CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.

2 53

Chapter 3 — Solving systems of linear equations and the

application of matrices
−4 9 x 15
=
Exercise 3.2 — Solving linear equations using [ 1 −3] [y] [−6]
matrix algebra −1 −1
1 a Non-linear as it contains a non-linear function sin(y) −4 9 −4 9 x −4 9 15
=
b Linear. All variables are raised to the first power [ 1 −3] [ 1 −3] [y] [ 1 −3] [−6]
c Linear. All variables are raised to the first power −1
x −4 9 15
d Non-linear as it contains a squared term x2 =
[y] [ 1 −3] [−6]
2 a i m = 2, n = 3
ii Not a square system as m ≠ n x 1 3 −9 15
iii x = −2, y = 3, z = −4 =
[y] (−3) × (−4) − (−9) × (−1) [−1 −4] [−6]
6 × −2 + 3 × 3 − 5 × −4 = 23
17 ≠ 23 x 1 −3 −9 15
=
−2 × −2 + 3 + 3 × −4 = −5 [y] 3 [−1 −4] [−6]
−5 = −5
x 3
The solution set does not satisfy all equations in the =
system. [y] [3]
∴ x = −2, y = 3, z = −4 is not a valid solution. ∴ The solution is x = 3, y = 3
b i m = 3, n = 3 c 5x − 4y = 14
ii It is a square system as m = n 9x + 10y = 94
iii x = −2, y = 3, z = −4
5 −4 x 14
x + 3y − 4z = 23 =
[9 10 ] [y] [94]
−2 + 3 × 3 − 4 × −4 = 23
−1 −1
23 = 23 5 −4 5 −4 x 5 −4 14
=
9x − 12y + 2z = −62 [9 10 ] [9 10 ] [y] [9 10 ] [94]
9 × −2 − 12 × 3 + 2 × −4 = −62
−18 − 36 − 8 = −62 x 1 10 4 14
=
−62 = −62 [y] 5 × 10 − (−4) × 9 [−9 5] [94]
−6x + y − 2z = 23
−6 × −2 + 3 − 2 × −4 = 23 x 1 10 4 14
=
12 + 3 + 8 = 23 [y] 86 [−9 5] [94]
The solution set satisfies all equations in the system.
3 a 5x + 2y = 26 x 6
=
6x + 3y = 30 [y] [4]

5 2 x 26 ∴ The solution is x = 6, y = 4
= d −7x + 8y = 92
[6 3] [y] [30]
−1 −1
6x − 3y = −48
5 2 5 2 x 5 2 26
= −7 8 x 92
[6 3] [6 3] [y] [6 3] [30] =
[ 6 −3] [y] [−48]
−1
x 5 2 26 −1 −1
= −7 8 −7 8 x −7 8 92
[y] [6 3] [30] =
[ 6 −3] [ 6 −3] [y] [ 6 −3] [ −48]
x 1 3 −2 26 −1
= x −7 8 92
[y] 3 × 5 − −2 × −6 [−6 5] [30] =
[y] [ 6 −3] [−48]
x 1 3 −2 26
= x 1 −3 −8 92
[y] 3 [−6 5] [30] =
[y] (−7) × (−3) − 8 × 6 [−6 −7] [−48]
x 6
= x 1 −3 −8 92
[y] [−2] =
[y] −27 [−6 −7] [−48]
∴ The solution is x = 6, y = −2
b −4x + 9y = 15 x −4
=
x − 3y = −6 [ y] [ 8]
∴ The solution is x = −4, y = 8

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
54 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.2

−1
4 a 2x + 2y − 8z = 38 ⎡x⎤ ⎡−1 8 −4⎤ ⎡−38⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−5x − y − 7z = 40 y
⎢ ⎥ ⎢= −1 −5 4⎥ ⎢ 17⎥
8x − 7y − 5z = 17 ⎣z ⎦ ⎣ 1 3 −5⎦ ⎣−13⎦
AX = B From technology,
where, ⎡x⎤ ⎡ 6⎤
⎡ 2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
2 −8⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡38⎤ ⎢y⎥ = ⎢−3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣z ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
A ⎢−5 −1 −7⎥ , X = ⎢y⎥ , B = ⎢40⎥
⎣ 8 −7 −5⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣17⎦ ∴ The solution set is x = 6, y = −3, z = 2
To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible: d 3x + 3y + 2z = −31
A−1 AX = A−1 B −5x − 4y − z = 42
IX = A−1 B 3x + 3y − 4z = −19
X = A−1 B AX = B
Hence, where,
−1
⎡ x⎤ ⎡ 2 2 −8⎤ ⎡38⎤ ⎡ 3 3 2⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡−31⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A = ⎢−5 −4 −1⎥ , X = ⎢y⎥ , B = ⎢ 42⎥
⎢y⎥ = ⎢−5 −1 −7⎥ ⎢40⎥
⎣ z⎦ ⎣ 8 −7 −5⎦ ⎣17⎦ ⎣ 3 3 −4⎦ ⎣z ⎦ ⎣−19⎦
From technology, To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible:
⎡x⎤ ⎡−1⎤ A−1 AX = A−1 B
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ IX = A−1 B
⎢y⎥ = ⎢ 0⎥
⎣ z⎦ ⎣−5⎦ X = A−1 B
∴ The solution set is x = −1, y = 0, z = −5 Hence,
−1
b x + 7y − 4z = 34 ⎡ x⎤ ⎡ 3 3 2⎤ ⎡−31⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−7x − 7y − 9z = −129 ⎢y⎥ = ⎢−5 −4 −1⎥ ⎢ 42⎥
−7x − 5z = −60 ⎣ z⎦ ⎣ 3 3 −4⎦ ⎣−19⎦
AX = B From technology,
where, ⎡x⎤ ⎡−4⎤
⎡ 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
7 −4⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡ 34⎤ ⎢y⎥ = ⎢−5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣z ⎦ ⎣−2⎦
A ⎢−7 −7 −9⎥ , X = ⎢y⎥ , B = ⎢−129⎥
⎣−7 0 −5⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣ −60⎦ ∴ The solution set is x = −4, y = −5, z = −2
To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible: 5 AX = B
A−1 AX = A−1 B where,
IX = A−1 B ⎡ 5 6 2 1⎤ ⎡w⎤ ⎡105⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X = A−1 B ⎢ 3 2 8 2⎥ ⎢ x⎥ ⎢ 90⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ , X = ⎢ y⎥ , B = ⎢110⎥
Hence, ⎢ 8 2 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡x⎤ ⎡ 1
−1 ⎣10 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣141⎦
7 −4⎤ ⎡ 34⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible:
⎢y⎥ = ⎢−7 −7 −9⎥ ⎢−129⎥ A−1 AX = A−1 B
⎣ z⎦ ⎣−7 0 −5⎦ ⎣ −60⎦
IX = A−1 B
From technology,
X = A−1 B
⎡x⎤ ⎡5⎤ −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 6 2 1⎤ ⎡105⎤
⎢y⎥ = ⎢7⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3 2 8 2⎥ ⎢ 90⎥
⎣z ⎦ ⎣5⎦ X = ⎢⎢
∴ The solution set is x = 5, y = 7, z = 5 ⎢ 8 2 2 2⎥⎥ ⎢110⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣10 2 3 4⎦ ⎣141⎦
c −x + 8y − 4z = −38
−x − 5y + 4z = 17 ⎡10⎤
⎢ ⎥
7
x + 3y − 5z = −13 X = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
AX = B ⎢ 5⎥
where, ⎣ 3⎦
⎡−1 8 −4⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡−38⎤ The points awarded for respective positions are as follows:
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1st place is awarded 10 points.
A ⎢−1 −5 4⎥ , X = ⎢y⎥ , B = ⎢ 17⎥
2nd place is awarded 7 points
⎣ 1 3 −5⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣−13⎦
3rd place is awarded 5 points
To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible: 4th place is awarded 3 points
A−1 AX = A−1 B 6 AX = B
IX = A−1 B where,
X = A−1 B ⎡12 61 12 11⎤ ⎡ l⎤ ⎡565⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Hence, 17 36 17 13⎥ ⎢ p⎥ , B = ⎢432⎥
A = ⎢⎢ , X =
⎢23 25 23 8⎥⎥ ⎢m ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢361⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣38 51 9 9⎦ ⎣ h⎦ ⎣494⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.2 55

To find the unknown matrix X assuming A is invertible: c AX + 3BX = C

A−1 AX = A−1 B (A + 3B) X = C
IX = A−1 B (A + 3B)−1 (A + 3B) X = (A + 3B)−1 C
X = A−1 B IX = (A + 3B)−1 C
−1
⎡12 61 12 11⎤ ⎡565⎤ X = (A + 3B)−1 C
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
17 36 17 13⎥ ⎢432⎥
X = ⎢⎢ d 7A (X + I ) = B + C
⎢23 25 23
⎥
8⎥ ⎢361⎥⎥
⎢
7AX + 7AI = B + C
⎣38 51 9 9⎦ ⎣494⎦ 7AX = B + C − 7AI
⎡1⎤ (7A)−1 (7A) X = (7A)−1 (B + C − 7AI )
⎢ ⎥
7
X = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ IX = (7A)−1 (B + C − 7AI )
⎢5⎥ X = (7A)−1 (B + C − 7AI )
⎣6⎦
12 a XA = B
The cost per individual item are:
XAA−1 = BA−1
Lolly bag $1
XI = BA−1
Pizza $7
Meat pie $5 X = BA−1
Hamburger $6 1 3 6
7 Multiple choice option C demonstrates the right distributive A−1 =
2 × 3 − (−6) × (−4) [4 2 ]
law. (T + U) V = TV + UV
8 Multiple choice option B is incorrect. CX − XD = X (C − D). ⎡ 3 6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
CX − XD cannot be factorised. ⎢ −18 −18 ⎥
9 EX + X + F = G =⎢ 4 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
EX + X = G − F ⎣ −18 −18 ⎦
EX + IX = G − F ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎢− − ⎥
(E + I ) X = G − F ⎢ 6 3⎥
(E + I )−1 (E + I ) X = (E + I )−1 (G − F) =⎢ 2 1⎥
⎢− − ⎥
IX = (E + I )−1 (G − F) ⎣ 9 9⎦
X = (E + I )−1 (G − F) ⎡ 1 1⎤
10 a A−1 AXB = A−1 C ⎢− − ⎥
−1 3 ⎢ 6 3⎥
IXB = A−1 C X= × ⎢ 2 1⎥
[ 5 4] ⎢− − ⎥
XB = A−1 C ⎣ 9 9⎦
XBB−1 = (A−1 C) B−1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
XI = (A−1 C) B−1 ⎢− 0⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥
X = (A−1 C) B−1 X = ⎢ −31 −19 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
b XAA−1 = BA−1 ⎣ 18 9 ⎦
XI = BA−1
b B + XA = C
X = BA−1
XA = C − B
c A−1 AXBB−1 = A−1 IB−1 XAA−1 = (C − B) A−1
IXI = A−1 IB−1 X = (C − B) A−1
X = A−1 IB−1 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎢− − ⎥
d AX + X = C ⎢ 6 3⎥
A−1 = ⎢ 2 1⎥
AX + IX = C ⎢− − ⎥
(A + I ) X = C ⎣ 9 9⎦
(A + I )−1 (A + I ) X = (A + I )−1 C 2 1 −1 3
C−B= −
IX = (A + I )−1 C [5 6] [ 5 4]
X = (A + I )−1 C
3 −2
11 a AX + BX + C = D =
[0 2]
AX + BX = D − C
X = (C − B) A−1
(A + B) X = D − C
(A + B)−1 (A + B) X = (A + B)−1 (D − C)
⎡ 1 1⎤
⎢− − ⎥
IX = (A + B)−1 (D − C) 3 −2 ⎢ 6 3⎥
= ⎢ 1⎥
X = (A + B)−1 (D − C) [0 2] ⎢− 2 − ⎥
⎣ 9 9⎦
b 2X + 3AX = B
(I2 + 3A) X = B ⎡ 1 7⎤
⎢− − ⎥
(I2 + 3A)−1 (I2 + 3A) X = (I2 + 3A)−1 B ⎢ 18 9⎥
= ⎢ 4 2⎥
IX = (I2 + 3A)−1 B ⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 9 9⎦
X = (I2 + 3A)−1 B

