QUESTIONS (MCHM011) TO ASSIST STUDENTS TO PREPARE THE EXAM

While trying to recycle used objects, a SMU student collected a container filled with a
certain amount of unknown gas. After the preliminary investigation, it was revealed that
the pressure of a gas was reduced from 1200.00 mm Hg to 850.00 mmHg as the volume
of its container was increased by moving a piston from 85.0 mL to 350.0 mL respectively.
What would the final temperature be if the original temperature was 90.00OC?

In 2.00 min, 28.3 mL of He effuse through a small hole. Under the same conditions of
pressure and temperature, 9.43 mL of a mixture of CO and CO 2 effuse through the hole
in the same amount of time. Calculate the percent composition by volume of the mixture.
The effusion rate of a gas is proportional to its root-mean-square speed, which is related
to its molar mass.

A first year student from the department of physic at SMU was interested to know more
the behavior about an unknown gas at the temperature of 310 K and a pressure of 101
kPa.
(a) Compute the volume occupied by 1.25 moles of this gas by assuming that it is an ideal
gas.
(b) Assuming the gas molecules can be approximated as small spheres of diameter
2.50x10-10 m, what will be the fraction of the volume found in part
(c) that is occupied by the molecules.

A mixture of methane (CH4) and ethane (C2H6) is stored in a container at 294 mmHg. The
gases are burned in air to form CO2 and H2O. If the pressure of CO2 is 344 mmHg
measured at the same temperature and volume as the original mixture, calculate the mole
fraction of the gases.

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A mixture of 3.00 volumes of H2 and 1.00 volume of N2 reacts at 344°C to form ammonia.
The equilibrium mixture at 110.0 atm. contains 49.00 % NH3 by volume. Calculate Kp for
the reaction, assuming that the gases behave ideally.

A rock contains 0.257 mg of lead-206 for every milligram of uranium-238. The half-life for
the decay of uranium-238 to lead-206 is 4.5x109 year. How old is the rock?

Helium gas is one of the Nobel gases with various importance such as the control of
chemical reactions, flying balloons and more. It was revealed that Helium at atmospheric
pressure of 100 kPa has a density of 0.17 kg m-3 at 273 K. Calculate the root mean square
speed of its molecules.

Let all of us consider a mole of hydrogen molecules, each of mass 3.3 x 10 -27 kg, is
contained in a cylinder of volume 0.050 m 3. The molecules have a root mean square
speed of 800 m/s. Calculate the pressure of the gas. (Avogadro constant NA = 6.0 x1023
mol-1).

The compound trichlorosilane (SiCl3H) has a vapor pressure of 0.258 atm at −2°C. What
is its normal boiling point? (The molar heat of vaporization of trichlorosilane is 28.8
kJ/mol.)
Based on the information given in the following figure, determine the stable phase of CO2
under each set of conditions below.

(a) At 4 atm and −83°C

(b) At 2.5 atm and −47°C

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Considering 1.00 mole of ammonia in a 7.00 liter bottle at 350 K. Estimate pressure in the

bottle using van der Waals constant for ammonia as a = 4.17 and b =
0.0371 L/mol.

A solution of 5.0 g benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) in 100.0 g of carbon tetrachloride has a

boiling point of 77.5° C. The boling point of pure CCl4 is 76.5° C. Calculate the molar
mass of benzoic acid in the solution based on the boiling point elevation. (Kb for CCl 4 is
5.03° C/m.)

Lithium hydride reacts with water as follows:

LiH(s) + H2O(l) → LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
During World War II, U.S. pilots carried LiH tablets. In the event of a crash landing at sea,
the LiH would react with the seawater and fill their life belts and lifeboats with hydrogen
gas. How many grams of LiH are needed to fill a 5.00−L life belt at 0.975 atm and 12°C?

How much heat (in kJ) is needed to convert 976 g of ice at −10.0°C to steam at 126.0°C?
(The specific heats of ice, water, and steam are 2.03 J/g · °C, 4.184 J/g · °C, and 1.99
J/g · °C, respectively. The heat of fusion of water is 6.01 kJ/mol, the heat of vaporization
is 40.79 kJ/mol.)

