QF 系列 18～22MW 汽轮发电机

安装使用维护说明书

MANUAL FOR
18~22MW TURBO-GENERATOR
OF QF SERIES

0JS·461·402

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时间 D A T E :

山东济南发电设备厂
SHANDONG JINAN POWER EQUIPMENT FACTORY

THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

目 录

Content

1.概述 第 2 页
General
2.安装地点及使用条件 第 2 页
Installation site
3.结构说明 第 3 页
Structure introduction
4.安装说明 第 7 页

Installation
5.使用说明 第 12 页

Operation
6.维护检修说明 第 17 页

Maintenance
7.无刷励磁机使用维护说明 第 21 页

Brushless Exciter type Operation and Maintenance Instruction

8.保证期 第 24 页

Guarantee period

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1. 概述

本系列汽轮发电机为 QF 系列 18～22MW 空冷三相两极交流同步发电机，额定转速为

3000r/min，频率为 50Hz。发电机设计为封闭循环通风系统，径向双流式通风系统。发电机

型号：如 QF(NW)-18-2 型，QF 代表空冷汽轮发电机，18 代表容量 18 兆瓦，2-代表 2 极,N

代表双支点，W 代表无刷励磁方式。本系列发电机有无刷励磁和静止励磁两种励磁方式供

选择。此系列汽轮发电机的旋转方向，从汽轮机端看为顺时针方向。
General
All this series of Air-Cooled turbo-generators are three-phase, two-pole, synchronous generators
of series whose powers range from 18 MW to 22 MW. Their rated speed and frequency are
3000r/min, 50Hz .The design of generators is closed and cycle aeration system and radial
double-flow aeration system. Generators model :For example QF(NW)-18-2,QF means
Air-Cooled turbo-generators,18 means Power is 18MW,2 means 2 poles, N means two supports,
W means Brushless Exciter type. this series of generators have two Exciter types, brushless and
static to elect. Clockwise when looking from DE all this series of generators.

2. 允许运行条件
working conditions as follows:
2.1 安装地点海拔不超过 1000 米。
Altitude not exceeds 1000 meters.
2.2 冷却空气温度不超过+40℃。
Temperature of cooling air not over +40℃ .
2.3 安装在环境温度不低于+5℃的厂房内。
Installed in a workshop where the temperature of the environment is no less than +5℃.
2.4 本系列汽轮发电机在额定工况连续运行时，各主要部件相对于冷却空气温度为 40℃时的

允许温升限度如下表：

When the generator operates continuously with the inlet air temperature at +40 ℃ , the

temperature rise of the main part should not exceed the following limit:

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 发电机的主要部件 温度测量方法 允许温升限度（K）
Main part of generator Temperature measure method the temperature rise limit

定子绕组 电阻温度计法
80
Stator Winding Resistance thermometer method

转子绕组 电阻法
90
Rotor Winding Resistance method

定子铁芯 电阻温度计法
80
Stator Core Resistance thermometer method

轴瓦 温度计
80℃（温度 temperature）
Bearing Bush thermometer

2.5 本系列汽轮发电机的空气冷却器在进水温度不超过+33℃时，满足图纸规定的水压，保证冷

却后的空气温度不超过+40℃，当进水温度超过+33℃时，进口风温相对提高，因此必须相

应降低发电机绕组的允许温升。

Ensure temperature of cooling air of this series of turbo-generators not over +40℃, when the inlet

water temperature of air-cooler is no more than +33℃ and satisfy hydraulic pressure requested

by drawing .Inlet air temperature rise relatively when the inlet water temperature is more than

+33℃,so the temperature rise limit of the generators winding must be reduced.

2.6 本系列汽轮发电机，当功率因数为额定值时，允许电压与额定值偏差不超过±5℃，频率与

额定值偏差不超过±2%情况下连续运行，保证输出额定功率。

The generator operates continuously in case the difference between the voltage and the rated

voltage is no more than ±5℃ and the difference between the frequency and the rated frequency is

no more than ±2%, with rated power factor.

2.7 本系列汽轮发电机在运行中,若其功率因数与额定值不同时，必须保证发电机定子和转子电

流不超过额定值。

The stator current and the rotor current must be less than their rated value, when generator doesn’t

operate in the rated power factor.

2.8 本系列汽轮发电机三相不平衡负载运行时，每相电流不超过额定值 IN 时，允许负序分量 I2

与额定电流 IN 之比( I2/IN )不超过 10%的。

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 The generator operates continuously in case the three-phase load is out of balance and in the
same time the current of each phase is not larger than the rated stator current (IN) and the ratio
( I2/IN ) of negative sequence current component (I2)to the rated current (IN)is no more than 10%.

2.9 本系列汽轮发电机除非制造厂与用户有专门的技术协议不允许长期过载运转。

The series of turbo generator cannot long overload, except there is a special agreement between

factory and consumer.

2.10 本系列汽轮发电机试验项目及标准按“GB/T7064 透平型同步电机技术要求”。

Test items and standard of the series of turbo generator accord with “GB/T 7064 Requirements

For Turbine Type Synchronous Machine”.

2.11 此说明书为无刷励磁和静止励磁发电机通用说明书，书中提到的集电环、电刷为静止励磁

发电机专用。

The manual is applied for not only the brushless generator, but also the generator with static

exciter. The collector ring and brush only exist in the latter.

3. 结构说明

Structure introduction

3.1 总体

Overall layout

本系列汽轮发电机为空冷、自通风的两极隐极式转子电机，具有空气、水热交换冷却器

的封闭冷却回路，空气冷却器位于发电机下部的基础里，本系列汽轮发电机有单支点、热套

联轴器和双支点、整锻联轴器两种布置形式,无刷励磁、静止励磁两种励磁方式。本系列汽轮

发电机总体结构见图 3-1。
The series of generators are air-cooled, self-ventilated, 2-pole machines with cylindrical rotors.
Each of them has a closed cooling circuit employing air-to-water heat exchangers located
under it, in the foundation. The series of generators have two lay form ,one support shrink fit
coupling and two supports couple connected with rotor .two excited types, brushless excitation
and static excitation .The overall layout of the generator is shown in Fig.3-1.

3.2 冷却系统
Cooling system
冷却空气由电机转子两端风扇打入，一部分冷却空气进入转子线圈端部区域，冷却转子

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绕组端部，然后进入气隙。一部分冷却空气直接进入气隙，在此处与来自转子端部线圈的冷

却空气汇合，然后冷却转子本体表面。另一部分冷却空气对定子端部线圈冷却后，沿轴向风

道进入机座中部，冷却铁芯和绕组后，进入气隙，再冷却转子本体中部。然后与前两部分冷

却空气汇合，经过定子铁芯中的径向通风道，冷却定子绕组和铁芯后回到空气冷却器。经冷

却后，再回到风扇，形成循环。定子绕组采用间接冷却方式，热流经槽壁，从绕组绝缘传至

铁芯，由流经铁芯径向通风道的冷却空气冷却铁心。发电机机座作为定子通风风道，使空气

不仅通过气隙而且通过铁芯外圆进入各段铁芯，以使轴向温度均匀分布。

补充空气过滤器安装在静压力最低点，在定子两端端盖上。

The cooling air blown into the generator by the fans on both ends of the rotor are divided into
several parts: one part (1)enters the end zone of the rotor windings to cool the ends of the rotor

windings before coming into the air gap. Another part (2) enters the air gap directly, combining

with the air from the end of the rotor windings, to cool the surface of the rotor body. One part

comes into the middle part of the housing along the axial air channel after cooling the ends of the

stator windings, from there, it comes into the air gap to cool the middle part of the rotor. Then,

combining with the cooling air (1 and 2), they flow to the air coolers together after cooling the

stator windings and the stator core along the radial air channels in the stator core. After being

cooled by air coolers, they return to the fans again, forming a complete circulation. The stator

windings are cooled indirectly. The heat in them are transferred to the wall of slots, passed on

from the winding insulation to the stator core which is cooled by cooling air flowing in the radial

air channels in it. The frame, acting as the air channel of the stator, make it possible for the cooling

air to enter each packet of the stator core from the outer circumference so that an axial even

distribution of temperature may be ensured.

The cooling air enters the rotor from the space between the central ring and the shaft, and
flows into the air chamber at the end of the rotor windings, then enters the hollow conductors
from the air inlet of the slots. In the conductor, the cooling air splits up into the portions A and
B . Portion A flows in the hollow conductors in the slots before it reaches the center of the
rotor, where it comes out into the air gap through radial holes in the hollow conductors and the
slot wedges. Portion B flows in the hollow conductors of the end-winding before it reaches the
polar axis, where it leaves the hollow conductors and enter the air gap through short slots in

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 the end of the rotor body.