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
56 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.2

c AX − BX = C 13 a CX = B
(A − B) X = C C CX = C −1 B
−1

(A − B)−1 (A − B) X = (A − B)−1 C IX = C −1 B
X = (A − B)−1 C [1] X = C −1 B [1]
−1
2 −6 −1 3 7 5 0 −8
A−B= − X=
[−4 3] [ 5 4] [−1 −3] [−2 1]
3 −9 ⎡ −5 −
19 ⎤
= ⎢ 8 16 ⎥
[−9 −1]
X = ⎢7
⎢ 1 ⎥⎥
1 −1 9 ⎣8 16 ⎦
(A − B)−1 =
3 × (−1) − (−9) × (−9) [ 9 3]
b ACX = 4I
1 −1 9 A−1 ACX = A−1 4I
=
−84 [ 9 3] C −1 CX = C −1 (A−1 4I)
⎡ 1 −3 ⎤ X = C −1 (A−1 4I) [1]
⎢ ⎥ −1
⎢ 84 28 ⎥ 7 5 ⎡ 3 −1 −1 4 0 ⎤⎥
=⎢ 3 ⎥ X= ⎢ ×
1
⎢− − ⎥ [−1 −3] ⎢⎣[6 3] [0 4]⎥⎦
⎣ 28 28 ⎦
⎡ 4 4⎤
From [1] X = (A − B)−1 C −1
⎢ 5 15 ⎥
7 5
⎡ 1 −3 ⎤ X= ×⎢ 8 4 ⎥⎥
⎢ 84 [−1 −3] ⎢−
28 ⎥⎥ 2 1
X = ⎢⎢ ⎣ 5 5⎦
×
3 1 ⎥ [5 6] ⎡− 7 3⎤
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 28 28 ⎦ ⎢ 20 10 ⎥
X = ⎢ 13 11 ⎥
⎡ 43 53 ⎤ ⎢
⎢− 84 − 84 ⎥ − ⎥
⎣ 20 30 ⎦
X = ⎢⎢ ⎥
11 9 ⎥ c CX − 5DX = B
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 28 28 ⎦ (C − 5D) X = B
d CXD = 2I (C − 5D)−1 (C − 5D) X = (C − 5D)−1 B
C −1 CXDD−1 = C −1 (2I ) D−1 X = (C − 5D)−1 B
IXI = C −1 (2I ) D−1
⎡30 11 ⎤
X = C −1 (2I ) D−1 [1] ⎢ 217 31 ⎥
X=⎢ 2 9⎥
1 6 −1 ⎢−
C −1 = − ⎥
2 × 6 − 1 × 5 [−5 2] ⎣ 217 31 ⎦

⎡ 6 −1 ⎤ d 3A (X + I) = C − D
⎢ 7 7 ⎥ 1
C −1 = ⎢ −5 ⎥
2⎥ A (X + I) = (C − D)
⎢ (3 )
⎣ 7 7⎦ 1
A−1 A (X + I) = A−1 (C − D)
1 5 7 (3 )
D−1 =
3 × 5 − (−7) × 2 [−2 3] 1
X + I = A−1 (C − D)
(3 )
⎡5 7⎤
⎢ 29 29 ⎥ 1
X = A−1 (C − D) − I
D−1 = ⎢ −2 3 ⎥⎥ (3 )
⎢
⎣ 29 29 ⎦ ⎡− 31 23 ⎤
⎢ 45 45 ⎥
From [1] X = ⎢ 16 −14 ⎥
⎡ 6 −1 ⎤ ⎡5 7⎤ ⎢− ⎥
⎢ 7 7 ⎥ 2 0 ⎢ 29 29 ⎥ ⎣ 15 5 ⎦
X = ⎢ −5 ⎥× ×
2 ⎥ [0 2] ⎢ −2
⎢ 3 ⎥⎥ 14 (A + I ) (A − I ) = A2 − I
⎢
⎣ 7 7⎦ ⎣ 29 29 ⎦ LHS = (A + I) (A − I)
⎡ 12 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 7⎤ = A2 − AI + IA − I2
⎢ 7 7 ⎥ ⎢ 29 29 ⎥ = A2 − AI + AI − I2 (since the identity matrix is commutative)
X = ⎢ −10 ⎥ ⎢
4 ⎥ ⎢ −2 3⎥
⎥
= A2 − I2
⎢
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ ⎣ 29 29 ⎦ = RHS
⎡ 64 78 ⎤
⎢ 203 203 ⎥
X = ⎢ −2 −2 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣ 7 7 ⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.3 57

15 Let x = sin 𝛼 and y = cos 𝛽 1 3 −2

⎡ 3√2 + 2 ⎤ [0 1 1]
⎢ ⎥ R2 ÷−18→R2
2 3 x ⎢ 2 ⎥ From R2 ∶y = 1
=
[1 −1] [y] ⎢ 1 −√2 ⎥ Back substitution into R2 :
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ x + 3 × 1 = −2
⎡ 3√2 + 2 ⎤ x = −2 − 3
−1 −1 ⎢ ⎥ x = −5
2 3 2 3 x 2 3 ⎢ 2 ⎥
= ⎢ 1 −√2 ⎥ ∴ Solution is x = −5, y = 1
[1 −1] [1 −1] [y] [1 −1]
⎢ ⎥ c 9x + 8y = 34
⎣ 2 ⎦
−3x + 2y = −2
1⎤ ⎡
⎢ 2⎥ 9 8 34
x
=⎢ ⎥
[−3 2 −2]
[y] ⎢⎢√2 ⎥⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎡ 8 34 ⎤
⎢1 9 9⎥
√2 ⎢ ⎥
∴ sin 𝛼 = 0.5 cos 𝛽 = 14 28 ⎥
2 ⎢
As both angles lie in the first quadrant, ⎣0 3 3⎦ 1
𝜋 𝜋 R1 ÷9→R1 , R2 + R1 →R2
3
𝛼= ,𝛽=
6 4 ⎡1 8 34 ⎤
⎢ 9 9 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣0 1 2⎦ 14
R2 ÷ →R2
Exercise 3.3 — Solving a system of linear 3

equations using Gaussian elimination From R2 ∶y = 2

Back substitution into R1 :
1 Multiple choice option B 8 34
2 Multiple choice option C x+ ×2=
9 9
3 Multiple choice option B 34 16
4 a 6x − 4y = 10 x= −
9 9
−2x + 7y = 8
x=2
6 −4 10 ∴ Solution is x = 2, y = 2
[−2 7 8] d −5x − 2y = 19
4x + y = −8
⎡1 −2 5⎤
⎢ 3 3⎥ −5 −2 19
⎢ −7 ⎥ −8]
⎢1 [ 4 1
−4⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
R1 ÷6→ R1 , R2 ÷−2→R2 ⎡1 2 −19 ⎤
⎡1 −2 5⎤ ⎢ 5 5 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ 36 ⎥⎥
3 3⎥ ⎢0 −3
⎢ −17 17 ⎥⎥ ⎣ 5 5⎦
⎢0 − R1 ×
−1 4
→R2 , R2 + R1 →R2
⎣ 6 3⎦ 5 5
R2 −R1 →R2 ⎡ 2 −19 ⎤
⎡1 −2 5⎤ ⎢1 5 5 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
3 3⎥ ⎣0 1 −12⎦R
⎢ ⎥ 2×
−5
R →R2
⎣0 3 1
1 2⎦R −6
2×
17
→R2 From R2 ∶y = 2
From R2 : Back substitution into R1 :
y=2 2 −19
x + × −12 =
Back substitution into R1 : 5 5
2 5 −19 24
x− ×2= x= +
3 3 5 5
x=3 x=1
∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 2 ∴ Solution is x = 1, y = −12
b x + 3y = −2 ⎡6 6 1 −12⎤
⎢ ⎥
3x − 9y = −24 5 a ⎢1 4 −1 −8⎥
1 3 −2 ⎣3 3 −5 −6⎦
⎡1 1 1
[3 −9 −24] ⎢ −2⎤⎥
6
⎢ ⎥
1 3 −2 ⎢1 4 −1 −8⎥
⎢ ⎥
[ 0 −18 −18] ⎣3 3 −5 −6⎦
R1 ÷6→R1
R2 −3R1 →R2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
58 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.3

⎡1 1 1 −4 ⎤
1 −2⎤ ⎡1 −1
⎢ 6 ⎥ ⎢ 3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −7 8 31 ⎥
3 −6⎥ ⎢0 1
⎢ 6 ⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢ −11 ⎥ ⎢ −17 −17 ⎥⎥
⎢0 0 0⎥ ⎢0 0
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 6 3 ⎦ 1
R2 −R1 →R2 , R3 −3R1 →R3 R2 +−R3 →R2 , R3 − R2 →R3
2
From R3 : 1 −4 ⎤
⎡1 −1
−11 ⎢ 3 3 ⎥
z = 0, ∴ z = 0 ⎢ ⎥
2 8 31 ⎥
⎢0 1
From R2 : ⎢ 3 3⎥
7 ⎢ ⎥
3y − × 0 = −6 ⎣0 0 1 2⎦ −17
6 R3 ÷
6
y = −2 From R3 ∶z = 2
From R1 : Back substitution into R2 :
1 8 31
1x − 2 + × 0 = −2 y+ ×2=
6 3 3
x = −2 + 2 31 16
y= − ∴y = 5
3 3
x=0
∴ Solution is x = 0, y = −2, z = 0 Back substitution into R1 :
1 −4
⎡−2 6 0 −20⎤ x−5+ ×2=
⎢ ⎥ 3 3
b ⎢−1 −6 −3 26⎥
−4 2
⎣−3 0 −4 6⎦ x= + 5 − ∴x = 3
3 3
⎡1 −3 0 10⎤
⎢ ⎥ ∴ Solution is x = 3, y = 5, z = 2
⎢0 −9 −3 36⎥ ⎡−4 2 2 | 38 ⎤
⎣0 18 5 −72⎦ −1 −1 ⎢ | ⎥
R1 × →R1 , R2 + R1 →R2 , R3 −3R2 →R3 d ⎢ 4 −1 2 |−17 ⎥
2 2 |
⎡1 −3 0 10⎤ ⎣−2 1 5 || 35 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 ⎡1 −1 −1 −19 ⎤
1 −4⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢ 3 2 2 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 0⎦ R −1 ⎢1 −1 1 −17 ⎥
2× →R2 , R3 ×−1→R3
⎢ 4 2 4 ⎥
9
From R3 : ⎢ −1 −5 −35 ⎥
⎢1 ⎥
z=0 ⎣ 2 2 2 ⎦
From R2 : R1 ÷−4, R2 ÷4, R3 ÷−2
1 ⎡1 −1 −1 −19 ⎤
y + × 0 = −4 ⎢ 2 2 2 ⎥
3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 21 ⎥
y = −4 ⎢ 1
4 4⎥
From R1 : ⎢ ⎥
x − 3 × −4 = 10 ⎣0 0 −2 −8⎦ R2 −R1 , R3 −R
x = 10 − 12 ⎡1 −1 −1 −19 ⎤
⎢ 2 2 2 ⎥
x = −2 ⎢ ⎥
∴ Solution is x = −2, y = −4, z = 0 ⎢0 1 4 21⎥⎥
⎢
⎡ 6 −6 2 |−8 ⎤ ⎣0 0 1 4⎦ 1
⎢ | ⎥ R2 ÷ , R3 ÷−2
c ⎢−5 7 −2 | 16 ⎥ From R3 ∶z = 4
4
|
⎣−6 7 −5 || 7 ⎦ Back substitution into R2 :
⎡ 1 −1 1 −4 ⎤ y + 4 × 4 = 21
⎢ 3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ y = 21 − 16 ∴ y = 5
⎢−5 7 −2 16 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Back substitution into R1 :
⎣−6 7 −5 7⎦ R1 ÷6→R1 −1 −1 −19
1 −4 ⎤ x+ ×5+ ×4=
⎡1 −1 2 2 2
⎢ 3 3 ⎥ −19 5
⎢ ⎥ x= + +2
⎢0 −1 28 ⎥ 2 2
⎢ 2
3 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ x = −5
⎣0 1 −3 −1⎦ ∴ Solution is x = −5, y = 5, z = 4
R2 +5R1 →R2 , R3 +6R1 →R3
⎡ 5 3 −1 −23⎤
⎢ ⎥
e ⎢−1 4 6 −15⎥
⎣−2 4 6 −12⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.3 59

