LASER

in situ keratomileusis (LASEK) has became the

single most common elective operation with over 35

million procedures performed worldwide by 2010.

It has evolved into a 10-minute process that can correct 96% of

all refractive errors with minimal discomfort, a recovery time

of a few hours, and dramatic visual results overnight. . It is the

confl uence of numerous brilliant ideas and bioengineering

accomplishments that have led to what is now one of the most

miraculous procedures in the history of medicine.(1)

An ideal patient for LASIK

 Is 18 years of age or older, preferably 21 years or more.

• Prefers to have surgery over wearing glasses or contact lenses.

• Has a stable refractive error.

• Be free of any diseases of the outer eye, cornea, posterior segment or lids. •
Not be pregnant or nursing or not planning to conceive in next 6 months to 1
year.
• Not have any systemic or auto-immune diseases such as lupus.

• Is able to handle the financial commitment.

• Is willing to commit to post-operative instructions and care plan.

• Has realistic expectations about the outcome of the procedure.

• Is informed about the possible complications and is willing to take the risks.
(2)

Types of Refractive Surgery

Surface ablation

PRK

Epithelium is pushed or scraped aside and must regrow; moderately

significant pain, tearing, photophobia, and blurred vision for the first
three to four days

Epithelial LASIK

Epithelium is removed in a thin flap using a blade (epikeratome) and

may be replaced or discarded; more corneal stroma to work with than
LASIK; less pain than PRK

LASEK

Epithelium is removed using alcohol; more corneal stroma to work with

than LASIK; less pain than PRK

Stromal flap

LASIK

Epithelium supported by a thin layer of underlying stroma is removed in

a flap (originally with a microkeratome) produced by a cutting laser
(femtosecond); less pain than PRK

Lenticule extraction

FLEx

Femtosecond laser cuts a lens-shaped segment (lenticule) within the

corneal stroma, removed through a LASIK-like flap

SMILE

Similar to FLEx, but the lenticule is extracted through a small laser-cut

incision on the edge of the cornea(3)

The three main types of refractive errors corrected by LASIK

are:

 Nearsightedness: (myopia): Laser-in-situ keratomileusis

(LASIK) has been used to treat myopia ranging from -1 to -29
dioptres.(4) However the optimum correction is done for myopia up
to -12.00 diopters since correction of myopia of more than -12
diopters (depending on the corneal thickness) entails excessive
stromal ablation with a danger of producing corneal ectasia. It is
important to remember that the amount of myopic correction
possible in a particular patient is determined by the central corneal
pachymetry and correction of myopic refractive errors in excess of
-12 dioptres may not be possible if the central pachymetry is less
than 500 μm. For myopia, we recommend that treatment be done
up to -12 diopters, if corneal thickness allows the desired ablation
with a residual bed thickness of 250 μm or preferably of 300 μm as
cases ectasia has been noted in cases of residual bed thickness of >
250 μm.(5) As shown in the figure(1-1)
1-1 figure) myopia

 Farsightedness: (hyperopia) LASIK has been used for the

correction of +0.50 to +8.0 diopters of hyperopia. The treatment of
hyperopic refractive errors with LASIK started much later as
compared to myopia. However, LASIK results are more
predictable for corrections upto +4 dioptres. With the availability
of newer algorithms and ablation profiles specific for hyperopia,
the predictability of hyperopic correction has improved in the
recent years(6). As shown in the figure (1-2)
1-2 Figure) hyperopia

 Astigmatism: It has now become possible to treat myopic and

hyperopic astigmatism with LASIK. Correction has been attempted
in astigmatic errors ranging from 0.5 to 10 diopters. Newer
machines with upgraded technology such as LADARvision (Alcon,
Fort Worth, TX) has reported success in myopic and hyperopic
astigmatism upto 6 dioptres.15 In eyes with mixed astigmatism it
may not be possible to correct the entire error in a single ablation,
and the refractive error may be segregated into 2 components. For
example, if the refractive error is -2 D sph/+ 4 D cyl X 180° , half
of the cylinder is separated out such that the sphere and the
cylinder are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Therefore the
two components are I. + 2 D cyl x 180° and II. -2 D sph / +2 D cyl
X 180°. Now (II) is transposed to obtain -2 D cyl X 90°(7). As
shown in the figure (1-3)
1-3 figure) astigmatism