3.3 定子部分

Stator

3.3.1 机座是钢板焊接结构，水平地分成上、下两部分，叠压好的定子铁芯嵌好线圈,再放置到

下半机座，然后再装配上半机座并用螺栓固定。
The housing, formed by welding many thin steel plates, is split horizontally into top and
bottom halves which have many walls in them. After being fixed with the windings, the
laminated stator core is put into the bottom half of the housing. Then the top half is mounted
on and bolted with the bottom half.

3.3.2 机座既承受电机的重量，又引导冷风流动，端盖也起到了后面的这项作用；外盖将发电

机风路与外界隔断，内盖将风扇前（吸）后（压）的风腔隔断。
The housing, bearing the weight of the stator, serves to guiding the flow of the cooling air
together with the end covers. The outer cover shield the air circuit of the generator from the
surroundings, while the inner cover separates the air chamber in front of the fan (absorption)
from the one behind the fan(compression) .

3.3.3 铁芯是由大量的涂有绝缘漆的冷轧硅钢片被径向通风道分隔的铁芯段组成。

铁芯是在机座外叠装的，它是靠铁芯背部的定位筋起到固定作用。两端用非磁性压圈压紧。

压圈在铁芯端部和端部漏磁场之间形成了良好的屏蔽，使端部损耗降低。

铁芯在机座中是弹性装配，这样可以使铁芯的大部分振动传不到基础上，弹性装配是靠使用

水平方向的两个位置支承来完成的，这种结构也能承载铁芯与机座的不同的热膨胀。
The stator core, laminated by fairly large number of silicon steel sheets with insulating paint on
them, is divided into many packages by ventilation channel steels that have been fixed on
slotted ventilation plates.
The self-supporting core is laminated outside the housing. It is fixed by position bars on the back
of the core and pressed tight by end rings which are made of hardened and tempered cast
aluminum alloy on both sides. The existence of the end rings forms such an excellent shield
between the end of the core and the leakage magnetic field at the end that the loss at the end may
be reduced.
The core is elastically assembled in the housing by two horizontal supporters so that most
vibration of the core can’t be transmitted to the foundation. Besides, it can also bear the different
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expansion of the core and the housing due to heat.

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8
3.3.4 定子绕组为一个三相、双层绕组。主绝缘是由围绕线棒长度上连续绕制的多层 F 级少胶

云母带，经防电晕处理后，再进行 VPI 整浸。

The stator winding is a 3-phase, double layer winding. The main insulation consists of many
layers of F class mica tapes wound continuously around the whole length of the bar. The
stator winding is processed for corona protection and then impregnated fully by means of
VPI .

3.3.5 整个绕组端部支承在由绝缘材料制成的支架上，该支架用螺栓固定在铁芯压圈上，绕组

被玻璃丝绳紧紧地绑扎在支架上。
The end of all the windings are supported by brackets of insulating material that are bolted
to the end rings and are tightly tied to them (the brackets) by elastic fiberglass ropes.

3.3.6 上层和下层线棒的端部用软钎焊焊接。在励端的端部，支架上放有相间连接环和引出线

（一般为 6 个引出线，每台电机的引出线连接尺寸、位置、相序等详见我厂提供的安装

图）。
The ends of the top and bottom bars are joined together with sleeves and silver solder. At the
non-driving end, the terminals and the connecting rings between phases are fixed on the
same brackets as the end of all the windings (In general there are 6 terminals. The
connection dimensions, the position as well as the phase-sequence of the terminals are all
shown in the installation diagram we offered.

3.4 转子部分
Rotor
3.4.1 转子由转子本体、转子绕组、护环、风扇等主要部件组成。转子本体是由高质量合金

钢整体锻件加工而成，转子本体上铣出矩形槽用来装配绕组。转子绕组采用多匝同心

绕组。
The main parts of the rotor are: the rotor shaft, the rotor windings, the damper windings, the
retaining rings and the fans. The following is the detailed description of each part:
The rotor shaft is machined from a forged piece of a high-quality alloy steel. There is a flange
forged integrally with the shaft on the turbine side. In the winding zone, rectangular slots are
milled into the rotor body in order to insert the windings.
On the non-driving end, an axial center-hole which extends to the under part of the end windings
was drilled in the shaft to assemble two semi-circular copper leads (insulated from each other)

9
 for the excitation current.

3.4.2 径向风扇

在轴的每端有一个径向风扇套在轴上，风扇为整体焊接结构。

Radial fans

An radial fan is fixed on each end of the shaft ,The fans is jointing configuration.

3.5 轴承部分（图 3-5）

bearings

3.5.1 在发电机的端部有分立式座式轴承，轴承是由水平分开的两半组成。

轴承瓦是钢制的，内衬巴氏合金。

每个轴承都带有一个顶轴高压油接口，以供用户选择，轴承与汽轮机共用一个供油系统。
At both ends of the generator, there is a pedestal bearing that is separated from the generator.
The bearing shells are made of steel, coated inside with a white metal alloy .

Each bearing have

图 3-5

3.5.2 轴承绝缘

Bearing insulation

为防止轴电流通过轴承，发电机励端采用具有绝缘结构的轴承（见图 3-6）。

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 绝缘附加在轴承环和轴承座之间，挡油环和顶轴高压油连接装置也有绝缘。

在驱动端有两个接地碳刷，使转子可靠接地。
In order to prevent the shaft current from flowing through the bearings, the bearing on the
non-driving end has been insulated(see Fig.3-6). The insulators are inserted between the bearing
ring and the bearing pedestal. The oil baffle ring and the high-pressure jacking oil unit are also
insulated.
On the driving end, two grounding brushes are mounted to ground the rotor reliably.

3.6 测量装置

Measuring equipments

发电机的测量装置主要用于温度等检测以保证安全运行。
The measuring equipments are used to monitor the temperature and vibration of the generator to
ensure a safe operation.

3.6.1 定子温度

Temperature of the stator

定子绕组中有 6 个 Pt100 测温电阻元件，围绕圆周平均分布。定子铁心中有 6 个 Pt100

测温电阻元件，沿轴向分布。
Twelve resistance thermometers Pt100 (six in the windings and six in the stator core) are
embedded evenly around the circumference

3.6.2 冷空气温度

Temperature of the cold air

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 发电机每个冷风区里有一个 Pt100 测温电阻元件，用于遥测进风温度。
A resistance thermometer Pt100 is embedded in each cold air channel for remote temperature
detection.

3.6.3 热空气温度

Temperature of the hot air

在每条热风区里有一个双金属温度计（带电接点）和一个 Pt100 测温电阻元件，用于现

场观察或接信号及遥测。
A temperature-detector Pt100 and a bimetallic thermometer (with electrical contacts) is installed
in each hot air channel for extempore observe and telemetering or outputting signals.

3.6.4 轴承测温

Temperature detection of the bearings

在轴承出油口处装有双金属温度计（带电接点），以备观察油温和报警信号等。
A bimetallic thermometer with electrical contacts is mounted at the oil outlet of each bearing for
alarm signal and the detection of oil temperature.

3.6.5 励磁机的热风温度（采用无刷励磁机励磁方式时）

Hot air temperature of the exciter(when brushless excited type be used)

在热风区有一个带电接点温度计，另设一只 Pt100 测温电阻元件。

以上 3.6.1~3.6.5 各元件接线端均引到发电机汽端的接线盒内以供安装时集中接线。
There is a thermometer with electrical contacts in the hot air channel, and a resistance
thermometer Pt100 as well.

The terminals mentioned in 3.6.1 ～3.6.5 should all be arranged in the terminal box of

generator on the turbine side to facilitated the connection during installation.

3.6.6 无刷励磁发电机，为了检测转子绕组的对地绝缘情况，在转子励端设有二个带电刷的测

量滑环，用于发电机转子绕组接地保护。
In order to detect the insulation resistance of the rotor windings to ground, two measuring slip
rings are assembled on the exciter end of the rotor. For the detection of insulation resistance of the
rotor windings to ground during operation, you may directly connect the slip rings to the detecting
equipment for generator.