⎡ 1 −4 −6 15⎤ ⎡1 4 −2 1 −23⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5 3 −1 −23⎥ ⎢0 −28 4 −255 ⎥
1
⎣−2 4 6 −12⎦−R ⎢ 41 41 41 ⎥
2 ↔R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −4 −6 15⎤ ⎢0 183 137 ⎥
0 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 400 80 ⎥
⎢0 23 29 −98⎥ ⎢
⎢0 −162852 162852 ⎥⎥
⎣0 −4 −6 18⎦R 0 0
2 −5R1 , R3 +2R1 ⎣ 17600 3520 ⎦
R4 −R3
⎡1 −4 −6 15⎤
⎢ ⎥ From R4 ∶z = −5
⎢0 29 −98 ⎥ Back substitution into R3 :
1
⎢ 23 23 ⎥
⎢ ⎡1 4 −2 1 −23⎤
⎢0 −22 22 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢0 −28 4 −255 ⎥
⎣ 23 23 ⎦ ⎢ 1
R3 +
4
R , R ÷23
23 2 2
41 41 41 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −4 −6 15⎤ ⎢0 183 137 ⎥
⎢ 0 1
⎢ ⎥ 400 80 ⎥
⎢0 29 −98 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎣0 −5⎦
23 23 ⎥ 0 0 1 R4 ÷
−162852
⎢ ⎥ 17600
⎣0 0 1 −1⎦ −22 183 137
R3 ÷
23 y+ −5=
From R3 ∶z = −1 400 80
Back substitution into R2 : 137 183
y= + ∴y=4
29 −98 80 80
y+ × −1 = Back substitution into R2 :
23 23
−98 29 −28 4 −255
y= + ∴ y = −3 x+ ×4+ × −5 =
23 23 41 41 41
Back substitution into R1 : −255 112 20
x= + +
x + −4 × −3 + −6 × −1 = 15 41 41 41
x = 15 − 12 − 6 x = −3
x = −3 Back substitution into R1 :
∴ Solution is x = −3, y = −3, z = −1 w + 4 × −3 + −2 × 4 + 1 × −5 = −23
⎡ 2 8 −4 2 −46⎤ w = −23 + 12 + 8 + 5
⎢ ⎥ ∴w = 2
−10 1 −8 −6 −25⎥
6 ⎢⎢ The simultaneous solution is w = 2, x = −3, y = 4, z = −5
⎢ 4 −5 2 −5 56⎥⎥
⎣ −8 −16 4 3 33⎦
⎡1 4 −2 1 −23⎤ ⎡1 4 −2 30⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 41 −28 4 −255 ⎥ 7 ⎢0 1 3 110⎥
⎢0 −26 8 −7 145⎥⎥ ⎣0 0 1 30⎦
⎢
⎣0 16 −12 11 −151⎦R ÷2, R +5R , 2R From R3 ∶
1 2 1 3 + R4 , R4 +4R1
⎡1 z = 30 ∴ z = 30
4 −2 1 −23⎤
⎢ ⎥ From R2 ∶
⎢0 −28 4 −255 ⎥ y + 3 × 30 = 110
1
⎢ 41 41 41 ⎥ y = 110 − 90 ∴ y = 20
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −26 8 −7 145⎥ From R3 ∶
⎣0 16 −12 11 −151⎦R x + 4 × 20 + −2 × 30 = 30
2 ÷41
⎡1 4 −2 1 −23⎤ x = 30 − 80 + 60
⎢ ⎥ x = 10
⎢0 −28 4 −255 ⎥
1 ∴ x = 10, y = 20, z = 30
⎢ 41 41 41 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 8 Cost of regular coffee = R
⎢0 −400 −183 −685 ⎥
0 Cost of large coffee = L
⎢ 41 41 41 ⎥
⎢ −44 387 −2111 ⎥⎥
⎢0 0 4 3 R 33
⎣ 41 41 41 ⎦ × =
R3 +26R2 , R4 −16R2 [2 5] [L] [34]
⎡1 4 −2 1 −23⎤
⎢ ⎥ 4 3 33
⎢0 −28 4 −255 ⎥
1 [2 5 34]
⎢ 41 41 41 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 183 137 ⎥
0 1
⎢ 400 80 ⎥
⎢ −387 2111 ⎥⎥
⎢0 0 1
⎣ 44 44 ⎦ −400 −44
R3 ÷ , R4 ÷
41 41

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
60 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.3

⎡1 3 33 ⎤
10 5x + 2y + 4z = 32
⎢ 4 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ −4x + 7y + 8z = −15
⎢0 7 35 ⎥
−3x + 11y + z = 9
⎣ 2 2⎦ 1
R1 ÷4, R2 − R1
2
⎡1 2 2 2 1⎤
⎡1 3 33 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
11 A = ⎢1 3 32 7⎥
⎢ 4 4⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎣1 4 4 17⎦
⎣0 1 5⎦ ⎡1
R2 ÷
7
2
2 4 1⎤
From R2 ∶ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢1 3 9 7⎥
L=5 ∴ Large = $5 ⎣1 4 16 17⎦
Back substite to calculate
⎡1 2 4 1⎤
R: ⎢ ⎥
3 33 = ⎢0 1 5 6⎥
R+ ×5=
4 4 ⎣0 1 7 10⎦ R2 −R1 , R3 −R2
33 15 ⎡1 2 4 1⎤
R= −
4 4 ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 5 6⎥
9
R= ∴ Regular = $4.50 ⎣0 0 2 4⎦
2 R3 −R2
⎡1 2 4 1⎤
⎡6 2 1 82⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢0 1 5 6⎥
9 ⎢4 1 2 58⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦
⎣2 2 2 70⎦ R3 ÷2
⎡1 2 0 −7⎤
⎡1 1 1 41 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 6 3⎥ = ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣0 0 1 2⎦
⎢1 1 1 29 ⎥ R2 −5R3 , R1 −4R3
⎢ 4 2 2⎥ ⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 35⎦ = ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
R1 ÷6, R2 ÷4, R3 ÷2
⎣0 0 1 2⎦R −2R
⎡1 1 1 41 ⎤ 1 2
⎢ 3 6 3⎥ Therefore, the values for a0 , a1 and a2 are:
⎢ ⎥ a0 = 1
⎢0 −1 1 5⎥
⎢ 12 3 6⎥ a1 = −4
⎢ 3 1 41 ⎥⎥ a2 = 2
⎢0 The points are modelled by the equation:
⎣ 4 2 2⎦
R2 − R1 , R3 −R2 y (x) = 2x2 − 4x + 1 or y(x) = 1 − 4x + 2x2
⎡1 1 1 41 ⎤ ⎡3 12 −6⎤
⎢ 3 6 3⎥ ⎢ ⎥
12 A = ⎢2 4 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −4 −10⎥ ⎣1 3 −4⎦
⎢ 7 ⎥
⎢0 0 28⎥ A∣I =
⎣ 2 ⎦ −1
R2 ÷ , R +9R2
12 3
⎡1 1 1 41 ⎤ ⎡3 12 −6 1 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
3 6 3⎥ ⎢2 4 −6 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −4 −10⎥⎥ ⎣1 3 −4 0 0 1⎦
⎢
⎣0 0 1 8⎦ R 7
3÷

From R3 ∶p = 8
2 ⎡1 4 −2
1
0 0⎤⎥
⎢ 3
Back substitution into R2 ∶ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −2 2 0 1 −2⎥⎥
A + −4 × 8 = −10 ⎢
A = −10 + 32 ∴ A = 22 ⎣1 3 −4 0 0 1⎦ R
1 ÷3, R2 −2R3
Back substitution into R1 ∶
⎡1 4 −2
1
0 0⎤
1 1 41 ⎢ 3 ⎥
S+ × 22 + × 8 =
3 6 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −1
41 22 4 1 −1 0 1⎥
S= − − ∴S = 5 ⎢ 2 ⎥
3 3 3 ⎢ −1 ⎥
⎢0 −1 −2 0 1⎥
∴ Adult = 22, Student = 5, Pensioner = 8 ⎣ 3 ⎦ −1
Two children, 1 adult and 2 pensioners will cost R3 −R1 , R2 ×
2
Cost = 2 × 5 + 1 × 22 + 2 × 8
= $48

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 61

⎡1 4 −2
1
0 0⎤ 8 2 x 12
⎢ 3 ⎥ A= , X= and B =
⎢ ⎥ [4 −7] [y] [−10]
⎢0 −1
1 −1 0 1⎥ AX = B
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥ A−1 AX = A−1 B
⎢0 0 −3 2⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦ IX = A−1 B
R3 +R2
X = A−1 B
⎡1 4 −2
1
0 0⎤
⎢ 3 ⎥ |8 2|
⎢ ⎥ det (A) = | | = 8 × −7 − 2 × 4 = −64
−1 ||4 −7||
⎢0 1 −1 0 1⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ A is invertible, which means that the system has one
⎢ 1 1 −2 ⎥⎥ unique solution.
⎢0 0 1
⎣ 9 6 3 ⎦ −1
X = A−1 B
R3 ×
3
⎡1 4 0
5 1 −4 ⎤
=
1 −7 −2
×
12
⎢ 9 3 3 ⎥ −64 [−4 8] [−10]
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −1 1⎥ 1
1 0 =
⎢ 9 3 3⎥
⎢ [2]
⎢0 1 1 −2 ⎥⎥
0 1 The unique solution occurs at (1, 2) which is the
⎣ 9 6 3 ⎦
R2 +R3 , R1 +2R3 intersection of two lines that are not parallel.
⎡1 0 0
1 5 −8 ⎤ b −2x + y = −2
⎢ 9 3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 6x − 3y = 7
⎢0 1 −1 1⎥
1 0 −2 1 x −2
⎢ 9 3 3⎥ =
⎢ 1 1 −2 ⎥⎥ [ 6 −3] [y] [ 7]
⎢0 0 1
⎣ 9 6 3 ⎦ −2 1 x −2
R1 −4R2 A= ,X= and B =
⎡1 5 −8 ⎤ [ 6 −3] [y] [ 7]
⎢9 3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ AX = B
⎢1 −1 1⎥
∴A −1
= ⎢9 A−1 AX = A−1 B
3 3⎥
⎢1 IX = A−1 B
⎢ 1 −2 ⎥⎥
X = A−1 B
⎣9 6 3 ⎦
|−2 1|
det (A) = | | = −2 × −3 − 1 × 6 = 0
⎡ ⎤ || 6 −3||
⎢ 1 −5 1 −6⎥
A is singular as det (A) = 0 which means that the system
13 ⎢⎢ 3 1 −2 4⎥
⎥
⎢−5 either has no solution or infinitely many solutions.
4 −1 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦ −2x + y = −2 → y1 = 2x − 2
7
⎡1 −5 1 −6⎤ 6x − 3y = 7 → y2 = 2x −
⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢0 16 −5 22 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ Line [1]: m1 = 2 y1 − int = −2
⎣0 −21 4 −34⎦ 7
R2 −3R1 , R3 +5R1
Line [2]: m2 = 2 y2 − int = −
⎡1 −5 1 −6⎤ 3
⎢ ⎥ The lines are parallel as the gradients are equal, yet distinct
⎢0 −5 11 ⎥ as they have different y-intercepts.
⎢ 1
16 8⎥ There is no solution.
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 −1 44 ⎦5R c −3x + y = −14
3 −21R1 , R2 ÷16
−2x − 5y = 2
−3 1 x −14
Exercise 3.4 — The three cases for solutions of =
[−2 −5] [y] [ 2]
systems of linear equations
−3 1 x −14
1 Not parallel. Answer is C. A= ,X = and B =
2 a No solution [−2 −5] [y] [ 2]
b No solution AX = B
c One unique solution if the lines intersect; no solution if A−1 AX = A−1 B
they are skew IX = A−1 B
d Infinitely many solutions X = A−1 B
3 a 8x + 2y = 12 |−3 1|
4x − 7y = −10 det (A) = | | = −3 × −5 − 1 × −2 = 17
||−2 −5||
8 2 x 12 A is invertible, which means that the system has one
=
[4 −7] [y] [−10] unique solution.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
62 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4