PRK
This technique has been used since the early era of excimer lasers, for
nearly 20 years.
It consists of mechanical removal of corneal epithelium using a scalpel
blade, then
ablating the anterior stroma with the excimer laser (Figure 65.4).
PRK has been eclipsed by LASIK, mainly because of the faster visual
rehabilitation
and less discomfort associated the latter during the early postoperative
period.
Despite this, PRK remains as an excellent option, particularly for mild to
moderate
corrections
This technique has been used since the early era of excimer lasers, for
nearly 20 years.
It consists of mechanical removal of corneal epithelium using a scalpel
blade, then
ablating the anterior stroma with the excimer laser (Figure 65.4).
PRK has been eclipsed by LASIK, mainly because of the faster visual
rehabilitation
and less discomfort associated the latter during the early postoperative
period.
Despite this, PRK remains as an excellent option, particularly for mild to
moderate
corrections
This technique has been used since the early era of excimer lasers, for
nearly 20 years.It consists of mechanical removal of corneal epithelium
using a scalpel blade, thenablating the anterior stroma with the excimer
laser (Figure 65.4).PRK has been eclipsed by LASIK, mainly because of
the faster visual rehabilitationand less discomfort associated the latter
during the early postoperative period.Despite this, PRK remains as an
excellent option, particularly for mild to moderatecorrections.(8) As shown
in the figure (1-4)

LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
1-4 figure) PRK

LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a
dilute alcohol
solution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial sheet
is repositioned,
like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3]. Most studies
suggest that
patients with LASEK will experience less pain, faster visual recovery,
and less haze
compared with PRK or transepithelial PRK
LASEK
In this technique, an epithelial flap is detached after application of a dilute
alcoholsolution (typically 18–25%). After laser ablation, the epithelial
sheet is repositioned,like the stromal flap is in the LASIK procedure [3].
Most studies suggest thatpatients with LASEK will experience less pain,
faster visual recovery, and less hazecompared with PRK or transepithelial
PRK.(9) As shown in the figure (1-5)
1-5 figure) LASEK

LASIK
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the
anterior stroma
with a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the mechanical
microkeratome
or femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed is accessible for
excimer laser
ablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main advantage of LASIK over PRK is
related
to maintaining an intact, undamaged central corneal epithelium,
which increases
comfort during the early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual
recover
In LASIK, a flap including the epithelium and a portion of the anterior
stromawith a total thickness of 120–180 mm is created with the
mechanical microkeratomeor femtosecond laser and then the stromal bed
is accessible for excimer laserablation [9] (Figure 65.5). The main
advantage of LASIK over PRK is relatedto maintaining an intact,
undamaged central corneal epithelium, which increasescomfort during the
early postoperative period, allows for rapid visual recover.(10) As shown in
the figure (1-6)
1-6 figure) LASIK

1-7 figure) PRK VS LASEK and LASIK

 Possible lost vision: Occasionally, some patients will see a

deterioration in their best-corrected vision. You may not see as
well after the surgery as you did with eyeglasses or contact lenses
before.(11)
  Severe dry eye syndrome: Some patients lose the ability to produce
sufficient tears after undergoing LASIK, resulting in a condition
referred to as dry eye syndrome.(12)

 Need for further procedures: Some patients may require a "touch-

up" procedure after having LASIK to further correct their
vision. Changes may occur during the healing process that requires
further correction.(13)

Pre-operative evaluation: Uncorrected and corrected distance visual

acuity, refraction, IOP, slit lamp and fundus examination, testing of dry
eye using Schirmer test and tear break up time check (TBUT), corneal
topographic analysis, and wave-front analysis using combined
Schimpflug and placido disc.

-Age
The refractive error is rarely stable in patients less than 21 to 25 years of
age and as such LASIK is rarely performed on patients younger than their
early Twenty .(3)

-Dry eye examination All patients should have a comprehensive adult

medical eye evaluation at the recommended intervals. This should
include the evaluation of tear film and ocular surface, particularly in
preoperative cataract and refractive surgery patients. Additional
evaluation of a patient who presents with symptoms suggestive of dry
eye should include further testing relevant to dry eye.(4)

dry eye is classified as mild, moderate, and severe based on both

symptoms and signs.(5) . As shown in the figure (1-3).
1-3 Figure ) Dry eye .

Measurement visual acuity :

The visual acuity test is used to determine the smallest letters you
can read on a standardized chart (Snellen chart) or a card held 20
feet (6 meters) away. Special charts are used when testing at
distances shorter than 20 feet (6 meters). Some Snellen charts are
actually video monitors showing letters or images.(6)

How the Test is Performed :-

First, you will be asked if you are having any eye or vision
problems. You will be asked to describe these problems, how long
you have had them, and any factors that have made them better or
worse.

Your history of glasses or contact lenses will also be reviewed.

The eye doctor will then ask about your overall health, including
any medicines you take and your family's medical history.