As we have discussed in theory, the atmospheric pressure decreases with height. The
pressure at a height h above sea level (beach from in the City of Durban) is given
approximately by the barometric formula P = P0 e-Mgh/RT, in which M = 0.0289 kg/ mol, and
g = 9.81 m. s-2. If we assume that the enthalpy of vaporization of water in the City is DHvap
= 40.6 kJ mol-1, predict at what temperature water will boil at a height of 2.5 miles.

A South African student on a research trip in the Sahara Desert has a bottle of hexane
with heat of vaporization of 30.8 kJ. mol-1. The boiling point of hexane in the desert at a
pressure of 1.00 atm is 68.9˚C. What will the boiling point be if the pressure decrease to
0.50 atm?

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A student prepared a 0.10 M solution of formic acid (HCOOH) and found its pH at 25OC
to be 2.38. Calculate Ka for formic acid at this temperature

Assuming that at atmospheric pressure, CO2 commonly called dry ice turns from solid to
gas. This change of the state of the matter is called sublimation. Given that the triple point
of CO2 is at T = 216.58 K and p = 518.00 kPa, Using the graph, how would obtain liquid
CO2. Support your thinking with a well labelled diagram.

The volume of a sample of pure HCl gas was 245 mL at 21°C and 103 mmHg. It was
completely dissolved in about 70 mL of water and titrated with an NaOH solution; 14.9
mL of the NaOH solution was required to neutralize the HCl. Calculate the molarity of the
NaOH solution.

A mixture of liquids A and B exhibits ideal behavior. At 84°C, the total vapor pressure of
a solution containing 1.2 moles of A and 2.3 moles of B is 331 mmHg. Upon the addition
of another mole of B to the solution, the vapor pressure increases to 347 mmHg. Calculate
the vapor pressures of pure A and B at 84°C.

After a Chemistry class session Komotso and friends went to the staff cafeteria for coffee.
Komotso ordered a cup of coffee, but, at 98.40OC. the coffee is too hot to drink at the
time. She added 20.9 g of ice at −2.2OC to the 248 mL of coffee. Estimate the final
temperature of the coffee? (Assuming that the heat capacity and density of the coffee are
the same as water and the coffee cup is well insulated).

Dimethyl ether is an organic compound well known as an aerosol propellant and wisely
used as an organic solvent. The ΔHof of gaseous dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3) is −185.4
kJ/mol. The vapor pressure the chemical is 1.00 atm at −23.7OC and 0.526 atm at
−37.8OC.
(a) Calculate ΔHovap of the dimethyl ether
(b) Calculate ΔHof of liquid dimethyl ether.

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Ethanol compound belongs to the category of organic compounds and share the
molecular formula with the Dimethyl ether but different functional groups. 0.31 g of liquid
ethanol (C2H5OH) is placed in a 4.70 L bottle. The bottle is sealed and placed in a
refrigerator where the temperature is 0.0°C. How much liquid ethanol will be present in
the bottle after liquid-vapor equilibrium is reached? The vapor pressure of ethanol is 10.
torr at −2.3OC and 40. torr at 19OC.

While Gauteng Province residents starting to prepare for winter season, in Malamulele,
residents still enjoying an average temperature of 26.00OC, and the partial pressure of
water vapor in the air is 34.00 torr. The 9000−ton air-conditioning system in the Limpopo
Province maintains the inside air temperature at the same 26.0OC, but produces a partial
pressure of water vapor of 10.00 torr. The volume of air in the dome is 2.4 × 106 m3, and
the total pressure inside and outside the dome are both 1.00 atm.
(a) What mass of water (in metric tons) must be removed every time the inside air is
completely replaced with outside air? (Hint: How many moles of gas are in the dome?
How many moles of water vapor? How many moles of dry air? How many moles of outside
air must be added to the air in the dome to simulate the composition of outside air?)
(b) Find the heat released when this mass of water condenses.

At a certain temperature, the following reactions have the equilibrium constants as

shown below.
S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) Kc = 5x1052

2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g) Kc = 1029

What is the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction at the same temperature?

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Kc = ?

Many smokers will agree that the butane is a common fuel used in cigarette lighters and
camping stoves in south Africa. That organic solvent is stored under pressure, and exists
as a mixture of liquid and gas. A high temperature may cause the container to explode.
At 25.0OC, the vapor pressure of butane is 2.30 atm. What is the pressure in the container
at 119.0OC? (ΔHOvap = 24.3 kJ/mol).