X = A−1 B 10x − 6y = 12
10x = 6y + 12
1 −5 −1 −14
= × 6y + 12 3y + 6
17 [ 2 −3] [ 2] x= =
10 5
4 3t + 6
= Let y = t so that x =
[−2] 5
The unique solution occurs at (4, −2) which is the 3t + 6
As a coordinate: ,t
intersection of two lines that are not parallel. ( 5 )
d 4x − 8y = 4 There are an infinite number of solutions of the form
3t + 6
6x − 12y = −3 (x, y) = ,t .
( 5 )
4 −8 x 4 b i x − 2y = −4
=
[6 −12] [y] [−3] −4x + 8y = 16
4 −8 x 4 1 −2 x −4
A= , X= and B = =
[6 −12] [y] [−3] [−4 8] [y] [ 16]
AX = B 1 −2 x −4
A−1 AX = A−1 B A= , X= and B =
[−4 8] [y] [ 16]
IX = A−1 B
AX = B
X = A−1 B
|4 A−1 AX = A−1 B
| −8||
det (A) = | | = 4 × −12 − −8 × 6 = 0 IX = A−1 B
|6 −12| X = A−1 B
|| ||
A is singular as det (A) = 0, which means that the system | 1 −2|
det (A) = | | = 1 × 8 − −2 × −4 = 0
either has no solution or infinitely many solutions. ||−4 8||
x 1 A is singular as det (A) = 0, which means that the
4x − 8y = 4 → y1 = −
2 2 system either has no solution or infinitely many
x 1 solutions.
6x − 12y = −3 → y2 = + −x − 4 x
2 4 ii x − 2y = −4 → y = → y1 = + 2
−2 2
1 1
Line [1]: m1 = y1 − int = − 4x + 16 x
2 2 −4x + 8y = 16 → y = → y2 = + 2
1 1 8 2
Line [2]: m2 = y2 − int =
2 4 1
The lines are parallel as the gradients are equal, yet distinct Line [1]: m1 = y1 − int = 2
2
as they have different y-intercepts. 1
Line [2]: m2 = y2 − int = 2
There is no solution. 2
4 a i 10x − 6y = 12 They are two coincident lines because they are
5x − 3y = 6 identical.
x − 2y = −4
10 −6 x 12
= x = 2y − 4
[ 5 −3] [y] [ 6]
Let y = t so that x = 2t − 4
10 −6 x 12 As a coordinate: (2t − 4, t)
A= ,X = and B =
[ 5 −3] [y] [ 6] There are an infinite number of solutions of the form
(x, y) = (2t − 4, t).
AX = B
5 a l1 ∶x + 2y = 15
A−1 AX = A−1 B
a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c1 = 15
IX = A−1 B
l2 ∶3x − y = 10
X = A−1 B
a2 = 3, b2 = −1, c2 = 10
|10 −6| a2 b2 3 −1
det (A) = | | = 10 × −3 − −6 × 5 = 0 ≠ , ≠
|| 5 −3|| a1 b1 1 2
A is singular, which means that the system either has ∴ There is one unique solution.
no solution or infinitely many solutions. The lines are not parallel and intersect.
−10x + 12 5x b 3x + 7y = 9
ii 10x − 6y = 12 → y = → y1 = −2
−6 3 a1 = 3, b1 = 7, c1 = 9
−5x + 6 5x 6x + 14y = 18
5x − 3y = 6 → y = → y2 = −2
−3 3 a2 = 6, b2 = 14, c2 = 18
5 6 14 18
Line [1]: m1 = y1 − int = −2 = = =2
3 3 7 9
5 a2 b2 c2
Line [2]: m2 = y2 − int = −2 ∴ = =
3 a1 b1 c1
They are two coincident lines because they are The lines are coincident, hence the same line. There are
identical. infinitely many solutions.
Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 63

c −16x + 6y = −14 7 i a l1 ∶ (î − ĵ − 4k̂) + k (−5î − 4ĵ − 5k̂)

a1 = −16, b1 = 6, c1 = −14 l2 ∶ (−15î + 7ĵ − 40k̂) + k (−î − 6ĵ + 4k̂)
3 d~ 1 = −5î − 4ĵ − 5k̂
−4x + y = −4
2 d2 = −î − 6ĵ + 4k̂
~
3 d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R
a2 = −4, b2 = , c2 = −4
2 The two lines are not parallel.
−4
3
−4 l1 ∶ x = 1 − 5k l2 ∶ x = −15 − k
= 2 ≠ y = −1 − 4k y = 7 − 6k
−16 6 −14
z = −4 − 5k z = −40 + 4k
1 1 2
= ≠ Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 :
4 4 7
1 − 5k = −15 − k
a2 b2 c2 16 = 4k
∴ = ≠
a1 b1 c1 k=4
The two lines are parallel but distinct. The solution has Let k = 4, for lines, l1 and l2 ∶
zero solutions. l1 ∶ x = 1 − 5 × 4 = −19
d −x + 4y = −3 y = −1 − 4 × 4 = −17
a1 = −1, b1 = 4, c1 = −3 z = −4 − 5 × 4 = −24
−5x + 20y = −12 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−19, −17, −24)
a2 = −5, b2 = 20, c2 = −12 l2 ∶ x = −15 − 4 = −19
−5 20 −12 y = 7 − 6 × 4 = −17
= ≠
−1 4 −3 z = −40 + 4 × 4 = −24
5=5 ≠4 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (−19, −17, −24)
a2 b2 c2 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ).
∴ = ≠
a1 b1 c1 A unique solution exists at (−19, −17, −24).
The two lines are parallel but distinct. The solution has b The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point.
zero solutions. ii a l1 ∶ (−1î + 2ĵ + 2k̂) + k (−î − 4ĵ − 4k̂)
l2 ∶ (−9î − 5ĵ − 9k̂) + k (7î + 3ĵ + 7k̂)
5x − 2y = a
6 a No solution d~ 1 = −î − 4ĵ − 4k̂
10x − 4y = 24}
A system with no solution has the property, d~ 2 = 7î + 3ĵ + 7k̂
a2 b2 c2 d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R
= ≠ .
a1 b1 c1 The two lines are not parallel.
a2 b2 l1 ∶ x = −1 − k l2 ∶ x = −9 + 7k
=
a1 b1 y = 2 − 4k y = −5 + 3k
10 −4 z = 2 − 4k z = −9 + 7k
= =2
5 −2 Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 :
c2
The two lines are coincident if =2 −1 − k = −9 + 7k
c1
Let c1 = a 8 = 8k
24 k=1
≠2 Let k = 1, for lines, l1 and l2 ∶
a
24 l1 ∶ x = −1 − 1 = −2
a≠ y = 2 − 4 × 1 = −2
2
∴ a ≠ 12 z = 2 − 4 × 1 = −2
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−2, −2, −2)
8x − 2y = −12 l2 ∶ x = −9 + 7 × 1 = −2
b Infinitely many solutions
−4x + by = c } y = −5 + 3 × 1 = −2
A system with infinitely many solutions has the property, z = −9 + 7 × 1 = −2
a2 b2 c2
= = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (−2, −2, −2)
a1 b1 c1
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ).
Let b2 = b, c2 = c
A unique solution exists at (−2, −2, −2).
−4 b c
= = b The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point.
8 −2 −12
iii a l1 ∶ (4î + 7ĵ + 3k̂) + k (6î + ĵ + 5k̂)
−1 b c
= = l2 ∶ (60î − 14ĵ + 3k̂) + k (−2î + 4ĵ + 5k̂)
2 −2 −12
d~ 1 = 6î + ĵ + 5k̂
−1 b −1 c
2
=
−2
and
2
=
−12 d~ 2 = −2î + 4ĵ + 5k̂
d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R
b = 1 and c =6
The two lines are not parallel.
∴ b = 1, c = 6

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
64 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4

l1 ∶x = 4 + 6k l1 ∶ x = 60 − 2k Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 :

y=7+k y = −14 + 4k 53 − 5k = −1 + 4k
z = 3 + 5k z = 3 + 5k −9k = −54
Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 : k=6
4 + 6k = 60 − 2k k = 6, for lines, l1 and l2 ∶
−56 = −8k l1 ∶ x = −1 + 4 × 6 = 23
k=7 y = 5 − 3 × 6 = −13
Let k = 7, for lines, l1 and l2 ∶ z = −8 + 4 × 6 = 16
l1 ∶ x = 4 + 6 × 7 = 46 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (23, −13, 16)
y = 7 + 7 = 14 l2 ∶ x = 53 − 5 × 6 = 23
z = 3 + 5 × 7 = 38 y = −25 + 2 × 6 = −13
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (46, 14, 38) z = −14 + 5 × 6 = 16
l2 ∶ x = 60 − 2 × 7 = 46 (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (23, −13, 16)
y = −14 + 4 × 7 = 14 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ).
z = 3 + 5 × 7 = 38 A unique solution exists at (23, −13, 16).
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (46, 14, 38) b The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point.
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ). x+4 y−5 z+4
9 i a l1 ∶ = = = k1 ,
A unique solution exists at (46, 14, 38). −6 1 8
b The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point. x+1 y−2 z+7
l2 ∶ = = = k2
⎧x = 3 − 3k ⎧x = −33 + k −12 2 16
⎪ ⎪
8 i a l1 ∶ y = 3 − 4k l2 ∶ ⎨y = −15 − 2k
⎨ d~ 1 = −6î + ĵ + 8k̂
⎪ ⎪
⎩z = 4 + 4k ⎩z = −14 + 6k d~ 2 = −12î + 2ĵ + 16k̂
d~ 1 = −3î − 4ĵ + 4k ̂ 1
d~ 1 = × d → ∴ d~ 1 ∥ d~ 2
d2 = î − 2ĵ + 6k̂ 2 ~2
~
d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R The two lines are parallel.
The two lines are not parallel. l1 ∶ x = −4 − 6k1 l2 ∶ x = −1 − 12k2
Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 : y = 5 + k1 y = 2 + 2k2
3 − 3k = −33 + k z = −4 + 8k1 z = −7 + 16k2
36 = 4k For l1 , let k1 = 0
k=9 l1 ∶ x = −4 − 6 (0) = −4
Let k = 9, for lines, l1 and l2 ∶ y=5+0= 5
l1 ∶ x = 3 − 3 × 9 = −24 z = −4 + 8 (0) = −4
y = 3 − 4 × 9 = −33 The following point exists on l1 :
z = 4 + 4 × 9 = 40 (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−4, 5, −4)
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−24, −33, 40) Verify whether (−4, 5, −4) lies on the second line.
l2 ∶ x = −33 + 9 = −24 x = −1 − 12k2 y = 2 + 2k2 z = −7 + 16k2
y = −15 − 2 × 9 = −33 −4 = −1 − 12k2 5 = 2 + 2k2 −4 = −7 + 16k2
z = −14 + 6 × 9 = 40 1 3 7
k2 = k2 = k2 =
(x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (−24, −33, 40) 4 2 16
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ). The values for k2 are not equal which indicates the
A unique solution exists at (−24, −33, 40). point (−4, 5, −4) does not lie on l2 .
b The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point. A solution does not exist for the simultaneous system.
x+1 y−5 z+8 b The two are parallel and distinct which means they will
ii a l1 ∶ k = = =
4 −3 4 never intersect.
⎧x = 53 − 5k x−4 y+4 z−1
⎪ ii a l1 ∶ = = = k1
l2 ∶ ⎨y = −25 + 2k −5 −5 6
⎪ x + 18 y + 17 z − 27
⎩z = −14 + 5k l2 ∶ = = = k2
Rewrite l1 in parametric form: −2 7 2
⎧x = −1 + 4k d~ 1 = −5î − 5ĵ + 6k̂
⎪
l1 ∶ ⎨y = 5 − 3k d~ 2 = −2î + 7ĵ + 2k̂
⎪ d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 where m ∈ R
⎩ z = −8 + 4k
The direction vector for both lines are: The two lines are not parallel. A unique solution is
d~ 1 = 4î − 3ĵ + 4k̂ possible. Express both lines parametric form.
l1 ∶ x = 4 − 5k1 l2 ∶ x = −18 − 2k2
d~ 2 = −5î + 2ĵ + 5k̂
y = −4 − 5k1 y = −17 + 7k2
d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R
The two lines are not parallel. z = 1 + 6k1 z = 27 + 2k2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 65