Next, the doctor will check your vision (visual acuity) using a
Snellen chart.
You will be asked to read random letters that become
smaller line by line as your eyes move down the chart.
Some Snellen charts are actually video monitors showing
letters or images. AS shown in the figure (2-3).

To see if you need glasses, the doctor will place several

lenses in front of your eye, one at a time, and ask you
when the letters on the Snellen chart become easier to
see. This is called a refraction.

Other parts of the exam include tests to:

See if you have proper three-dimensional (3D) vision

(stereopsis).

Check your side (peripheral) vision.

Check the eye muscles by asking you to look in different

directions at a penlight or other small object.

Examine the pupils with a penlight to see if they respond

(constrict) properly to light.

Often, you'll be given eye drops to open up (dilate) your

pupils. This allows the doctor to use a device called an
ophthalmoscope to view the structures at the back of the
eye. This area is called the fundus. It includes
the retina and nearby blood vessels and optic nerve.(7)
2-3 Figure ) VA test.

Corneal Thickness
Corneal thickness is extremely important in refractive surgical
procedures such as LASIK. Knowledge of corneal thickness is important
to determine if a person is a candidate for laser vision correction.

Corneal thickness as measured by pachymetry is important in the eye

care field for several reasons.

Pachymetry can tell healthcare providers if the cornea is swollen.

Medical conditions such as Fuch's Dystrophy can increase fluid in the
cornea and cause an increase in overall thickness. Even wearing contact
lenses can sometimes cause significant corneal swelling. This may be
difficult to see under the microscope. However, pachymetry will show a
definite increase in thickness.(8) As shown in the figure (3-3).

3-3figure)Healthy eye in pachymetry.

Autorefraction
A refraction can also be measured using an autorefractor.
 An autorefractor is a tabletop instrument that uses light rays and a
computer to measure how light refracts through your eye. Most eye
doctors use autorefractor's routinely to develop a starting point that
they may then compare to retinoscopy or traditional phoropter
refraction.(9) As showm in the figure (4-3).

4-3 figure) Autorefraction

Eye Pressure Measurement :

Slit Lamp (contact)

A slit lamp is a microscope with a bright light that can be focused

into a thin beam. It allows your eye practitioner to taker a close look
at the structures at the front and inside of your eye. As shown in the
figure (5-3).

A slit-lamp examination is a non-invasive test, and it is not harmful.

A slit lamp can only be used to observe your eyes—it is not used for
a therapeutic procedure.(10)
 Figure (5-3) slit lamp examination

Non-Contact Tonometry
Non-contact tonometry (NCT) is also called the "air puff" test. Many
people prefer this test because it does not involve touching the eye.
Instead, a gentle puff of air flattens the cornea. While some studies show
that NCT tonometry is not as accurate as Goldmann tonometry, it is still
a good option for children or sensitive adults.(11) As shown in the figure
(6-3).
Figure (6-3) air puff test

Fundus examination :-
A fundus camera is a complex optical system used for imaging the retina
of the eye. Retinal imaging presents a unique difficulty considering that
the retina must be illuminated and imaged simultaneously, a process
which forces illumination and imaging systems to share a common
optical path . (12) . As shown in the figure (7-3).
Figure (7-3) fundus camera test.
 Sources

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by step LASIK surgery. CRC Press, 2005.
3. Sharma, Namrata, Rasik B. Vajpayee, and Laurence Sullivan. Step
by step LASIK surgery. CRC Press, 2005.
4. Knorz MC, Liermann A, Seiberth V, Steiner H, Wiesinger B. Laser
in situ keratomileusis to correct myopia of -6.00 to -29.00 diopters.
J Refract Surg 1996;12(5):575-84
5. Ou RJ, Shaw EL, Glasgow BJ. Keratectasia after laser in situ
keratomileusis (LASIK): evaluation of the calculated residual
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6. Sharma, Namrata, Rasik B. Vajpayee, and Laurence Sullivan. Step
by step LASIK surgery. CRC Press, 2005.
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LADARVision excimer laser system. Ophthalmology. 2002;
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8. McDonald, M.B., Liu, J.C., Byrd, T.J.,Abdelmegeed, M., Andrade,
H.A., Klyce,S.D., Varnell, R., Munnerlyn, C.R.,Clapham, T.N.,
and Kaufman, H.E. (1991)Central photorefractive keratectomy
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Ophthalmology,98,1327–1337.
9. Ambrosio, R. Jr. and Wilson, S.E. (2003)LASIK vs. LASEK vs.
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pearls/2009/06/refractive-laser-ablations-on-cornea.html(last
accessed 28 April 2010).
11. Karimian F, Faramarzi A, Lotfi A. Late Post-LASIK visual
Deterioration. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2010;5(4):273-277.
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