms a virtual image of a real object (Figure (a)), whose magnification is m =
0.25. The separation between object and image is O1O'1 = 750 mm. Determine: a) The distance
from the mirror to the object. b) The distance from the mirror to the image. c) The radius of the
mirror. d) The focal length of the mirror.

R//.
'
−s+ s =750
−s−0 ,35 s=750=¿−1 , 25 s=750
750
s= =−600 mm
−1 , 25
'
s =750 mm−600 mm=¿ 150 mm
1 1 1 1 1 2
+ ' = =¿ + =
s s r −600 150 r

1200
r= =¿ 400 mm
3
r
f = =200 mm
2
6. The previous mirror is replaced by another concave one, of the same curvature as the previous
one, and located in the same position (Figure (b)). If the object remains in the same position.

Determines: e) The position of the new image. f) The increase in this case.

(R/ a) EO1 = s1 = -600 mm; b) EO'1 = s'1 = 150 mm c) R1 = 400 mm; d) f 1= 200 mm; e) EO'2 = s'2 =
-300 mm; d) m2 = -0.5.

R//.

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = =¿ + =
s s' f −600 s' −200

' −6+2 4
s= =¿− =300 mm
1200 1200
 '
s 300
m= = =−0 , 5
s −600

LAST REPORT

CONVERGING AND DIVERGING LENSES

Barcenas Guzman Breiner Yesid

Royals Escorcia Sebastian David

Monsalvo Rodriguez Andres Antonio

PROFESSOR: EDUARDO MARTINEZ

AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF THE CARIBBEAN

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

LAB. PHYSICS HEAT AND WAVE

 BARRANQUILLA

2022

SUMMARY
In this lab report seen below you will see how it will be applied to convergent and
divergent lenses. This is done through observation and analysis, where the results of the
experience are recorded in tables, guided by the indications and theories revealed by the
teacher's experience. Ready-to-use equipment, which is a system for attaching a flashlight
to a metal rod at a distance of 3 cm from the bottom of the ruler to the location of the
reflecting object; initially two lenses were observed, one identified as confluent and the
other identified as divergent, labeled 50 and -50, respectively; so turn on the flashlight,
observe the reflected image in detail, and record the results in this report for further
analysis. You can see that in most cases the image is inverted, real and changes size as the
distance between the subject and the lens changes; in some cases the image can be seen as
virtual because instead of being reflected outside the lens it is reflected inside the lens and
manages to demonstrate what is theoretically observed. It was concluded that the
convergent lens, also called "positive lens", is a lens whose thickness gradually decreases
from the center to the edge. Light rays travel parallel from the object to the lens. Lenses are
connected at a single point called the primary focus; diverging lenses, on the other hand,
are clear lenses that, in physical form, have a thinner central portion and thicker edges; they
are bounded by two surfaces and are either concave or convex lenses, at least in one of
these parts. Demonstrates the theoretical justification for the implementation of the program
and empirically. The results obtained and the conclusions will be discussed in detail in the
next report.

ABSTRACT
In this laboratory report that you see below you have to see how it will be applied to
convergent and divergent lenses. This is done through observation and analysis, where the
results of the experience are recorded in tables, guided by the indications and theories
revealed by the teacher's experience. Equipment ready to use, which is a system to attach a
flashlight to a metal rod at a distance of 3 cm from the bottom of the ruler to the place
where the reflecting object is located; initially two lenses were observed, one identified as
confluent and the other identified as divergent, labeled 50 and -50, respectively; So turn on
the flashlight, observe the reflected image in detail and record the results in this report for
further analysis. You can see that in most cases the image is inverted, real and changes in
size as the distance between the subject and the lens changes; in some cases the image can
be seen as virtual because instead of being reflected outside the lens it is reflected inside the
lens and succeeds in demonstrating what is theoretically observed. It was concluded that the
converging lens, also called a "positive lens", is a lens whose thickness gradually decreases
from the center to the edge. The light rays travel parallel from the object to the lens. The
lenses are connected at a single point called the primary focus; Diverging lenses, on the
other hand, are transparent lenses that, in physical form, have a thinner central portion and
thicker edges; they are bounded by two surfaces and are concave or concave or convex
lenses, at least in one of these parts. It demonstrates the theoretical justification for the
realization of the program and empirically. The obtained results and conclusions will be
discussed in detail in the next report.