3.6.7 为了检测空气冷却器漏水情况，随机配套供应浮子开关，浮子开关可安装在冷却器室地
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 面边角处做信号检测，其配线由电厂设计自行决定。

In order to monitor the leakage of cooling water, a float switch is installed under the floor of
cooler room. Its wirings should be designed by power plant factory .

3.7 补充空气过滤器

Complement air filter

由于自通风空冷回路不可能做到完全密闭，在高压区域（如在风扇出风区）空气就有可能

泄漏到电机外部；在低压区域（如在风扇进风区）空气就会从电机外部吸入。为了防止灰

尘随之被吸入电机内，在电机两端盖上面各装一只补充空气用的空气过滤器，以满足以上

要求，在电机运行过程中应经常检查和清洗过滤器内灰尘，以确保透气。
A closed self-ventilated cooling air circuit is never completely free of leakages. A little air in the
high-pressure zones (e.g.: those on the pressure side of the fan) may escape to the outside, while
those outside the low pressure zones (e.g.: those on the suction side of the fan) may be drawn into
the low-pressure zones. In order to prevent the dust from entering the generator along with the
complement air, a complement air filter is fixed on each end cover. During the course of operation,
the filters should be often checked and cleaned to ensure good ventilation.

3.8 空气冷却器

Air cooler

空气冷却器是一个表面热交换器，用来冷却发电机中被加热后排出的空气。冷却介质为水，

每台电机所需的整套冷却器由多只单体冷却器组成。它们在发电机下部成水平布置，冷却

器的室内墙壁要求光滑并刷油漆，具体安装尺寸，技术数据等详见我厂提供的图样，冷却

水如对铜、铁有腐蚀性者（如海水等）应提出单独订货要求。

The cooler is a surface heat exchanger used to cool the hot air coming out from the generator. The
air cooler consists of some single-piece coolers whose cooling medium is water. The coolers are in
a horizontal arrangement in the cooler-room (whose wall should be smooth) under the generator.
The detailed installation dimensions and technical data are all shown in the drawings we supplied.
If the cooling water is erosive to copper and iron (e.g.: sea water), special requirement should be
listed in the order.

4. 安装说明
Installation
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 发电机的安装按我厂所提供的安装图，设计院提供的电厂设计安装图，以及电力部门的安

装规程等，并作如下介绍：
The generator shall be installed according to the installation drawing by our factory, the design
and installation drawing for power plant supplied by design institution, and the installation rules
drafted by power department. The following is some introduction:

4.1 部件分装说明：整机共分定子、转子、座式轴承、(励磁机)、空气冷却器等分别包装运到

电厂后进行组装，安装前应按我厂提供的“装箱单”“随机图纸”等技术资料进行查点是否有

误。

Instruction for component packing: the complete sets is composed of stator , rotor , pedestal
bearings , exciter and air-cooler etc., which are packed and transported to power plant. Before
installation, you should check the parts according to “ the packing list ” and “the drawings
supplied with the generator” carefully to make sure no parts have been omitted.

4.2 底板安装：发电机安装在垫板、中间板和支撑螺栓之上（见图 4-1），调整它们可使发电机

高度准确定位，正方形垫板用合成树脂粘在清洁的基础上面，支撑螺栓安装在中间板两侧，

分别顶在垫板和发电机底板上。整机调整定位完成之后，将支撑螺栓点焊使之固定。发电

机的地脚螺栓贯穿整个基础板，紧固后使发电机固定。静止励磁刷架装置或无刷励磁机紧

固螺栓并不贯穿基础板，而是采用浇注方式。

在发电机中部有两个定位销子，每侧一个，用作发电机定子的定位。最后将发电机底部与

基础之间空隙（见图 4-2）进行密封（密封件由我厂提供详见我厂提供的“基础密封”图样）。

现场安装完毕后，建议环绕发电机浇注一平台，此浇注不做承载发电机之用（见图 4-2）。
The generator is supported on the base plates via pads, middle plates and support bolts (see fig.
4-1). By adjusting them, the generator may be correctly positioned in height. The square pads
are glued to the clean cement foundation by synthetic resin glue and the support bolts are
mounted on both sides of the middle plates, against the pads and the base plate of the generator
correspondingly. After the alignment has been completed, the support bolts are secured in place
by point welding. The foundation bolts for the generator go all the way through the foundation
plates so that the generator may be firmly fixed in place by tightening
the m. The foundation bolts for exciter do not go a ll the way through the founda
tion plates, they are deposited in socket holes. There are two location pins at the middle of the
14
 generator, one on each side to fix the stator in place. The gap between the bottom of generator
and the foundation should be sealed at last (The sealing strips will be supplied by us). For
details, please see the drawing of foundation sealing we offered). After installation, a platform
(see fig. 4-2) should be deposited around the generator as our recommendation. This platform
doesn’t bear the weight of the generator.

4.3 定子安装：先按我厂提供的“底板安装”“进出风口密封”图示各件安装好后，将定子就位，以

两端导风圈内孔为基准与汽轮机轴线找同心（同轴度），轴向安装尺寸按我厂提供的“安装

图”。

Installation of the stator: After the parts listed in the drawings of “the installation of the base
plates” and “sealings at the inlet and outlet for the cooling air” supplied by our factory have been
installed, the stator shall be fixed in place. Taking the inner holes of the wind guide rings at the

two ends as the datum to align the concentricity of the stator with the axis of turbine（that is

axiality）. For axial installation dimensions, please refer to the “installation drawing” supplied by

our factory.

15
4.4 转子安装

Installation of the rotor

转子向定子内安装方法很多，一般有两类简述如下：

There are many methods to install rotor. The following has two methods:

4.4.1 第一类：将发电机转子联轴器上接装一个有法兰的抽装转子接轴（随机供应）以加长转子

轴。装入转子时，当转子的重心临近定子线圈时，接轴在汽轮机侧端部能从定子露出，以

便第二次吊装，继续安装至规定位置如图 4 示：

16
 First method: join the

4.4.2 第二类：将转子(与后轴承一并)吊起，此时可将短轴缩短，或根本不用，因为按照这种办

法钢丝绳只要绑扎一次，便能将转子向定子内装入很深，转子一端已能从定子露出，使第

二次能吊装转子，继续安装至规定位置如图 5 示：

17
4.5 根据联轴器检查发电机及汽轮机中心是否找正，并应检查发电机定子与转子间气隙是否均

匀，气隙偏差不得大于 2%。

4.6 装挡风圈：按原拆卸的标记再按原位装上，要求挡风圈内孔与轴外圆之间的圆周间隙应相

同，如达不到要求时应调整，在转子已与汽机调好同心的情况下，应用调整定子的方法达

到要求（因在出厂时挡风圈与定子铁芯内孔已调好同心，因此不要移动挡风圈以免造成定、

转子之间的气隙不均）见下表。

Mounting of the wind guide rings: The wind guide rings should be mounted according to the
marks made during dismounting. After mounting, the gap between the inner hole of the wind
guide ring and outer circle of fan blades should be the same along the circumference. If the
requirement can’t be met, alignment should be made in time. If the center of rotor has already
been aligned with that of the turbine, the requirement may be met by adjusting the stator (As the
wind guide rings have been aligned with the inner hole of the stator core, the wind guide rings
should not be moved in case an un-uniform gap appear between the rotor and the stator).

见图 6 图 7 汽轮机端 励磁机端
See fig.6 and fig.7 Driving end No-driving end

δ1 2.4～5.0 2.4 ～5.0

δ2 0.25～0.6 0.25～0.6

18
 δ3 8 ～12 15～ 23

4.7 外端盖安装：

出厂时外端盖已与机座配装好并有标记，因装转子时已拆下，当转子调好后，再按原位装

上。（按我厂提供的“外端盖安装”图进行组装）

Installation of the outer end covers

The outer end covers which have been matched and mounted with the housing and marked
when leaving the factory and been dismounted during the installation of the rotor, shall be
mounted and assembled according to the primary marks and the “installation drawing of the
outer end covers” supplied by our factory.

4.8 冷却器的安装照冷却器装置图进行。

Install cooler according as the assembly drawing of air cooler.

4.8.1 冷却器应装置成有一定的斜度，以便检修时滴干管部。

The cooler is expected to be inclined to enable draining out the water form the pipe at

maintenance.

4.8.2 冷却器水压试验，打 0.4Mpa 水压 5 分钟不得漏水。

19
 The water pressure test of coolers: the pressure is 0.4MP and shall be applied for 5 min.

4.8.3 冷却通风道及冷热风室墙壁应密闭、光滑\清洁、干燥，并刷油漆。检查各密封处，不得

有与室外透气的地方。

Ventilating channel and air chamber should be sealed, glazed, clean and dry, covered with
varnish. Check the seal to make no air out of the chamber.