Equate the x, y, z components: Let k1 = 7

x∶ 4 − 5k1 = −18 − 2k2 l1 ∶ x = 6 − 8 (7) = −50
−5k1 + 2k2 = −22 [1] y = 3 + 5 (7) = 38
y∶ − 4 − 5k1 = −17 + 7k2 z = 1 − 6 (7) = −41
−5k1 − 7k2 = −13 [2] (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−50, 38, −41)
z∶ 1 + 6k1 = 27 + 2k2 Let k2 = −4
6k1 − 2k2 = 26 [3] l2 ∶ x = −34 + 4 (−4) = −50
Solve using [1] + [3] y = 62 + 6 (−4) = 38
k1 = 4 z = −13 + 7 (−4) = −41
Find k2 by substituting k1 = 4 into [2]: (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−50, 38, −41)
−5 × 4 − 7k2 = −13 The system has a unique solution at (−50, 38, −41)
−7k2 = 7 b The two distinct lines intersect at (−50, 38, −41).
x+6 y+4 z+7
k2 = −1 10 i a l1 ∶ = = = k1
−6 −4 −2
Determine the point location on both lines to verify a
unique solution. l2 ∶ x = −1 − 30k2
Let k1 = 4 y = −7 − 20k2
l1 ∶ x = 4 − 5 (4) = −16 z = −10 − 10k2
y = −4 − 5 (4) = −24 The direction of both lines is given by the vectors:
z = 1 + 6 (4) = 25 d~ 1 = −6î − 4ĵ − 2k̂
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−16, −24, 25) d2 = −30î − 20ĵ − 10k̂
~
Let k2 = −1 1
d~ 1 = × d → ∴ d~ 1 ∥ d~ 2
l2 ∶ x = −18 − 2 (−1) = −16 5 ~2
y = −17 + 7 (−1) = −24 The two lines are parallel.
z = 27 + 2 (−1) = 25 l1 ∶ x = −6 − 6k1
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−16, −24, 25) y = −4 − 4k1
The system has a unique solution at (−16, −24, 25) z = −7 − 2k1
b The two distinct lines intersect at (−16, −24, 25).
x−6 y−3 z−1 l2 ∶ x = −1 − 30k2
iii a l1 ∶ = = = k1 y = −7 − 20k2
−8 5 −6
x + 34 y − 62 z + 13 z = −10 − 10k2
l2 ∶ = = = k2 For l1 , let k1 = 0
4 6 7
l1 ∶ x = −6 − +6 × 0 = −6
d~ 1 = −8î + 5ĵ − 6k̂
y = −4 − 4 × 0 = −4
d~ 2 = 4î + 6ĵ + 7k̂
z = −7 − 2 × 0 = −7
d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 where m ∈ R The following point exists on l1 :
The two lines are not parallel. A unique solution is (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (−6, −4, −7)
possible. Express both lines parametric form.
Verify that is lies on l2 ∶
l1 ∶ x = 6 − 8k1 l2 ∶ x = −34 + 4k2
x = −1 − 30k2 y = −7 − 20k z = −10 − 10k2
y = 3 + 5k1 y = 62 + 6k2
−6 = −1 − 30k2 −4 = −7 − 20k −7 = −10 − 10k2
z = 1 − 6k1 z = −13 + 7k2
1 3 3
Equate the x, y, z components: k2 = k2 = k2 =
6 −20 −10
x∶ 6 − 8k1 = −34 + 4k2
−8k1 − 4k2 = −40 [1] The values for k2 are not equal which indicates the
point (−6, −4, −7) does not lie on l2 .
y∶ 3 + 5k1 = 62 + 6k2
A solution does not exist for the simultaneous system.
5k1 − 6k2 = 59 [2]
b The two are parallel and distinct which means they will
z∶ 1 − 6k1 = −13 + 7k2 never intersect.
−6k1 − 7k2 = −14 [3] ⎧x = 2 + k1 ⎧x = 1 − 4k2
⎪ ⎪
Solve using −7[1] + 4[3] ii a l1 ∶ ⎨y = 6 − 3k1 l2 ∶ ⎨y = −9 + 3k2
32k1 = 224 ⎪ ⎪
⎩z = 2 + 5k1 ⎩z = 39 + k2
k1 = 7 The direction of both lines is given by the vectors:
Find k2 by substituting k1 = 4 into [2]: d~ 1 = î − 3ĵ + 5 k̂
5 × 7 − 6k2 = 59 d2 = −4î + 3ĵ + k̂
~
−6k2 = 24 d~ 1 ≠ md~ 2 → where m ∈ R
k2 = −4 The two lines are not parallel.
Determine the point location on both lines to verify a Equate the x, y, z components:
unique solution.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
66 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4

x∶ 2 + k1 = 1 − 4k2 n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 ≠ 0
k1 + 4k2 = −1 [1] The planes are not coplanar. This implies that the
y∶ 6 − 3k1 = −9 + 3k2 planes intersect at a unique point or intersect as pairs
−3k1 − 3k2 = −15 [2] of lines.
⎡ 5 8 1 −5⎤
z∶ 2 + 5k1 = 39 + k2 ⎢ ⎥
ii [A∣B] = ⎢−7 −4 −5 −11⎥
5k1 − k2 = 37 [3]
⎣−3 −1 −6 4⎦
Solve using [1] + 4[3]
Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted:
21k1 = 147
⎡1 0 0 6⎤
k1 = 7 ⎢ ⎥
Find k2 by substituting k1 = 7 into [2]: [A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
−3 × 7 − 3k2 = −15 ⎣0 0 1 −3⎦
−3k2 = 6 The system is consistent and has one unique solution.
The three planes intersect at (6, −4, −3).
k2 = −2
iii The planes intersect at one unique point.
Determine the point location on both lines to verify a
b i −7x + 7y + 42z = 9
unique solution.
Let k1 = 7 5x − 2y + 8z = −11
l1 ∶ x = 2 + 7 = 9 7x − 4y − 4z = 2
y = 6 − 3 × 7 = −15 n~ 1 = −7î + 7ĵ + 42k̂
z = 2 + 5 × 7 = 37 n~ 2 = 5î − 2ĵ + 8k̂
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (9, −15, 37) n3 = 7î − 4ĵ − 4k̂
~
Let k2 = −2 The normals are not parallel, hence the planes are not
l2 ∶ x = 1 − 4 (−2) = 9 parallel.
y = −9 + 3 (−2) = −15 n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
z = 39 + 1 (−2) = 37 = (−7î + 7ĵ + 42k̂) ⋅ (5î − 2ĵ + 8k̂) × (7î − 4ĵ − 4k̂)
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (9, −15, 37) |−7 7 42|
| |
The system has a unique solution at (9, −15, 37) |
= 5 −2 8|
| |
b The two lines intersect at (9, −15, 37). || 7 −4 −4||
11 a Coincident planes are the same plane. There are infinitely |−2 8| |5 8| |5 −2|
many solutions. = −7 | | − 7| | + 42 | |
|| 4 −4|| ||7 −4|| ||7 −4||
⎡1 0 0 a⎤ =0
⎢ ⎥
b ⎢0 1 0 b⎥ n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 = 0
⎣0 0 1 c ⎦ The planes are coplanar. This implies that the system
The augmented matrix has reached row-reduced echelon has zero or infinitely many solutions.
form. Therefore, the system has a unique inverse and one ⎡−7 7 42 9⎤
unique solution exists. ⎢ ⎥
ii [A∣B] = ⎢ 5 −2 8 −11⎥
c The system is consistent with infinitely ⎣ 7 −4 −4 2⎦
many solutions existing along the line,
Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted:
r~ = (4î − 6ĵ − 11k̂) + k (−3î + 13ĵ + 2k̂).
⎡1 0 20 0⎤
12 a i 5x + 8y + z = −5 ⎢ 3 ⎥
−7x − 4y − 5z = −11 ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 38 0⎥
−3x − y − 6z = 4 ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
n~ 1 = 5î + 8ĵ + k̂ ⎣0 0 0 1⎦
n~ 2 = −7î − 4ĵ − 5 k̂ The final row is a false statement, so this system has no
~
n3 = −3î − ĵ − 6 k̂ solution.
The normals are not parallel, hence the planes are not iii Geometrically the solution represents an inconsistent
parallel. system with distinct planes intersecting as pairs.
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 c i 3x + 6y − 2z = −25
= (5î + 8ĵ + k̂) ⋅ (−7î − 4ĵ − 5k̂) × (−3î − ĵ − 6k̂) 8x − 4y + 6z = −58
| 5 8 1| −5x − 5y − 3z = 43
| |
= −7 −4 −5|
| n~ 1 = 3î + 6ĵ − 2k̂
| |
|| −3 −1 −6|| n~ 2 = 8î − 4ĵ + 6k̂
|−4 −5| |−7 −5| |−7 −4| n3 = −5î − 5ĵ − 3k̂
= 5| |− 8 | | + 1| | ~
||−1 −1|| ||−3 −6|| ||−3 −1|| The planes are not parallel.
= −126

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 67

n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 n~ 1 = 6î + 3ĵ − 24k̂
= (3î + 6ĵ − 2k̂) ⋅ (8î − 4ĵ + 6k̂) × (−5î − 5ĵ − 3k̂) n~ 2 = −3î − ĵ + 6k̂
| 3 6 −2| n~ 3 = 4î + 8k̂
| |
= | 8 −4 6| The normals are not parallel, hence the planes are not
| |
||−5 −5 −3|| parallel.
|−4 6| | 8 6| | 8 −4| n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
= 3| | − 6| | + −2 | |
= (6î + 3ĵ − 24k̂) ⋅ (−3î − ĵ + 6k̂) × (4î + 8k̂)
||−5 −3|| ||−5 −3|| ||−5 −5||
= 210 | 6 3 −24|
| |
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 ≠ 0 = |−3 −1 6|
| |
The planes are not coplanar. This implies that the || 4 0 8||
planes intersect at a unique point. |−1 6| |−3 6| |−3 −1|
= 6| | − 3| | + −24 | |
⎡ 3 6 −2 −25⎤ || 0 8|| || 4 8|| || 4 0||
⎢ ⎥
ii [A∣B] = ⎢ 8 −4 6 −58⎥ = 0
⎣−5 −5 −3 43⎦ The planes are coplanar. This implies that the system
Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted: has zero or infinitely many solutions.
⎡1 0 0 −7⎤ ⎡ 6 3 −24 8⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 −1⎥ ii [A∣B] = ⎢−3 −1 6 −2⎥
⎣0 0 1 −1⎦ ⎣ 4 0 8 10⎦
The system is consistent and has one unique solution. Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted:
The three planes intersect at (−7, −1, −1). ⎡1 0 2 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
iii Geometrically the solution indicates the planes [A∣B] = ⎢0 1 −12 0⎥
intersect at one unique point. ⎣0 0 0 1⎦
d i −6x − 6y − z = −64 The final row is a false statement, so this system has no
x − y + 2z = 4 solution.
x + 7y − 7z = 24 iii Geometrically the solution represents an inconsistent
n~ 1 = −6î − 6ĵ − k̂ system with distinct planes intersecting as pairs.
n~ 2 = î − ĵ + 2k̂ f i −4x − 5y − 4z = 5
n3 = î + 7ĵ − 7k̂ 4x + 5y + 4z = −7
~
The normals are not parallel, hence the planes are not 7x − 6y + 7z = 4
parallel. n~ 1 = −4î − 5ĵ − 4k̂
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 n~ 2 = 4î + 5ĵ + 4k̂
= (−6î − 6ĵ − k̂) ⋅ (î − ĵ + 2k̂) × (î + 7ĵ − 7k̂) n3 = 7î − 6ĵ + 7k̂
~
|−6 −6 −1| The n~ 1 and n~ 2 are parallel, but n~ 3 is not parallel.
| |
= | 1 −1 2| n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
| |
|| 1 7 −7|| = (−4î − 5ĵ − 4k̂) ⋅ (4î + 5ĵ + 4k̂) × (7î − 6ĵ + 7k̂)
|−1 2| |1 2| |1 −1| |−4 −5 −4|
= −6 | | − −6 | | + −1 | | | |
|| 7 −7|| ||1 −7|| ||1 7|| = | 4 5 4|
| |
= −20 || 7 −6 7||
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 ≠ 0 | 5 4| |4 4| |4 5|
= −4 | | − −5 | | + −4 | |
The planes are not coplanar. This implies that the ||−6 7|| ||7 7|| ||7 −6||
planes intersect at a unique point or intersect as pairs = 0
of lines. The planes are coplanar. This implies that the planes
⎡−6 −6 −1 −64⎤ intersect at a unique point or intersect as pairs of lines.
⎢ ⎥
ii [A∣B] = ⎢ 1 −1 2 4⎥ ⎡−4 −5 −4 5⎤
⎣ 1 7 −7 24⎦ ⎢ ⎥
ii [A∣B] = ⎢ 4 5 4 −7⎥
Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted: ⎣ 7 −6 7 4⎦
⎡1 0 0 3⎤ Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted:
⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 7⎥ ⎡1 0 1 0⎤
⎣0 0 1 4⎦ ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 0⎥
The system is consistent and has one unique solution. ⎣0 0 0 1⎦
The three planes intersect at (3, 7, 4).
The final row is a false statement, so this system has no
iii Geometrically the solution indicates the planes solution.
intersect at one unique point.
iii Geometrically the solution represents an inconsistent
e i 6x + 3y − 24z = 8 system with distinct planes intersecting as pairs.
−3x − y + 6z = −2
4x + 8z = 10