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Sulfur dioxide is produced in enormous amounts for sulfuric acid production. It melts at
−73.0OC and boils at −10.0OC. Its ΔHOfus is 8.619 kJ/mol, and its ΔHOvap is 25.73 kJ/mol.
The specific heat capacities of the liquid and gas are 0.995 J/g.K and 0.622 J/g.K,
respectively. How much heat is required to convert 1.750 kg of solid SO 2 at the melting
point to a gas at 60.0OC?

The given equation represents a chemical reaction used to produce carbon dioxide the
time of fire incident.
CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CO2(g) + CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) Write the balanced chemical equation above?
(b) What mass of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to produce 125 L of carbon dioxide (CO2)
at 1.50 atmosphere and 127OC?

A gas mixture containing CH3 fragments, C2H6 molecules, and an inert gas (He) was
prepared at 600.0 K with a total pressure of 5.42 atm. The elementary reaction
CH3 + C2H6 → CH4 + C2H5 has a second-order rate constant of 3.00 × 104/M. s. Given
that the mole fractions of CH3 and C2H6 are 0.000810 and 0.000700, respectively,
calculate the initial rate of the reaction at this temperature.

A gas mixture containing CH3 fragments, C2H6 molecules, and an inert gas (He) was
prepared at 600.0 K with a total pressure of 5.42 atm. The elementary reaction
CH3 + C2H6 → CH4 + C2H5 has a second-order rate constant of 3.00 × 104/M. s. Given
that the mole fractions of CH3 and C2H6 are 0.000810 and 0.000700, respectively,
calculate the initial rate of the reaction at this temperature.

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The activity of a radioactive sample is the number nuclear disintegrations per second,
which is equal to the first-order rate constant times the number of radioactive nuclei
present. The fundamental unit of radioactivity is the curie (Ci), where 1 Ci corresponds to
exactly 3.70 × 1010 disintegrations per second. This decay rate is equivalent to that of 1
g of radium−226. The molar mass of Ra−226 is 226.03 g/mol.
Calculate the rate constant for the radium decay.
Calculate the half-life for the radium decay.
Starting with 4.1 g of the radium sample, what is the activity after 350 years?

Strotium−90, a radioactive isotope, is a major product of an atomic bomb explosion. It has

a half-life of 28.1 yr. (a) Calculate the first-order rate constant for the nuclear decay. (b)
Calculate the fraction of 90Sr that remains after 10 half-lives. (c) Calculate the number of
years required for 93.5 percent of 90Sr to disappear.

A biochemical engineer isolates a bacterial gene fragment and dissolves a 17.5−mg

sample in enough water to make 30.0 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of the solution
is 0.340 torr at 25°C.
(a) What is the molar mass of the gene fragment?
(b) If the solution density is 0.997 g/mL, how large is the freezing point depression for this
solution (Kf of water = 1.86°C/m)?

β−Pinene (C10H16) and α−terpineol (C10H18O) are used in cosmetics to provide a "fresh
pine" scent. At 367 K, the pure substances have vapor pressures of 100.3 torr and 9.8
torr, respectively. What is the composition of the vapor (in terms of mole fractions) above
a solution containing equal masses of these compounds at 367 K? (Assume ideal
behavior.)

The water-gas shift reaction plays a central role in the chemical methods for obtaining
cleaner fuels from coal: CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2(g). A study was made in which
equilibrium was reached with [CO] = [H2O] = [H2] = 0.10 M and [CO2] = 0.40 M. After 0.20

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mol of H2 is added to the 2.0−L container and equilibrium is reestablished, what are the
new concentrations of all the components?

An engineer examining the oxidation of SO2 in the production of sulfuric acid determines
that Kc = 1.7 × 108 at 600 K: 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g). At equilibrium, the partial
pressure of SO3 = 110 atm. and the partial pressure of O2 = 140 atm. Calculate the partial
pressure of SO2.

What is the pH of a solution containing 0.55 M HCOOH and 0.47 M HCOOK? The Ka for
HCOOH is 1.7×10−4.

An unknown gas effuses 1.66 times more rapidly than CO2. What is the molar mass of
the unknown gas? Can you make a reasonable guess as to its identity?