4.8.4 轴承安装：轴承结构见结构介绍部分（3.5 及图 3-5 图 3-6）。

Installation of bearing: structure of bearing see the part of 3.5 and fig.3-5, fig.3-6.

4.8.4.1 轴瓦内轴颈与轴瓦间隙的调整应符合下列要求：

The adjustment of the clearance between the neck and the bush ought to meet the demand as

below:

a) 轴瓦与轴颈接触面中心角为 60°±10°，接触点分布均匀。

The center angle of the contacting surface between the neck and the bush is 60°±10°, with

the contacting points uniformly distributed.

b) 轴瓦与轴颈间隙为轴颈直径的 1.5~1.9‰。

The clearance between the neck and the bush is 1.5~1.9‰ of the diameter of the neck.

4.8.4.2 安装后应测量轴瓦与轴承座之间绝缘电阻，用 1000V 摇表不得小于 1MΩ，轴承两端

挡油板与轴承座之间也是绝缘的，其要求同上。

After installation, the insulation resistance between the bush and the bearing pedestal, measured

by a 1000V megger, should not be less 1MΩ. Also the insulation resistance between the bearing

pedestal and oil baffle.

5 使用说明

Operation

5.1 发电机的干燥
Drying of the generator

发电机在运输过程中，线圈和铁心都可能吸收潮湿，有时电机在冷态下，绝缘电阻和吸收

比虽都合格，但在运输后绝缘电阻仍会下降，因此发电机在安装后最好先行干燥。
During the period of transportation , sto re and in stallation , th e gen erator may be

moistened resulting in low insulatio n resistance.. Therefo re , the g enerato r should be

20
 drying out before test .

5.2 起动前准备
Preparation before start

发 电 机 在 启 动 前 全 部 机 件 必 须 仔 细 检 查 ，确 保 运 行 条 件 齐 备 。并 注 意 检 查

下列事项：

Before start, all parts of the generator must be well-inspected. Ensure

operation conditions all ready and confirm the following items carefully:

5.2.1 机 组 安 装 就 绪 ， 全 部 螺 栓 紧 固 ， 电 机 风 道 封 闭 严 密 、 清 扫 干 净 。

The generating unit is well-installed with bolts all tightened and the air duct
is swept cleanly and well-sealed .

5.2.2 轴 承 润 滑 系 统 应 进 行 试 运 行 ， 保 证 润 滑 系 统 畅 通 。

The lubricating system of bearings should be inspected by a test run to

ensure normal operation .

5.2.3 励 磁 回 路 的 检 查 试 验 已 完 毕 。

The check test of the exciting circuit is finished .

5.2.4 电 机 冷 却 系 统 试 运 行 情 况 良 好 。

The test run of the cooling system has been taken normally.

5.2.5 保 护 、 测 量 、 操 作 、 信 号 和 同 期 回 路 的 接 线 完 整 并 检 查 试 验 完 毕 。

The circuit connections of protection, measurement, operation, signal and

synchronization are completed and checked by test .

5.2.6 机 组 的 安 全 及 事 故 照 明 设 备 应 符 合 运 行 要 求 。

The safety and emergency illumination equipment of this unit conform with
the requirements of operation .

5.2.7 电 机 机 座 应 可 靠 地 接 地 。

The frame of the generator is grounded reliably.

5.2.8 不 需 要 在 运 行 状 态 进 行 的 交 接 试 验 项 目 试 验 完 毕 且 合 格 。

21
 All items of the acceptance test ( except those must be taken in the operating
conditions ) are approved .

5.2.9 启 动 前 应 转 动 转 子 ， 确 保 转 动 部 分 没 有 任 何 卡 住 现 象 。

Before start , turn the rotor and ensure no dogging .

5.3 发 电 机 的 启 动 、 并 列 、 增 加 负 荷 及 停 车

Start ,Synchronizing , Loading and Stop

5.3.1 发 电 机 在 空 载 无 励 磁 情 况 下 启 动 ，启 动 时 按 汽 轮 机 暖 机 时 间 的 要 求 逐 步 提

高转速。

The generator is started under no load without excitation . Step up the speed gradually
according to the warm-up requirements of the steam turbine .

5.3.2 发 电 机 第 一 次 并 入 系 统 时 应 采 取 准 同 步 方 法 ， 并 列 时 应 符 合 下 列 条 件 ：

The generator to be put on line first uses sub-synchronal method and satisfies the following

requirements:

5.3.2.1 发 电 机 频 率 与 系 统 频 率 相 同 。

The frequency of the voltages of the incoming generator must be equal

to that of the interconnected system.

5.3.2.2 发 电 机 电 压 与 系 统 电 压 相 等 且 相 位 相 同 。

The voltages of the incoming generator and the inter-connected system

are equal and in phase .

5.3.2.3 发 电 机 相 序 和 系 统 相 序 相 同 。

The phase sequence of the incoming generator and the inter-connected

system are the same .

5.3.3 发 电 机 并 列 后 即 可 接 受 负 荷 ， 负 荷 增 加 的 速 度 除 考 虑 汽 轮 机 和 锅 炉 原 因

外 ，对 发 电 机 还 应 注 意 避 免 负 荷 增 加 速 度 快 引 起 电 机 绕 组 和 铁 心 膨 胀 不 均

匀而使绝缘受损。

After switching on , the generator may be loaded with an appropriate step up

22
 rate compatible with the steam turbine and the boiler . It is also advised not
to increase the load too fast to avoid insulation damage caused by unequal
expanding of the iron core and the windings .

5.3.4 发 电 机 在 正 常 情 况 下 停 车 ，须 将 负 荷 逐 渐 减 去 ，拉 断 发 电 机 开 关 ，并 通 过

自动灭磁装置切断励磁，同时，停止汽轮机。

In order to shut down the generator under the normal condition, decrease the
load generally, then switching off the generator at no load, cut off the
exciting circuit through the field discharge and stop the steam turbine as
well .

5.3.5 每 次 停 车 后 ， 应 测 量 并 记 录 定 子 绕 组 和 励 磁 回 路 的 绝 缘 电 阻 。

After every stop , measure and record the insulation resistance of the stator winding and

the exciting circuit.

5.4 运行中注意事项

Pay attention to the matter in the operation

5.4.1 运行中应严密监视并定时记录发电机电压、电流、负载、频率和定子线圈、定子铁心、

转子线圈以及轴承油温、进口风温、空气冷却器进水温度等不得超过技术数据中规定。

Strictly watch and timing record voltage, current, load, frequency, and the temperature of stator

coils, stator core, rotor coils, and the bearing oil temperature, the inlet air temperature, the inlet

water temperature of air cooler. Ensure they meet the demand.

5.4.2 发电机轴承的润滑油和汽机一样，进油温度约在 35℃～45℃，出油温度应不超过 65℃。

Generator uses the same lube that steam turbine uses. The inlet oil temperature ranges form

35℃ to 45℃, and the outlet oil temperature doesn’t exceed 65℃.

5.4.3 发电机冷却空气相对湿度不得超过 60%，进风温度不得大于 40℃，最低进风温度，对于

密闭循环通风的发电机应以空气冷却器不凝结水珠为限，通常约在 20℃左右。

The cooled air relative humidity doesn’t exceed 60%, the inlet air temperature cannot exceed

40℃, and the lowest temperature is around 20℃.

5.4.4 空气冷却器进水温度最高不得超过 33℃，当进水温度超过 33℃时，可按此提高进风

23
 温度，相当降低发电机绕组允许温升，此时发电机功率以温升不超过降低的允许值为限。

The inlet water temperature of air cooler shouldn’t exceed 33℃. When it exceeds 33℃,

generator power should be reduced to ensure that the generator temperature doesn’t exceed the
limit.

5.4.5 对静止励磁发电机，应经常对发电机的集电环进行检查和维护。

Examination and maintenance to collector ring.

5.4.5.1 定期用无油质干燥的压缩空气吹扫集电环与碳刷架，并用不掉纤维的干布擦净集电

环与碳刷架周围的零件，以提高其绝缘电阻。

Timing sweep collector ring and brush carrier with no-oiliness dry compressed air, and clean the

parts around the both with dry cloth whose fibre shouldn’t fall off. The purpose is ensuring their

insulation resistance.