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
68 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4

13 a 8x − 2y + 3z = 1 [1] b p1 ∶ −6x + 8y + 5z = 11
−8x + 6y + z = −5 [2] p2 ∶ −12x + 16y + 10z = −5c
[1] + [2] p3 ∶ 24x − 32y − 20z = 0
4y + 4z = −4 [3] n1 = −6î + 8ĵ + 5k̂
~
Let z = t n~ 2 = 2n̂1
4y + 4t = −4 n~ 3 = −4n~ ̂1
−4 − 4t ∴ All three planes are parallel.
y = p1 ≠ m × p2 , p2 ≠ m × p3 , p1 ≠ m × p3 where m ∈ R
4
y = −1 − t The planes are parallel yet distinct. This is an inconsistent
system with zero solutions.
Rewrite [2]∶ c p1 ∶ 4x + 7y − 4z = 5
−8x + 6 (−1 − t) + t = −5 p2 ∶ 16x + 28y − 16z = −3
−8x − 6 − 6t + t = −5 p3 ∶ 7x − z = −1
−8x = 1 + 5t
n1 = 4î + 7ĵ − 4k̂
~
1 + 5t
x = n~ 2 = 4n̂1
−8
n~ 3 ≠ m × n~ 1 , n~ 3 ≠ m × n~ 2 , where m ∈ R.
−1 − 5t
x = ∴ Planes p1 and p2 are parallel and distinct. This is an
8 inconsistent system, with two parallel distinct planes, with
The parametric equation of the line of intersection is p3 intersecting p1 and p2 as separate lines. Therefore zero
given by: solutions exist.
−1 − 5t d p1 ∶ −7x + 4y − z = 5
x= , y = −1 − t, z = t
8
p2 ∶ −42x + 24y − 6z = −1
b −3x − 2y + z = −1 [1]
p3 ∶ −3x − 2y + 5z = 7
7x + y + 5z = 6 [2]
n̂1 = −7î + 4ĵ − k̂
[1] + 2 [2]
n̂2 = 6n̂1
11x + 11z = 11
n̂3 ≠ m × n̂1 , n̂3 ≠ m × n̂2 , where m ∈ R.
Let z = t ∴ Planes p1 and p2 are parallel and distinct. This is an
11x + 11t = 11 inconsistent system, with two parallel distinct planes, with
11 − 11t p3 intersecting p1 and p2 as seperate lines. Therefore zero
x =
11 solutions exist.
15 p1 ∶ 8x + 12y − 4z = 16
x = 1−t
p2 ∶ 4x + 6y − 2z = d2
Rewriting [2]∶
p3 ∶ a3 x + 18y − 6z = 24
7 (1 − t) + y + 5 (t) = 6 n~ 1 = pn~ 2 = qn~ 3 , where p, q ∈ R
7 − 7t + y + 5t = 6 a1 8
= = 2 ∴ n~ 1 = 2n~ 2
y = −1 + 2t a2 4
The parametric equation for the line of intersection is 16
d2 = =8
given by: 2
x = 1 − t, y = −1 + 2t, z = t b1 12 2 2
2 7 1 = = ∴ n~ 1 = n~ 3
c x − y + z = 2 [1] b3 18 3 3
3 6 2 3
a3 = × 8 = 12
−4x + 7y + −3z = −11 [2] 2
6 × [1] + [2] Therefore d2 = 8 and a3 = 12
0x + 0y + 0z = 1 16 a p1 ∶ − 4x − 2y + 5z = −18
Alternatively, − 6n~ 1 = n~ 2 11
p2 ∶ 5x + 3y − z = 26
The planes do not intersect as they are parallel yet distinct. 2
No solution exists. The system can be converted into the augmented matrix:
14 a p1 ∶2x + 3y − 4z = 8 ⎡−4 −2 5 −18⎤
p2 ∶2x + 3y − 4z = −5 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5 −11
p3 ∶2x + 3y − 4z = −4 [A∣B] = ⎢ 3 26⎥⎥
2
⎢ ⎥
n1 = n2 = n3 = 2î + 3ĵ − 4k̂
~ ~ ~ ⎣ 0 0 0 0⎦
∴ All three planes are parallel. Reducing to triangular form using technology, results in:
p1 ≠ m × p2 , p2 ≠ m × p3 , p1 ≠ m × p3 where m ∈ R ⎡1 0 −2 1⎤
The planes are parallel yet distinct. This is an inconsistent ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 1.5 7⎥
system with zero solutions.
⎣0 0 0 0⎦
The system has infinitely many solutions because the
planes intersect in a line.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 69

y + 1.5z = 7 [1] The system has infinitely many solutions because the
x − 2z = 1 [2] planes intersect in a line.
−4x − 2y + 5z = −18 [3] y + z = −1 [1]
Let z = t as it is the free variable. 3x + 2y − 16z = 22 [2]
From [1], Let z = t as it is the free variable.
y + 1.5t = 7 From [1]:
y = 7 − 1.5t y + t = −1
Sub y = 7 − 1.5t into [3] y = −1 − t
−4x − 2 (7 − 1.5t) + 5t = −18 Substitute y = −1 − t into [2]
−4x − 14 + 3t + 5t = −18 3x + 2 (−1 − t) − 16t = 22
−4x = −18 + 14 − 8t 3x − 2 − 2t − 16t = 22
−4 − 8t 3x = 24 + 18t
x= = 1 + 2t x = 8 + 6t
−4
In parametric form, the solution to the system is,
In parametric form, the solution to the system is,
x = 8 + 6t
x = 1 + 2t
y = −1 − t
3
y=7− t z=t
2
This is a consistent system with the solution representing
z=t the intersection of three planes in the form of a line.
Vector equation of line: Note: The solution could easily be expressed as a vector
3 equation,
r~ = (î + 7ĵ) + t 2î − ĵ + k̂
( 2 ) r~ = (8î − 1ĵ + 0k̂) + t (6î − ĵ + k̂).
| î −ĵ k̂| b 6x + 5y − 4z = 42
| |
b n~ 1 × n~ 2 = |−4 −2 5| −3x + 4y + 28z = 135
| |
|| 5 3 −5.5|| x − 4y − 20z = −109
|−2 5| |−4 5| |−4 −2|
= î| | − ĵ| | + k̂ | | n~ 1 = 6î + 5ĵ − 4k̂
|| 3 −5.5|| || 5 |
−5.5| || 5 3||
n~ 2 = −3î + 4ĵ + 28k̂
= −4î + 3ĵ − 2k ̂
n3 = î − 4ĵ − 20k̂
~
Comparing the two solutions:
None of the normal are parallel.
n~ 1 × n~ 2 = −4î + 3ĵ − 2k̂ and,
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
3
r~ = (î + 7ĵ) + t 2î − ĵ + k̂ = (6î + 5ĵ − 4k̂) ⋅ (−3î + 4ĵ + 28k̂) × (î − 4ĵ − 20k̂)
( 2 )
3 | 6 5 −4|
where d~ = −2î − ĵ + k ̂ | |
2 = |−3 4 28|
| |
n~ 1 × n~ 2 = −2 × d~ || 1 −4 −20||
∴n~ 1 × n~ 2 ∥ d~ | 4 28| |−3 28| |−3 4|
The vector product of the normals is parallel to the = 6| | − 5| | + −4 | |
||−4 −20|| || 1 −20|| || 1 −4||
directional vector of the line of intersection formed by the
=0
two planes.
The three planes are coplanar, and not parallel.
17 a n~ 1 = 3î + 2ĵ − 16k̂
Geometrically, this could be the planes intersecting in a
n~ 2 = −4î − 4ĵ + 20k̂
line or not at all.
n~ 3 = î + 3ĵ − 3k̂ ⎡ 6 5 −4 42⎤
None of the normal are parallel. ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢−3 4 28 135⎥
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 = (3î + 2ĵ − 16k̂) ⋅ (−4î − 4ĵ + 20k̂) × (î + 3ĵ − 3k̂) ⎣ 1 −4 −20 −109⎦
| 3 2 −16|
| | ⎡1 0 −4 −13⎤
= |−4 −4 20| ⎢ ⎥
| | [A∣B] = ⎢0 1 4 24⎥
|| 1 3 −3|| ⎣0 0 0 0⎦
|−4 20| |−4 20| |−4 −4|
= 3| | − 2| | + −16 | | The system has infinitely many solutions because the
|| 3 −3|| || 1 −3|| || 1 3|| planes intersect in a line.
=0 y + 4z = 24 [1]
The three planes are coplanar, and not parallel. Geometri- x − 4z = −13 [2]
cally, this could be the planes intersecting in a line or not Let z = t as it is the free variable.
at all.
From [1],
⎡3 2 −16 22⎤
⎢ ⎥ y + 4t = 24
[A∣B] = ⎢−4 −4 20 −28⎥
y = 24 − 4t
⎣1 3 −3 5⎦
[2] only contains x and y:
⎡1 0 −6 8⎤ x − 4t = −13
⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 1 −1⎥ x = −13 + 4t
⎣0 0 0 0⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
70 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4