Ammonium carbamate (NH2COONH4) is a salt of carbamic acid that is found in the blood
and urine of mammals. At 250°C, Kc = 1.58 × 10−8 for the following equilibrium:
NH2COONH4(s) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
If 5.56 g of NH2COONH4 is put into a 0.500−L evacuated container, what is the total
pressure at equilibrium?

The uses of sodium phosphate include clarifying crude sugar, manufacturing paper,
removing boiler scale, and washing concrete. What is the pH of a solution containing 21.4
g of Na3PO4 per liter? What is [OH−] of this solution? Ka3 for H3PO4 is 4.2 × 10−13.
Thiamine hydrochloride (C12H18ON4SCl2) is a water-soluble form of thiamine (vitamin B1;
Ka= 3.37 × 10−7). How many grams of the hydrochloride must be dissolved in 10.00 mL
of water to give a pH of 3.45?

A 0.205−mol sample of HX is dissolved in enough H2O to form 585.0 mL of solution. If

the pH of the solution is 5.00, what is the Ka of HX? Be sure to report your answer to the
correct number of significant figures.

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Muscle physiologists study the accumulation of lactic acid [CH3CH(OH)COOH] during
exercise. Food chemists study its occurrence in sour milk, beer, wine, and fruit. Industrial
microbiologists study its formation by various bacterial species from carbohydrates. A
biochemist prepares a lactic acid-lactate buffer by mixing 225 mL of 0.85 M lactic acid
(Ka = 1.38 × 10−4) with 435 mL of 0.68 M sodium lactate. What is the buffer pH?

Cobalt−60 was an isotope used in diagnostic medicine and cancer treatment. It decays
with gamma ray emission. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation in nanometers if the
energy of the gamma ray is 2.36 × 10−13 J/photon.

Calculate the standard emf of a cell that uses the Mg/Mg2+ and Cu/Cu2+ half-cell reaction
at 25°C. Write the equation for the cell reaction that occurs under standard-state
conditions. Be sure to include the physical state of each species in the reaction.

From the definition of a curie, calculate Avogadro's number, given that the molar mass of
226Ra is 226.03 g/mol. and that it decays with a half-life of 1.55 × 103 years.

Calculate the standard potential of the cell consisting of the Zn/Zn2+ half-cell and the SHE.
What will the emf of the cell be if: [Zn2+] = 0.37 M PH2 = 1.5 atm. [H+] = 1.5 M

Radioactive plutonium−239 (t1/2 = 2.44×105 yearr) is used in nuclear reactors and atomic
bombs. If there are 4.30×102 g of the isotope in a small atomic bomb, how long will it take
for the substance to decay to 1.00×102 g, too small an amount for an effective bomb?
(Hint: Radioactive decays follow first-order kinetics).

The equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) ⇆ 2HI(g) is 54.3 at 430OC. At
the start of the reaction there are 0.714 mole of H2, 0.984 mole of I2, and 0.886 mole of
HI in a 2.10 L reaction chamber.

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(a) Calculate the concentrations of the gases at equilibrium.
(b) Determine the direction of the reaction. If the reaction is not at equilibrium, how will
you bring restore is equilibrium?

Given the following data.

2Hg2+(aq.) + 2e− → Hg22+(aq) EO = 0.92 V
Hg22+(aq.) + 2e− → 2Hg(l) EO = 0.85 V
calculate ΔGO for the following process at 25°C:
Hg22+(aq.) → Hg2+(aq.) + Hg(l)

Cobalt−60 (60Co) was an isotope used in diagnostic medicine and cancer treatment. It
decays with gamma ray emission. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation in
nanometers if the energy of the gamma ray is 2.40×10−13 J/photon.

How much energy is lost or gained when 1 mole of cobalt-60 undergoes beta decay,
60 60 0 60
Co Ni + e Co
27 28 -1 . The mass of 27 atom is 59.933819 amu, and that of an
60
Ni
28 atom is 59.930788 amu.

A student prepared a 0.10 M solution of formic acid (HCOOH) and found its pH at 25OC
to be 2.38. Calculate Ka for formic acid at this temperature.

The usefulness of radiocarbon dating is limited to objects no older than 50,000 years.
What percent of the carbon−14, originally present in a 6.0 g sample, remains after this
period of time? The half-life of carbon−14 is 5.73×103 years.

Design a well labeled water treatment plant.

Good luck to all.

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