5.4.5.2 经常检查电刷是否发生火花，过热烧红、磨擦不均，或在刷握内摇动、卡住等异常

现象。并通过调整弹簧压力、擦净或研磨集电环表面、紧固电刷联结的软线，更换电刷或

其它办法予以消除。

Often check brushes. Adjust brush pressure, furbish collector-ring surface, or tighten connecting

wire of brush, when spark appears, brushes aren’t well-proportioned, shakes or lock in brush

holder.

5.4.5.3 对于集电环的一般检查和维护可以在运行中带电操作，但应注意安全。

Ordinary examination and maintenance can be done during generator running. But pay attention

to security.

5.4.6 在运行中应经常保持轴承座绝缘周围的清洁，不应该让其结垢或是短路，并且应该定期

测量绝缘电阻数值。

Keep the bearing pedestal insulation clean, and timing measure the insulation resistance.

5.5 运行中故障分析

Failure analysis

一般汽轮发电机在正确的使用与维护下，不太容易发生故障，但是由于使用不当、维

护不佳、环境不良、年久失修也会造成故障，一般常见故障原因简要分析如下：

24
 It is not easy for generator to go wrong. Under conditions of inappropriate use, unseemly

maintenance and bad surroundings, it may go wrong. Following is failure analysis:

5.5.1 发电机电压不稳定：

The reason for voltage unsteadiness:

5.5.1.1 系统由于短路或其它原因造成系统电压太低引起不稳定。

The system voltage is lowest because of short circuit etc.

5.5.1.2 汽轮机调速器的调速不灵。

Speed regulator in steam turbine cannot sharp work.

5.5.1.3 自动调整励磁装置原因，引起无功负荷不稳。

Reactive power unsteadiness because of AVR.

5.5.2 发电机发不出电压

The reason for zero voltage:

5.5.2.1 励磁系统故障

The trouble with field system.

5.5.2.2 励磁回路发生两点接地。

Two points earth in the field circuit.

5.5.3 发电机的振动

汽轮发电机振动太大是常见故障，但也是最有害的故障，振动大将引起轴承损耗增大，

（对于静止励磁发电机，集电环与电刷的磨损加快），励磁事故的频繁，甚至引起电机某些

部件的松动，以至损坏，酿成事故，尤其某些振动往往是电机内部缺陷的表征，因此应该

寻找振动的原因，予以消除。

汽轮发电机的振动按其原因可以分为电磁性与机械性的原因。

The reason for vibration.

Vibration is not only usual trouble, but also the worst trouble. Serous vibration lead to

increasing waste of bearing and filed trouble, ( increasing abrasion of collector ring and brush for

generator with static exciter ), loosing some parts even damage them. Especially some vibration

mark some bugs inside generator. So you should search the reason for vibration and eliminate it.

Generator vibration include electromagnetic vibration and mechanical vibration according

as the reason.
25
5.5.3.1 电磁原因造成振动

the reason for electromagnetic vibration:

a. 发电机转子线圈匝间短路或是接地，造成磁场不平衡引起振动。

Rotor coils turn to turn short circuit or earth, which produce unbalanced magnetic field.

b. 定子和转子空气间隙不均匀。

The air space between stator and rotor is asymmetric.

c. 转子线圈变形，位置移动。

Rotor coils are changed shape or moved.

d. 定子铁心绝缘损坏，硅钢片松弛。

The insulation of stator core is damaged or silicon sheet is loose.

5.5.3.2 机械原因造成振动

The reason for mechanical vibration:

a. 转子本体不平衡

Rotor body is unbalanced.

b. 汽轮机与发电机联轴器的中心配合不正引起。

Shaft coupling between generator and steam turbine lack well axiality.

c. 轴承间隙不当或轴承螺丝松动引起。

The clearance between shaft and bearing isn’t right, or the bolt of bearing is loose.

d. 由于基础下沉或其它原因造成基础与底板脱开引起。

The separation between motherboard and base because of base sinking or the other.

5.5.4 发电机转子轴向窜动

The reason for rotor axial movement:

5.5.4.1 发电机安装时转子位置倾斜引起。

Rotor is not level.

5.5.4.2 发电机在运行时定子中心和转子中心不符合引起的。

The distance between stator center and rotor center.

5.5.5 定子铁心的损坏

The reason for stator core damage:

5.5.5.1 定子线圈击穿时，烧毁硅钢片。
26
 Silicon sheets are burned when stator coil insulation are damage.

5.5.5.2 施工时丢下的某些导磁零件造成铁心片间短路。

Core have a short circuit between two sheets because of some magnetic permeability parts

which are left there during operation.

5.5.5.3 由于制造不良或是生锈造成铁心松弛。

Bad manufacture or rust make core loose.

5.5.6 定子线圈的毛病和事故

Trouble of stator coil:

5.5.6.1 绕组槽楔或端部垫块松动引起绕组绝缘磨损。

The winding insulation is damaged because winding slot wedges or end pads are loose.

5.5.6.2 过负荷或其它原因引起定子绕组过热导致绝缘热老化。

Stator windings overheating, which is brought by overload or the other, lead the insulation

thermal aging,

5.5.6.3 突然短路引起的绕组绝缘机械损伤。

Sudden short circuit mechanically damage winding insulation.

5.5.6.4 由于过电压引起的绕组绝缘击穿。

Overvoltage breakdown the winding insulation.

5.5.6.5 定子铁心松弛引起的绝缘损伤。

The loose stator core damage the insulation.

5.5.6.6 定子线圈接头焊接不良。

The joint of stator coils hasn’t excellent weld.

5.5.7 转子线圈的毛病和事故

Trouble of rotor coil:

5.5.7.1（对于静止励磁发电机的集电环或）转子线圈端部污物引起的绝缘电阻下降。

The dirt around rotor coil end ( and collector ring of generator with static exciter ), reduce

the insulation resistance.

5.5.7.2 由于过速或其它原因引起转子绕组过电压造成绝缘击穿。

Because of overspeed or the other, the overvoltage breakdown rotor winding insulation.

5.5.7.3 转子线圈匝间短路或不稳定接地。
27
 Turn-to-turn short circuit or unstable earth of rotor coil.

5.5.7.4 由于不平衡负荷或是异步运行造成转子局部过热。

Imbalance load or asynchronous run overheat the part of rotor.

5.5.8 对于静止励磁发电机集电环的故障

Trouble of collector ring of generator with static exciter:

5.5.8.1 磨损严重，应检查电刷压力、电流密度、电刷种类以及震动等。

Heavy abrasion: check the pressure of brush, current density, the class of brush and

vibration.

5.5.8.2 电刷的采铜现象，主要是电刷规格不对。

Cutting copper of brush: standard of brush is right.

5.5.9 轴承的故障

Trouble of bearing:

5.5.9.1 由于轴承座绝缘不良，造成轴电流通过轴承，引起的轴承过热和侵蚀。

The bad bearing pedestal insulation leads a shaft current, which overheats and corrades

bearing.

5.5.9.2 由于油量不足和密封不良等原因造成轴承过热。

Bearing overheat because of bad seal or lacking oil and so on.

5.5.10 冷却器的故障

Trouble of cooler:

5.5.10.1 由冷却水污秽引起的冷却器管道堵塞。

The dirt of cooling water blocked the pipes of cooler.

5.5.10.2 由管子机械损伤、腐蚀、振动引起胀口漏水和管子破裂。

Mechanical damage, corrosion and vibration of pipes lead leakage even breach.

5.5.10.3 由于冷却水温度太低，或由外部漏入湿度太大的空气造成的冷却器表面凝结水珠。

There are coagulate water on the surface of cooler, because the temperature of cooling

water is too low, or the air humidity is too heavy.

5.5.11 发电机的过热现象

The reason of generator overheating

5.5.11.1 发电机的过载运转。
28
 Overload running of generator.

5.5.11.2 铁心或绕组的短路。

Short circuit of core or windings.

5.5.11.3 空气冷却器或通风系统发生故障。

The trouble of air cooler or ventilating system.

5.5.11.4 冷却器出口风温太高时，应检查冷却器的进水温度和水量，并检查冷却热风道有否

短路。

When the outlet air temperature of cooler is too high, check the inlet water temperature and

the amount of water, and check whether there is a short circuit between cooled air and hot

air.