In parametric form, the solution to the system is, In parametric form, the solution to the system is,
x = −13 + 4t x = −6 + t
y = 24 − 4t y = 22 − 2.5t
z=t z=t
This is a consistent system with the solution representing This is a consistent system with the solution representing
the intersection of three planes in the form of a line. the intersection of three planes in the form of a line.
Note: The solution could easily be expressed as a vector Note: The solution could easily be expressed as a vector
equation, r~ = (−13î + 24ĵ + 0k̂) + t (4î − 4ĵ + k̂). equation, r~ = (−6î + 22ĵ + 0k̂) + t (î − 2.5ĵ + k̂).
11 d 4x + 2y − 18z = 58
c −3x + y + z = 40
2 8x + 8y − 32z = 120
5x + 4y + 5z = 58 x + y − 4z = 15
3x + 5y +
19
z = 92 n~ 1 = 4î + 2ĵ − 18k̂
2 n~ 2 = 8î + 8ĵ − 32k̂
n~ 1 = −3î + ĵ +
11 ̂
k n3 = î + ĵ − 4k̂
~
2 None of the normal are parallel.
n~ 2 = 5î + 4ĵ + 5k̂ n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
19 ̂ = (4î + 2ĵ − 18k̂) ⋅ (8î + 8ĵ − 32k̂) × (î + ĵ − 4k̂)
n~ 3 = 3î + 5ĵ + k
2 |4 2 −18|
| |
None of the normals are parallel. = |8 8 −32|
| |
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 ||1 1 −4||
11 19 |8 −32| |8 −32| |8 8|
= −3î + ĵ + k̂ ⋅ (5î + 4ĵ + 5k̂) × 3î + 5ĵ + k̂ = 4| | − 2| | + −18 | |
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ||1 −4|| |
|1 |
−4| ||1 1||
|−3 1 11 | =0
| 2 ||
| The three planes are coplanar, and not parallel. Geometri-
| | cally, this could be the planes intersecting in a line or not
=| 5 4 5|
| | at all.
| 19 |
| 3 5 | ⎡4 2 −18 58⎤
|| 2 || ⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢8 8 −32 120⎥
|4 5| |5 5|
| | | | 11 |5 4| ⎣1 1 −4 15⎦
= −3 | | | |
19 | − 1 | 19 || + | |
5 3 2 ||3 5|| ⎡1 0 −5 14⎤
| 2|| | 2| | ⎢ ⎥
| | [A∣B] = ⎢0 1 1 1⎥
=0 ⎣0 0 0 0⎦
The three planes are coplanar, and not parallel. Geometri- The system has infinitely many solutions because the
cally, this could be the planes intersecting in a line or not planes intersect in a line.
at all. y+z=1 [1]
⎡−3 1 11 40⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ x − 5z = 14 [2]
⎢ ⎥ Let z = t as it is the free variable.
[A∣B] = ⎢ 5 4 5 58 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ From R2 :
⎢ 3 5 19 y+t=1
92⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ y=1−t
⎡1 0 −1 −6⎤ [2] only contains x and y:
⎢ ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 2.5 22⎥ x − 5t = 14
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ x = 14 + 5t
The system has infinitely many solutions because the In parametric form, the solution to the system is,
planes intersect in a line. x = 14 + 5t
y + 2.5z = 22 [1] y=1−t
x − z = −6 [2] z=t
Let z = t as it is the free variable. This is a consistent system with the solution representing
From [1], the intersection of three planes in the form of a line.
y + 2.5t = 22 Note: the solution could easily be expressed as a vector
y = 22 − 2.5t equation, r~ = (14î + ĵ + 0k̂) + t (5î − ĵ + k̂).
Substitute 22 − 2.5t into [2] 18 a −5x + 7y + 44z = 79
x − t = −6 9x + 8y − 38z = 2
x = −6 + t 4x − 2y − 28z = −38

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.4 71

⎧x = −6 + 6t
⎪ b d~ = 3î + ĵ − k,̂ n~ = 2î − 3ĵ + 3k̂
Test solution∶ ⎨y = 7 − 2t d~ ⋅ n~ = (3î + ĵ − k̂) ⋅ (2î − 3ĵ + 3k̂)
⎪
⎩z = t = 3 × 2 + 1 × −3 + −1 × 3
p1 : =6−3−3
LHS = −5 (−6 + 6t) + 7 (7 − 2t) + 44 (t) =0
= 30 − 30t + 49 − 14t + 44t The line and plane are parallel. Calculate a point on line
= 79 (k = 0) and determine if it lies on the plane.
LHS = RHS k = 0, r~ = 2î + 7ĵ − 9k̂
p2 : Substitute (2, 7, −9) into p1 :
LHS = 9 (−6 + 6t) + 8 (7 − 2t) − 38 (t) 2 × 2 − 3 × 7 + 3 × −9 = 4
= −54 + 54t + 56 − 16t − 38t −44 ≠ 4
=2 The point does not exist on the plane meaning the line is
LHS = RHS parallel yet distinct to the plane.
p3 : Zero solutions exist.
LHS = 4 (−6 + 6t) + −2 (7 − 2t) − 28 (t) c d~ = 2î + 4ĵ − 6k,̂ n~ = −3î − 2ĵ + k̂
= −24 − 24t − 14 + 4t − 28t d ⋅ n = (2î + 4ĵ − 6k̂) ⋅ (−3î − 2ĵ + k̂)
~ ~
= −38 = 2 × −3 + 4 × −2 + −6 × 1
LHS = RHS = −6 − 8 − 6
The parametric equation satisfies all equations in the = −20
system. It is a valid solution set. The line and plane are not parallel meaning a unique
b −7x − 3y + 22z = 136 solution must exist.
2x + 2y − 4z = −24 ⎧x = 1 + 2k
⎪
2x − y − 10z = −63 l1 ∶ ⎨y = −2 + 4k
⎪
⎧x = −25 + 4t ⎩ z = 5 − 6k
⎪
Test solution∶ ⎨y = 13 − 2t −3 (1 + 2k) − 2 (−2 + 4k)
⎪ +1 (5 − 6k) + 34 = 0
⎩z = t
p1 : −3 − 6k + 4 − 8k + 5 − 6k = −34
LHS = −7 (−25 + 4t) − 3 (13 − 2t) + 22t 6 − 20k = −34
= 175 − 28t − 39 + 6t + 22t −34 − 6
k=
= 136 −20
LHS = RHS k=2
p2 :
Determine the intersection point:
LHS = 2 (−25 + 4t) + 2 (13 − 2t) − 4t
⎧x = 1 + 2 × 2 = 5
= −50 + 8t + 26 − 4t − 4t ⎪
l1 ∶ ⎨y = −2 + 4 × 2 = 6
= −24 ⎪
⎩ z = 5 − 6 × 2 = −7
LHS = RHS
The line intersects the plane at P (5, 6, −7).
p3 :
20 a 5 (2 + 4k) − 3 (−1 − 2k) + 2 (7 − 3k) − 47 = 0
LHS = 2 (−25 + 4t) − (13 − 2t) − 10t
10 + 20k + 3 + 6k + 14 − 6k − 47 = 0
= −50 + 8t − 13 + 2t − 10t
20k − 20 = 0
= −63
20
LHS = RHS k=
20
The parametric equation satisfies all equations in the
system. It is a valid solution set. k=1
19 a d~ = 4î + 6ĵ − 2k,̂ n~ = 5î − 2ĵ + 4k̂ A unique solution exists.
d ⋅ n = (4î + 6ĵ − 2k̂) ⋅ (5î − 2ĵ + 4k̂) ⎧x = 2 + 4 × 1 = 6
~ ~ ⎪
= 4 × 5 + 6 × −2 + −2 × 4 1∶ ⎨y = −1 − 2 × 1 = −3 k = 1
⎪
=0 ⎩z = 7 − 3 × 1 = 4
The line and plane are parallel. Calculate a point on line The line intersects the plane at a P (6, −3, 4)
(k = 0) and determine if it lies on the plane. b 3 (5 − 2k) − 2 (4 − 9k) + 4 (1 − 3k) = 37
k = 0, r~ = 2î + 3ĵ + k̂ 15 − 6k − 8 + 18k + 4 − 12k = 37
Substitute (2, 3, 1) into p1 : 0k + 11 = 37
5×2−2×3+4×1=8 0k = 26
8=8 There are no possible values for k that make this equation
The point exists on the plane meaning the line lies on the true. The line is parallel yet distinct from the plane
plane. meaning there are zero solutions.
There are infinitely many solutions.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
72 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.5

c Test if plane and line are parallel. g X = D−1 E

d~ ⋅ n~ = (3î + 2 ĵ − k)̂ ⋅ (5î − 7 ĵ + k)̂ ⎡−3⎤
⎢ ⎥
= 15 − 14 − 1 = ⎢ 4⎥
=0 ⎣−3⎦
∴ d~ ⊥ n~ h X = B−1 C
The plane and line are parallel.
1
5(1 + 3k) − 7(−3 + 2k) + (−2 − k) − 24 = 0 =
[1]
5 + 15k + 21 − 14k − 2 − k − 24 = 0
0k + 24 − 24 = 0 2 a A3 × B2 = B2 × A3
0k = 0 ⎡−1936 −420 1140⎤
The line lies on the plane. Infinitely many solutions exist ⎢ ⎥
LHS = ⎢ 7242 1480 −4166⎥
along the line given by l1 .
⎣ 186 −48 −14⎦
21 l1 ∶ (−2î − 3ĵ − 5k̂) + k (−6î − 4ĵ − k̂)
⎡2120 −1256 1264⎤
Write l1 in parametric form: ⎢ ⎥
x = −2 − 6k RHS = ⎢5634 −3416 3418⎥
⎣1410 −816 826⎦
y = −3 − 4k
z = −5 − k LHS ≠ RHS
Substitute the parametric equation into the equation for the ∴ The statement is false.
plane. b A3 B3 = (AB)3
24 (−2 − 6k) − 16 (−3 − 4k) − 31 (−5 − k) = −16 ⎡−6392 4744 −2464⎤
⎢ ⎥
−48 − 144k + 48 + 64k + 155 + 31k = −16 LHS = ⎢ 23364 −17950 9618⎥
Determine an expression for the parameter, k: ⎣ 84 −654 626⎦
−49k = −16 − 155 ⎡−2816 −10500 12924⎤
171 ⎢ ⎥
k= RHS = ⎢ 4248 15616 −19224⎥
49 ⎣−4536 −17016 20944⎦
171 LHS ≠ RHS
Determine the location on the line when k = .
49 ∴ Statement is false.
171 −1124
x = −2 − 6 =
( 49 ) 49 178 −250
171 −831 3 a A3 =
y = −3 − 4 = [125 303]
( 49 ) 49
⎡ 1114 586 ⎤
171 −416 ⎢ 343 343 ⎥
z = −5 − = b A2 × (B−1 )3 = ⎢ 599 ⎥
( 49 ) 49 281 ⎥
⎢−
The plane is intersected by the line at ⎣ 343 343 ⎦
−1124 −831 −416 −1
, , or (1124, 831, 416) ⎡ 74 −62 30⎤
( 49 49 49 ) 49 ⎢ ⎥
c 2D3 = ⎢ 30 −152 84⎥
⎣210 −48 26⎦
Exercise 3.5 — Using technology for matrix ⎡122 121 120⎤
⎢ ⎥
calculations d ⎢119 118 117⎥ = D2 − 5X
−65 −139 ⎣116 115 114⎦
1 a 11A − 8B = ⎡122 121 120⎤
[−119 −227]
⎢ ⎥
⎢119 118 117⎥ − D2 = −5X
⎡ −84 138 ⎤
⎢ 5 5 ⎥ ⎣116 115 114⎦
1
b (AB) = ⎢ −284 ⎥
536 ⎥ ⎛⎡122 121 120⎤ ⎞
5 ⎢ −1 ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟
⎣ 5 5 ⎦ 119 118 117⎥ − D2 ⎟ = X
5 ⎜⎢
c det (B) = −108 ⎝⎣116 115 114⎦ ⎠
d ∣D∣ = 4 ⎡ −108 −24
−121 ⎤
⎡ −11 1⎤ ⎢ 5 5 ⎥
⎢ 18 ⎢ ⎥
6⎥ ⎢ −104 −123 ⎥
e A−1 = ⎢ 5 ⎥ X=⎢ 5 −21
⎢ −1 ⎥ 5 ⎥
⎢ −91 −123 −108 ⎥⎥
⎣ 54 18 ⎦ ⎢
⎡ −9 −3 −11⎤ ⎣ 5 5 5 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −7 −1 −4⎥
f D−1 =⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ −1 −1 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0
⎣ 2 2 ⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.5 73

⎡10 −8 −2 3⎤ 6 a (A − B) (A + B)
⎢ ⎥ −8 2 1 −6 −8 2 1 −6
4 a [A∣B] = ⎢14 −19 −5 −12⎥
= − × +
⎣15 −12 −3 7⎦ ([−3 5] [4 −9]) ([−3 5] [4 −9])