INTRODUCTION
We must know where a main word comes from in this case "lenses"; This word lens comes
from the Latin "lens or lentis" which means "lentil" so optical lenses are called that way
because they resemble the shape of the legume.

About the story we have:

In the 13th century, certain glass discs that could be mounted on a frame began to be
manufactured. They were the first book glasses.

The first astronomical telescope was built by Galileo Galilei using a convergent lens
(positive lens) as the objective and a divergent lens (negative lens) as the eyepiece.

Converging lenses are those whose thickness decreases from the center to the edges. In this
type of lens, any ray that passes parallel to the main axis, when refracted, comes together at
its focus. Converging lenses form real images of objects. Diverging lenses are those whose
thickness decreases from the edges towards the center. In this type of lens, any ray that
passes parallel to the principal, when refracted, is separated as if it came from a principal
focus. Diverging lenses form virtual images of objects. The aim of this experiment is to
study the properties of images formed in concave mirrors, convex mirrors in convergent
and divergent lenses. The regularity and formation of images in this type of mirror. This
experience is complete without limitations. This topic is very important because this type of
lens is used today and one of the many uses of lenses is microscopy.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
According to https://varilux.es/salud-visual/lentes-divergentes/#:~:text=In%20the
%20divergent%20lenses%20o,curvature%20and%20repair%20surface. In diverging or
concave lenses, the power of a lens is negative while in convergent or convex lenses, it is
positive. It is important to note that the power of the lens depends on the refractive index of
the material it is made of, its curvature and repair surface. In a convergent lens (left), the
rays that arrive parallel to the optical axis converge at a point, called the image focus or
simply focus. In a diverging lens (right), rays arriving parallel to the optical axis diverge as
they leave the lens, but the extensions of these rays intersect at the focus.

That is, a diverging lens will correct myopia and some types of astigmatism, while a
convergent lens can be used to correct the opposite visual defect (hyperopia).
Image Formation
The light rays that strike a convergent lens in parallel come together at a point called focus
(converge), forming a real image of the object. They bring the ray of light closer to the
retina to allow clear vision at close distances. They are also called positive lenses.
A lens is a transparent object (usually glass) bounded by two surfaces, at least one of which
is curved.
The most common lenses are based on different degrees of refraction of light when it hits
different points of the lens. These include glasses, spectacles, or contact lenses used to
correct vision problems. Lenses or combinations of lenses and mirrors are also used in
telescopes and microscopes. The first astronomical telescope built by Galileo Galilei used a
convergent lens (positive lens) as the objective and a divergent lens (negative lens) as the
eyepiece.
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
The following part of this report is to show the procedures that were carried out in the
laboratory so that this experience was carried out in the best way;
Believing that the experiment to be carried out should be regulated by first principles, the
professor first introduced the theory on which the practice was based, together with its
physical and mathematical demonstrations; then he guided us through the procedure to be
followed with precautions and attention to the important details of the experiment. A form
is then issued to be used to document the results obtained. During the experiment, after
completing the concave-convex lens test, we continued testing the convergent and
divergent lenses. These tests were carried out:
to) do ¿2f
b) do =2f,
c) 2f¿ do ¿f,
d) do ¿f
and) do = f
Finally, we looked at what happened in each test to name the three basic properties of the
images: 1-vertical or upside down, 2- enlarged, reduced or the same, and 3-real or virtual.

CONCLUSION
It was concluded that:
* Converging lens: It can be observed that there are several factors, when the distance is
greater and less than the focal point, it is observed that the nature of the image shown is the
same, they are virtual because they are formed in a mirror, both are The smaller the image
at infinity. It can also be concluded that no image is formed. * When the distance is equal to
the focal point, the image is formed at infinity, in this case it also happens when the
distance is less than the focal point.
* In the case of convergent lenses, we can conclude that the smallest virtual images will
always be formed vertically. * Lenses are used to correct our vision defects, which are
phenomena caused by physical defects in our eyes, such as hyperopia or myopia.

LITERATURE
https://varilux.es/salud-visual/lentes-divergents/#:~:text=En%20las%20lentes
%20divergents%20o,curvatura%20y%20superficie%20de%20reparaci%C3%B3n