6.维护检修说明

Maintenance

机械运行的可靠与其制造质量及保护装置有关，但更重要的是取决于对机组维护与检修。

因此凡在运行中的发电机均应根据现场条件，定期进行大修和小修，其期限与项目可视具

体情况确定，现将一般项目分述如下，供参考使用。
Maintenance is more important than manufacture quality and protecting equipment for
reliable running. So major overhaul and minor repair must be done regularly. Their
alternation is determined by the site conditions and requirements. The following should be
observed ordinarily.

6.1 检修前准备工作

Preparation before maintenance

发电机停机检修前，除准备必须的工具、仪表、备品和材料外，还应进行一些必要试验如：

Before shutting down, some test should be done except preparing required tools, meter, spare

articles and spare parts.

6.1.1 停机前测量轴承振动

Measure bearing vibration before shutting down.

6.1.2 停机后立即测量转子绝缘电阻。

Immediately measure rotor insulation resistance after shutting down.

29
6.1.3 停机后立即测量定子线圈热态绝缘电阻。

Immediately measure stator insulation resistance after shutting down.

6.1.4 其它在检修中认为有必要进行的试验项目，如空载特性、短路特性、直流电阻等。

Other necessary test, for example, determination of the no-load characteristic, determination of

the short-circuit characteristic, measurement of the winding DC resistance.

6.2 轴承的检修

Maintenance of bearing

6.2.1 测量轴承座与底板以及油密封和油管间的绝缘电阻并予以清理擦净。

Measure the insulation resistance between the bearing pedestal and the bottom plate and between

the oil-seal and the oil-pipe, and clean them.

6.2.2 检查转子轴颈与轴承的间隙，以及轴承与轴承盖的紧量。

Check the clearance between shaft neck and bearing, and tightness between bearing and bearing

cover.

6.2.3 检查轴承乌金的磨损情况。

Check abrasion of bearing metal.

6.2.4 检查轴承油室及油管是否清洁，必要时予以清洗。

Check whether there is clean in oil chamber and oil pipe . Otherwise clean them.

6.2.5 应该时常地检查轴承的用油质量和粘度，并且定期予以更换。

Often check quality and viscosity of the lube, and replace regularly.

6.3 转子的检修

Maintenance of rotor

6.3.1 一般情况转子检修工作：

Ordinary maintenance of rotor:

6.3.1.1 擦净(静止励磁发电机的集电环和)引线周围的污垢。

Clean dirt around lead wire (and collector ring of generator with static exciter).

6.3.1.2 检查风扇紧固情况，并注意风叶和焊缝有无裂纹。

Check fan for fastness, and check fan vane and weld seam for flaw.

6.3.1.3 检查护环通风孔有无堵塞，并注意护环有无其它异常现象。

Check ventilation hole of retaining ring for blockage, and check retaining for other
30
 abnormity.

6.3.1.4 检查转子线圈端部。

Check coil end.

6.3.1.5 检查轴颈表面情况。

Check the surface of shaft neck.

6.3.2 在大修中一般并不一定需要抽转子，但是对于新机投入运行后一年，建议最好抽出转

子，以便进行全面的检修。抽出转子的程序可参照前面安装说明转子插入定子办法进行。

Rotor may be not drawn out in major overhaul, however, you’d better draw out rotor to full

overhaul after new generator has worked for one year. Drawing out rotor can refer to the 4.4,

Installation of the rotor.

6.3.3 在抽出转子后，转子检修工作

Maintenance after drawing out rotor:

6.3.3.1 检查转子表面有无变色锈斑，转子本体与护环配合面处有无变色，并根据运行记录

判明局部过热的原因。

Watch the rotor surface whether there is rusty spot, watch the fitting surface between rotor

body and retaining ring whether it changes color, and analyse the reason of overheating.

6.3.3.2 检查转子槽楔是否松动。

Check slot wedge for loosen.

6.3.3.3 应该进一步对风扇与护环进行检查，如果有必要可以卸下风扇检查护环与中心环的

配合，卸下风扇前应作好记号，以便安装复位。

Further check fan and retaining ring. If necessary, offload fan to check the fitting surface

between retaining ring and center ring. In order to re-install fan, make a mark before

offloading fan.

6.3.4 一般的大修项目不需要扒取转子护环，只有在转子线圈匝间短路，接地或绝缘电阻严

重下降，在吹扫擦净（静止励磁发电机的集电环与）引线污秽仍未恢复，判明若不拆卸护

环就不能排除故障情况下方准进行。

Retaining ring needn’t be offload until turn to turn short circuit, insulation resistance or

earth resistance serious drop, and the trouble cannot be solved by cleaning dirt around

lead wire (and collector ring of generator with static exciter).

31
6.3.5 扒取转子护环的程序

Program of offload retaining:

6.3.5.1 将转子放在木制的鞍架上，让大齿朝下（应是中心环上没有键槽的）不得将护环压

在鞍架上，卸下风扇并应注意事先作好相对记号。

Lay rotor on a saddletree, not retaining ring but the big tooth (on which side center ring

has not key seat) retaining ring contacting the saddletree. Make a mark and offload a fan.

6.3.5.2 将护环通风孔及护环与转子接触处所有空隙用石棉絮等塞满。

Seal ventilation hole and all clearances between retaining ring and rotor with asbestos

wadding etc.

6.3.5.3 按照制造工具图准备拆卸护环工具，并作好各种准备工作。

Prepare tools to offload retaining ring according as the drawing. And do other preparative.

6.3.5.4 用几支汽焊喷枪同时对护环进行均匀的加热，加热时应使火焰最热部分不触及护环

表面。加热到 200℃左右（可用 HISn68-2 焊锡熔点检查），用小锤轻敲护环，从声音判别

配合面是否松脱，注意护环加热的温度不得超过 250℃。

Uniformly heat retaining ring using several gas weld blast guns, and the hottest part of

flame don’t touch the surface of retaining ring. When the temperature reach 200℃, judge

whether the fitting between retaining and rotor is loose by tapping retaining ring with

hand handle. The temperature mustn’t exceed 250℃.

6.3.5.5 用拆护环工具将护环拔出，在拔出护环时应该用钢丝绳将护环吊住。

Draw out retaining ring using the tools to offload, while you should suspend retaining

ring with steel rope.

6.3.5.6 装入护环时亦可以采用拔出护环的工具，但应该注意清理配合面，以及护环和转轴

同心，保证套入后合乎图纸要求。

When load retaining ring using the special tools to offload, pay attention to clean the

fitting, ensure the axiality of shaft and retaining ring, and ensure the whole meet the

drawing demand.

6.3.5.7 拆装转子护环是个重要工序，应有熟练的有经验人员谨慎地进行。

It is an important process to load and offload retaining ring, which should be done by

experienced workers.
32
 6.3.6 在扒出转子护环后，转子检修工作：

Maintenance of rotor after offloading retaining ring:

6.3.6.1 首先应寻找和消除作为必须扒取护环原因的故障。

Find the fault which compel us to offload retaining ring.

6.3.6.2 检查线圈端部开头是否变形，端部垫块是否移动。

Check whether coil end change its shape, and whether end seat pad moves.

6.3.6.3 检查转子绕组匝间，端部(及接至静止励磁发电机的集电环)引线绝缘情况。

Check rotor winding, lead wire ( and collector ring of generator with static exciter ) for

insulation.

6.3.6.4 用无油质干燥的压缩空气吹扫转子线圈端部的灰尘，必要时修理其绝缘，重新喷

漆。

Sweep dirt around coil end using no-oiliness dry compressed air. If necessary, repair their

insulation and re-vanish.

6.3.6.5 如果转子线圈已经重新绝缘，端部垫块位置有较大移动，则应更换护环下绝缘，

在热套装上护环后，按护环通风孔配钻绝缘通风孔。

If rotor coils are afresh insulated or end seat pads are comparatively moved, replace the

insulation under retaining ring, and drill ventilation holes in the insulation according as

the holes on the retaining ring after loading retaining ring in the way of shrinking fit.

6.3.6.6 对于转子线圈已经重新绝缘或端部垫块位置有较大移动的转子应该重新经过动平

衡校验。

Rotor dynamic balance should be done when rotor coils are afresh insulated or end seat

pads are comparatively moved.

6.4 对于静止励磁发电机的集电环与碳刷架的检修

Maintenance of collector ring and brush carrier for generator with static exciter.

6.4.1 清理与擦净集电环与碳刷架周围零件的污秽。

Clean the dirt around collector ring and brush carrier.

6.4.2 检查碳刷架有否松动，弹簧压力是否正确，电刷联接的软线是否紧固，并根据磨损情

况确定须否更换电刷。

Check brushes. Brush pressure should be right, and the connecting wire of brush should be
33
tighten. If brush has a serious abrasion, it should be replaced.

6.4.3 根据运行情况确定是否需要磨光或车光集电环表面。

Furbish or turning the surface of collector ring according as real status.

6.5 定子的检修

Maintenance of stator

6.5.1 一般在没有抽出转子情况下，可以进行下列检修工作。

Under the condition of rotor no drawing out:

6.5.1.1 检查定子线圈端部及连接线的绝缘有无损坏（如皱纹、破裂、胀起等）和外覆漆面

的状态，并应将油污脏物拭净。

Check the insulation of coil ends and connection wire, and clean oily soil and dirt.

6.5.1.2 注意检查定子线圈及连接线所有焊接头处绝缘有无过热迹象，并测量每一分支直流

电阻，比较每支路以及以前测量的数值，并分析之。

Check soldered joints of coils and connection wires for overheating, measure the DC resistance

of every phase: if there is the different between the value and the previous, it should be analyzed

and checked the reason to eliminate them.

6.5.1.3 检查端部垫块、端箍、支架及引出线处垫块的绑扎有否松弛，支架以及出线板处螺

栓有否松动。

Check the colligations of coil ends, end ring, carrier and outlet line for loosen. Check the bolts of

carrier and outlet board for loosen.

6.5.1.4 用 250 伏摇表检查埋在定子内的电阻测温元件的绝缘电阻。

Measure the insulation resistance of temperature detector in stator with a 250V hand-cranked

megger.

6.5.1.5 检查定子和转子间的空气间隙，并注意定子槽楔有否突出。

Check the clearance between stator and rotor, and ensure stator slot wedge no extrude.

6.5.2 抽出转子后应注意到凡是进入定子膛内的作业，应在定子铁心和线圈端部铺上绝缘纸

板，以防损坏或弄脏定子，更应严禁脚踏线圈端部，并注意衣内不应有其它金属物件以免

丢入定子内部。每次工作完应检查工具是否全部取出，无遗落在电机内。

After drawing out rotor, when operating in stator chamber, lay insulating cardboard on core and

end to prevent damage and dirty stator, don’t stand on the coil end, and don’t take useless metal
34
parts to prevent the matter fall into stator.

6.5.3 检查定子铁心，应注意膛内表面有无锈斑或变色锈斑，以确定铁心是否松弛或由短路

引起局部过热情况。在检查风道时应注意遇到风道有测温引线通过（具体位置可详见测温

布置图），不应该去碰坏它。

Check stator core for rusty spot, loosen and overheating. And when checking ventilation path,

lead wire of temperature detector, which lies in the path, should not be damaged.

6.5.4 检查定子线圈的槽内部分时，应注意通风沟内线圈绝缘有无显著胀出情形，槽楔是否

松弛，个别地方的槽楔和绝缘有无局部过热的迹象。

For stator coils in the slot, check their insulation for overheating and extruding. And check slot

wedge for loosen and overheating.

6.5.5 其它特定的检修项目。

Other specifically items.

6.5.6 用无油质干燥的压缩空气吹扫定子铁心和线圈端部并根据情况决定需否在线圈端部

喷上绝缘漆。

Sweep stator core and coil end with no-oiliness dry compressed air. If the insulating varnish on

the surface is broken off seriously, we should re-varnish it.

6.6 冷却器的检修

maintenance of air cooler

6.6.1 检查风室内是否干净，门窗是否严密。

Check whether there is clean in air chamber , and ensure no air out of the chamber.

6.6.2 清除水管内有机沉淀物，并用稀盐酸清洗管中石灰性积垢（但以后须用热肥皂水和清

水洗去余酸）。

Clean organogenous sediment in water pipe, and clean alkalinity dirt in pipe with muriate acid,

then wash the remainder of muriate acid with hot soap water and fresh water.

6.6.3 进行水压试验，检查水管有否渗漏，对少数（不超过 5%）的漏水管如不能更换，此

时可将渗漏的水管两端用木塞或橡皮封住，然后继续使用，但因冷却面积已经减少，运行

时应注意发电机的进风温度不得超过+40℃。

Do water pressure test, and ensure that there is no leakage. The pipe (no exceed 5%) should be

blocked up with wood plug or rubber, when they has leaked and cannot be replaced in time.
35
While ensure the inlet air temperature of generator no more than 40℃, because that lead to

cooling power lessening.

7.无刷交流励磁机使用维护说明

Brushless AC Exciter Operation and Maintenance Instruction

7.1 结构

Construction

无刷交流励磁机是为汽轮发电机提供励磁电源的配套设备，为八极转枢式交流发电机，

由三相转子绕组及定子直流励磁绕组和旋转整流桥组成，三相转子绕组与整流桥相连。整

流桥由多只硅二极管组成，并随励磁机转子一起旋转，整流桥设计为三相桥式电路，其作

用是将交流电流转变为直流电流，励磁机有自己的风扇，封闭循环冷却，进出风都要通过

在底板上的进出风口。接口处用密封条密封，从而更有效地防止灰尘污染。
The brushless AC exciter is a machine that can supply excitation for turbo generator continuously .
The exciter is an AC generator with rotating armature, consisting of a 3-phase winding in the
exciter rotor, a DC exciter winding in the exciter stator , and a rotating rectifier bridge attached to
the exciter rotor winding. The rectifier bridge is composed of many silicon diodes , and rotates
along with the rotor .The rectifier bridge is designed as a 3-phase AC bridge circuit and is used to
transform the alternating current into direct current .Exciter has a self-ventilated cooling system

7.2 运行原理

Principle of operation

定子绕组为磁极绕组，由来自自动电压调节器的直流电流进行励磁，从而在气隙中产

生一个磁场，旋转的励磁机转子在磁场中感应出交流电，再经整流桥整流后，成为汽轮发

电机所需的励磁电流。在运行中，如果某个二极管反向击穿引起内部短路，二极管继电器

跳闸，使调节器迅速灭磁。

为了降低每次换向时引起的脉冲电压峰值，每组二极管都并联一组电阻——电容(RC

元件)。由铝制成的散热器有效的将二极管通断过程产生的热量带走。

正常运行时，励磁机通过调节器取自发电机端输出电流来励磁，如果端部附近发生短

路，由安装在发电机中性端上的复激电路继续供给励磁。
The stator winding is pole winding, It is excited with DC current across the electronic control

36
device (AVR) ,producing a magnetic field in the air gap which induces the AC current in the
turning exciter rotor. That current ,after conversion by the rectifiers, is needed for the excitation
current for the turbo generator. During operation, if there is an internal short-circuit because one of
the silicon diodes has lost its blocking capability, the diode failure relay is triggered. The control
device thereupon sees that the turbo generator is immediately demagnetized.
In order to damp the voltage peaks, there is ,connected parallel to each group of diodes , a
capacitor/resistor combination (RC-element) at the end of each commutation period . cooling
elements made of aluminum provide for the effective carrying off of the lost heat produced in the
silicon diodes.
When no problems occur in operation , the excitation of the exciter is accomplished from the
stator terminals of the turbo generator. If a short-circuit occurs close the terminals, excitation is
still assured by means of the compound-circuit attached on the stir-point end of the turbo
generator.

7.3.维护：无刷励磁机因转子无换向装置及轴承，维护工作量较少，但应在主机维修的同时

进行下列检修。
Maintenance:
The brushless AC exciter is a unit designed for less maintenance due to without commutator and
bearing of rotor. During the maintenance for generator, the following tasks should be done:

7.3.1 定子

Stator

7.3.1.1 定子绕组

Stator winding

——对脏物（油、灰尘）污染检查

Check for fouling(oil, dust).

——漆层的损坏检查
Check for the damage to the paint coat
——振动标记检查
Check for vibration marks
——检查绕组连接情况
Check condition of the winding connections

37
 ——测量绝缘电阻
Measure insulation resistance.
7.3.1.2 密封环 ——检查密封环和旋转部件间的间隙

Seal ring ——Check the clearance between the seal ring and the rotating parts.

7.3.1.3 空气通道——检查脏物污染；如果需要，应进行清理

Air Opening——Check for dirt. If need be ,clean them.

7.3.1.4 测温计 ——是否有异常现象，接线是否良好

Thermoscope——Check for abnormity and connections.

7.3.1.5 接线盒 ——接线盒内接线端子是否有松动现象

Terminal box——Check for looseness of terminals.

7.3.2 转子
Exciter rotor
7.3.2.1 转子绕组
Rotor winding
——检查端部绕组绑扎

——检查机械损伤

——检查污染情况，必要时应清理

——检查槽楔位置

——测量绝缘电阻

——Check the wrapping on the end winding.

——Check for mechanical damage

——Check for fouling. If need be ,clean

——Check seating of the slot wedges.

——Measure the insulation resistance.

7.3.2.2 绕组连接

——检查连接情况

38
 ——并头套是否有开焊现象
Winding connections

——Check condition of the connections

——Check weld condition in parallel interface blanket.

7.3.3 铁心

——检查铁心表面和喷漆情况
Core

——Check surface and paint coat

7.3.4 整流环

Rectifier ring

7.3.4.1 整流桥 ——检查绝缘和螺栓联接状况

Rectifier bridge——Check the condition(diode wheel) of the insulation and of the bolted

connections.

7.3.4.2 硅二极管——性能试验，必要时更换

Silicon diode——Functional test, if need be ,take them out and replaced them.

7.3.4.3 保护电阻——检查装配情况，测电阻值

Protective resistor——Check assembling, Measure the resistance

7.3.4.4 保护电容——检查装配情况，测量是否断路

Protective capacitor——Check assembling, Measure open circuit

7.3.5 风扇 ——检查焊缝是否有可见裂纹

Radial fan——Visual inspection for cracks on the weld seams

7.3.6 平衡块 ——检查是否有松动现象

Balancing weights——Check the fastening, for looses

7.4 常见故障

Trouble-shooting
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7.4.1 不稳定运转

Unstable operation

不稳定运转通常是由于缺乏维护保养所致，励磁机旋转件受到严重污染，其零部件的

松动导致轴的振动加剧，从而扩大了密封环与转子间的间隙，降低了空气密封的效果，使

励磁机更易于受脏物的污染，例如碳粉、油雾等的侵入，不稳定运行的表现是：
Problems with the smoothness of mechanical operation can usually be attributed to inadequate
maintenance. Severe fouling or loose parts on the rotating portion of the exciter cause increased
amplitudes in the rotor vibrations. This increase reducing the effectiveness of the sealing air seal
and rendering the exciter more susceptible to the fouling that rendering the exciter more
susceptible to the fouling that results, for example ,from the entry of coal dust or oil mist into the
machine. Indications that the smoothness operation is poor are:

——在发电机轴上和励端轴承座上有较大的振动

——密封环被挤压成扁平状，即励磁机转子与密封环间的间隙显著扩张

——旋转部件因受密封环的磨擦出现深黄色印记。

——strong vibrations on the shaft or on the non-driving end bearing pedestal of the turbo

generator

——Pounding out on the wipers, i.e., sharply increased clearances between the exciter rotor

and the wipers

——Heavy yellowish markings on the rotating parts caused by scraping of the wipers

7.4.2 二极管故障

Diode failures

可能引起二极管故障的是管子内部的断路和短路，后者更有可能发生，万一短路会给

励磁机施加单相脉冲负载，整流桥的输出将迅速地下降，调节器会使励磁机过励。万一断

路，同一极性半桥上的其它二极管将过载而出故障。

损坏的硅二极管必须换掉。
Diode failures are due either to a discontinuity or a short within the diode, the latter being by far
the more likely. If break-downs occur, both mean an intermittent, single-phase loading for the
exciter. The output from the rectifier bridge will drop more or less sharply, and the control device
overexcites the exciter field. If there is a short-circuit, additional silicon diodes on the half-bridge
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become overloaded and fail. Protection is provided by the diode failure relay on the exciter field
circuit, which assures an indirect monitoring of the rectifier. This identifies the failure quickly,
before major damage occurs, and initiates the switching off of the machine. The time delay for the
relay trip is so short that it is possible for a second diode, but certainly not for a third silicon diode,
to fail. Defective silicon diodes must be taken out and replaced with new ones.

7.5 拆卸

Dismantling

7.5.1 运行期间

When in Operation

励磁机运行时，各密封件不可拆卸，原因如下：

由于径向风扇会在定子机壳内部产生局部的真空，当去掉盖子或密封条时，灰尘和外

物就有可能通过打开的缺口进入机内，同时密封效果也会降低。
It is never permissible to release or remove parts of the casing while the exciter is in
operation, for the following reasons:
As a result of the vacuum produced in the inside of the stator housing by the radial fan, there
is a danger that dust and smaller foreign objects could enter through the openings when covers or
wipers are taken off. In addition, there would also be a reduction in the effectiveness of the
trapped air seal.

7.5.2 停机期间

When at Standstill

当需要更换二极管或大修清理励磁机时，拆除励磁机定子上的各种盖子和密封件。

Remove various covers and parts of the casing on the exciter stator when the diodes

replaced or exciter overhauls.

7.6 大修期间的检修内容

Repair work during overhauls

7.6.1 一般性清理

Cleaning

——用吸尘器除去干燥的积尘。

——“机械”清洁只能使用非金属的工具如木制刮板、擦布或毛刷等。

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 ——如果要清除绕组上的油污，用准许的清洗剂。

——操作时，应遵守易燃液体使用的有关规则。

——Remove dry dirt deposits with a heavy-duty vacuum cleaner.

——“Mechanical” cleaning that does take place is to be done only with the use of

non-metallic tools such as wooden scrapers, cleaning cloths, or brushes with natural
bristles.

——If washing is required in order to clean oily contamination from the windings, use a

cleaning solvent that used on turbogenerator .

——In so doing, follow regulations concerning handling of flammable liquids.

7.6.2 绕组绝缘测试

Winding Insulation test

由于绝缘材料易老化，其质量必须按规定进行检查，绝缘测试也能检测出绝缘材料的

破损或接地故障，实际上这些试验仅限于测量绝缘电阻，而其直流、交流高压试验在必要

时才做。

Because winding insulation is subject to an aging process, its quality must be tested at reqular

intervals. Any cracks or short-circuits to ground that may be present in the insulation can also be

detected by carrying out tests on the insulation. Essentially ,those tests are limited to

measurements of the insulation resistances, and to measurements of AC and DC voltages. All

these must be done if need be.

7.7 安装

Installation

7.7.1 大修后的安装

此工作有严格要求，必须精心操作。
Mounting the Exciter in place after Conclusion of a major Overhaul
This assembly work is very demanding and is to carry out only under the guidance of professional
man.

7.7.2 安装检查和调节

checks and adjustments on completion of assembly

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无论任何安装完工后，需检查以下各项：

Watch the following points every time assembly work takes place:

7.7.2.1 硅二极管是否已按正确的极性固定。

Have the silicon diodes been put on with their polarity correct

7.7.2.2 所有的零部件是否已紧固。

Are all the parts tightly fastened down

7.7.2.3 当安装紧固时，密封条是否变形。

Have all the fastening bolts been tightened down ?

7.7.2.4 转子周边的间隙是否正确。见图 1。

Have all the openings of stator housing been closed using the proper covers? see fig.1.

图1

WBF 励磁机间隙检查单

Check sheet for Clearances,WBF-Exciter

○
1 径向通风间隙 1〈δ1〈3

Fan clearance,radial:min.1 mm,max.3 mm

○
2 轴向通风间隙 静止时：δ2〉5

运行时：δ2〈25

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 Fan clearance,axial : min.5 mm.with rotor displaced
max.25 mm..in operation

○
3 气隙δ3：Ⅰ=Ⅲ Ⅱ=Ⅳ ，公差：±0.1mm

Air gap : Ⅰ=Ⅲ Ⅱ=Ⅳ ，Tolerance：±0.1mm

7.7.2.5 定子机壳所有缺口是否都封盖。安装螺栓是否紧固。

Have all the openings of stator houseing been closed using the proper covers? Have all the

fastening bolts been tightened down?

8. 保证期

Guarantee period

在用户按照制造厂的安装、使用、维护说明书的规定，正确地使用与存放的情况下，

制造厂应保证发电机在使用的一年内，但自制造厂起运的日期不超过二年的时间内能良好

的运行，如在此规定的时间内，电机因制造质量不良而发生损坏或不能正常工作时，制造

厂应无偿为用户修理（或更换）零件（或电机）。
The generator should be guaranteed to serve well for one year after being put into operation
and preserved appropriately according to this standard and the instruction book. During this
period, the manufactory should provide free maintenance(or change)of the machine parts(or the
machine)if the machine damaged or can not operate normally due to the poor quality
manufacture.

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