⎡1 0 1 0⎤⎥ −9 8 −7 −4
⎢ 39 =
⎢ ⎥ ([−7 14]) ([ 1 −4])
rref = ⎢0 1 11 0⎥
⎢ 39 ⎥ 71 4
⎢ ⎥ =
⎣0 0 0 1⎦ [63 −28]
The final row given by the equation, b (A + B)2
5 2
0x + 0y + 0z = is a false statement. −8 2 1 −6
2 = +
It is an inconsistent system. ([−3 5] [4 −9])
2
−8 −7 12 −7 −4
b [A∣B] = =
[ 16 14 −20] [ 1 −4]
−8 −7 12 45 44
ref∶ =
[ 16 14 −20] [−11 12]
⎡1 −7 −3 ⎤
⎢ 8 2 ⎥ 8 −32
[A∣B] = ⎢ ⎥ 7 a A=
[2 −8 ]
⎣0 0 4⎦
2
The final row given by the equation, 0x + 0y = 4 is a false 8 −32 0 0
statement. The lines are parallel yet distinct. A2 = =
[2 −8 ] [0 0]
It is an inconsistent system.
⎡ 3 4 7 −8 −96⎤ A is nilpotent.
⎢ ⎥ 9 −81
2 6 −1 0 26⎥
c [A∣B] = ⎢⎢ b B=
⎢−4 7 2 6 72⎥⎥ [1 −9 ]
⎣ 4 3 −2 −1 8⎦ 2
9 −81 0 0
B2 = =
⎡ 3 4 7 −8 −96 ⎤ [1 −9 ] [0 0]
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 6 −1 0 26 ⎥ A is nilpotent.
rref∶ = ⎢
⎢−4 7 2 6 72 ⎥⎥ 6 −3
⎣ 4 3 −2 −1 8⎦ 8 a A=
[10 −5]
⎡1 0 0 0 −2⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥ 6 −3 6 −3
0 1 0 0 4⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢⎢ ⎥
A2 = =
[10 −5] [10 −5]
⎢0 0 1 0 −6⎥
⎣0 0 0 1 8⎦ A is idempotent.
A unique solution occurs at (w, x, y, z) = (−2, 4, −6, 8) −6 6
b B=
It is a consistent system. [−7 7]
⎡5 −3 1 19⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥ 2 −6 6 −6 6
d [A∣B] = ⎢6 −9 8 23⎥ B = =
[−7 7] [−7 7]
⎣12 −3 −4 41⎦
A is idempotent.
⎡5 −3 1 19⎤ −2 −4
⎢ ⎥ 9 A=
rref∶ ⎢ 6 −9 8 23⎥ [ 7 0]
⎣12 −3 −4 41⎦
A2 + 2A = −28I
⎡1 0 0 6⎤ 2
⎢ ⎥ −2 −4 −2 −4
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 5⎥ LHS = +2
([ 7 0 ]) [ 7 0]
⎣0 0 1 4⎦
A unique solution occurs when the three planes intersect at −24 8 −4 −8
(x, y, z) = (6, 5, 4). = +
[−14 −28 ] [ 14 0]
It is a consistent system.
78 34 14 −28 0
5 Total cost = [0.35 0.58] × =
[17 11 10] [ 0 −28 ]

= [37.16 18.28 10.70] 1 0

= −28
Total cost for coffee is $37.16. [0 1]
Total cost for tea is $18.28.
= −28I
Total cost for juice is $10.70.
= RHS

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
74 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.6

10 A2 B = A (AB) Exercise 3.6 — Dominance and Leslie matrices

2
⎡5 −3 −2⎤ ⎡7 4 1⎤ 1 a C
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A 2 B = ⎢4 0 −6⎥ ⎢9 8 1⎥
⎣2 7 5 ⎦ ⎣2 9 2 ⎦
T K
⎡−202 −214 −24⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢−506 −742 −122⎥
⎣555 235 35⎦ B
⎡5 −3 −2⎤ ⎛⎡5 −3 −2⎤ ⎡7 4 1 ⎤⎞ B K T C
⎢ ⎥ ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟
A (AB) = ⎢4 0 −6⎥ × ⎜⎢4 0 −6⎥ × ⎢9 8 1 ⎥⎟ ⎡0 1 1 0⎤ Breanna
⎣2 7 5⎦ ⎝⎣2 7 5 ⎦ ⎣2 9 2 ⎦⎠ ⎢ ⎥
b M = ⎢0 0 0 1⎥ Kayley
⎡−202 −214 −24⎤ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥⎥ Teagan
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
= ⎢−506 −742 −122⎥ ⎣1 0 1 0⎦ Cameron
⎣ 555 235 35⎦ ⎡0 1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡0 1 1 0⎤
LHS = RHS ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
0 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1⎥
M2 = ⎢⎢
∴ A2 B = A (AB)
⎢0 1 0 0⎥⎥ ⎢⎢0 1 0 0⎥⎥
11 x + y + z = 25 [1] ⎣1 0 1 0 ⎦ ⎣1 0 1 0⎦
2x + 2y + z = 43 [2] ⎡0 1 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
z = x − 1 [3a] 1 0 1 0⎥
= ⎢⎢
−x + z = −1 [3b] ⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 | 25 ⎤ ⎣0 2 1 0⎦
⎢ | ⎥
[A∣B] = ⎢ 2 2 1 | 43 ⎥ ⎡2⎤ ⎡2⎤ ⎡2⎤ ⎡2⎤ ⎡4⎤
| ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣−1 0 1 ||−1 ⎦ 1⎥ 2⎥ 1 2 3
V1 = ⎢ ⎥ V2 = ⎢ ⎥ V1 + V2 = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎢
⎡ 1 1 1 | 25 ⎤ 1
⎢ ⎥ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢1⎥
1 0
⎢ | ⎥
rref∶ ⎢ 2 2 1 | 43 ⎥ ⎣2⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣2⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣5⎦
|
⎣−1 0 1 ||−1 ⎦ The players would be ranked Cameron, Breanna, Kayley,
⎡1 0 0 | 8 ⎤ Teagan.
⎢ | ⎥ 2 M A J
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 |10 ⎥
| ⎡0 1 1⎤ M ⎡2⎤
⎣0 0 1 || 7 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
The unknown numbers are 8, 10 and 7. M = ⎢0 0 1⎥ A giving V = ⎢1⎥ .
⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡5⎤ ⎣0 0 0⎦ J ⎣0⎦
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ This means that the players can be ranked Mair, Ann, Janine.
12 a [5 5 c] ⎢4 5 6⎥ ⎢5⎥ = −100
⎣ 7 8 9 ⎦ ⎣ c⎦ B C L H
LHS: ⎡0 1 0 0 ⎤ B
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡5⎤ 3 a M = ⎢0 0 0 1 ⎥ C
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢1 1 0 0 ⎥ L
[5 5 c ] ⎢4 5 6⎥ ⎢5⎥ = 9c + 120c + 300 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 7 8 9 ⎦ ⎣ c⎦ ⎣1 0 1 0 ⎦ H
∴ 9c2 + 120c + 300 = −100 ⎡0 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
9c2 + 120c + 400 = 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 ⎥
M = ⎢⎢
2
⎥⎢ ⎥
−20 ⎢1 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 1 0 0 ⎥
c= ⎣1 0 1 0 ⎦ ⎣1 0 1 0 ⎦
3
⎡0 0 0 1⎤
⎡ 5⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥ 1 0 1 0⎥
−20 ⎢1 = ⎢⎢
2
⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ 1⎥⎥
b LHS = 5 5
3 ] ⎢4 5 6⎥ ⎢ ⎢0 1 0
[ −20 ⎥⎥ ⎣1
⎣7 8 9⎦ ⎢ 2 0 0⎦
⎣ 3 ⎦
⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡2⎤
= [−100] ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 2 1 2 3
= RHS V1 = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ V2 = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ V1 + V2 = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ + ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
2
⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢4⎥
2
∴ LHS = RHS ⎣2⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣2⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣5⎦
The houses are ranked Hamilton, Leslie, Cunningham,
Barnes.
b Hamilton received 20 points.
Leslie received 15 points.
Cunningham received 10 points.
Barnes received 5 points.

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.6 75

4 a C W G S I b Let N2 = the number of crocodiles that survive to

⎡0 0 1 1 0⎤ C 2 year’s of age
⎢ ⎥ N2 = 0.6 × N1
⎢1 0 1 1 0⎥ W
M = ⎢0 0 0 0 1⎥ G = 0.6 × 6
⎢ ⎥ = 3.6
⎢0 0 1 0 1⎥ S
⎣1 1 0 0 0⎦ I 6 a A 2 -year-old female rat produces, on average, 1.4 females
per year
⎡0 0 1 1 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0 1 1 0⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ b 50% of two-year-olds live to age 3.
⎢1 0 1 1 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 1 0⎥ c N3 = L2 × N1
2
b M = ⎢0 0 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0 1⎥ 2
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡0.7 1.4 0.7⎤ ⎡33⎤
⎢0 0 1 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0.4 0 0⎥ ⎢18⎥
⎣1 1 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣1 1 0 0 0⎦
⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣ 8⎦
⎡0 0 1 0 2⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡62.51⎤
⎢0 0 2 1 2⎥ ⎢
= ⎢21.56⎥
⎥
= ⎢1 1 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 6.6 ⎦
⎢1 1 0 0 1⎥
The total female population is 62.51 + 21.56 + 6.6
⎣1 0 2 2 0⎦
= 90.67 ⇒ 91
⎡0 0 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡0 0 1 1 0⎤ So in total there are 91 female rats.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 2 1 2 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 1 0⎥ d N9 = L8 × N1
3
M = ⎢1 1 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0 1⎥ ⎡0.7 1.4 0.7⎤ ⎡33⎤
8
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 1 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 1⎥ = ⎢0.4 0 0⎥ ⎢18⎥
⎣1 0 2 2 0 ⎦ ⎣1 1 0 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣ 8⎦
⎡2 2 0 0 1⎤ ⎡232⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢2 2 1 0 3⎥ ≈ ⎢ 75⎥
= ⎢1 0 2 2 0⎥ ⎣ 30⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢2 1 2 2 0⎥ Total females = 232 + 75 + 30 = 337 rats
⎣0 0 3 1 4⎦ Total population = 2 × 337 = 674 rats.
⎡2⎤ ⎡3⎤ ⎡5 ⎤ 7 a 1-year-old birds, on average, produce 0 new birds.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ b 2-year-old birds, on average, produce 3.1 new birds.
3
⎢ ⎥ 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢8 ⎥
V1 = ⎢1⎥ V2 = ⎢2⎥ V3 = ⎢5⎥ c On average, 0.2 of 1-year-old birds survive the first year.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ d N3 = L2 × N1
⎢2⎥ ⎢3⎥ ⎢7 ⎥ 2
⎣2⎦ ⎣5⎦ ⎣8 ⎦ ⎡ 0 3.1 2.2⎤ ⎡245⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡2⎤ ⎡3⎤ ⎡5⎤ = ⎢0.2 0 0 ⎥ ⎢101⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 0.4 0 ⎦ ⎣ 32⎦
3
⎢ ⎥ 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢8⎥ ⎡241⎤
V1 + 0.8V2 + 0.5V3 = ⎢1⎥ + 0.8 ⎢2⎥ + 0.5 ⎢5⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 77⎥
⎢2⎥ ⎢3⎥ ⎢7⎥
⎣2⎦ ⎣5⎦ ⎣8⎦ ⎣ 20⎦
⎡6.9⎤ The total female population is
⎢ ⎥ 241 + 77 + 20 = 338.
⎢ 11⎥ ⎡ 0 0.50 0.45 0.4⎤
= ⎢5.1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0.9 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ 8 a L = ⎢⎢
⎢7.9⎥ 0⎥⎥
⎣ 10⎦ ⎢ 0 0.85 0
⎣ 0 0 0.50 0⎦
The ranking is Warwick, Ipswich, Stanthorpe, Clifton,
Goondiwindi. ⎡ 450⎤
⎢ ⎥
2200⎥
Dividing 15 points in the ratio 5∶4∶3∶2∶1 gives 5 points b N1 = ⎢⎢ ⎥
for 1st place. The points would be allocated as follows: ⎢ 860⎥
Warwick 5 points ⎣ 55⎦
Ipswich 4 points N5 = L4 × N1
Stanthorpe 3 points ⎡ 0 0.50 0.45 0.4⎤
4
⎡ 450⎤
Clifton 2 points ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0.9 0 0 0⎥ ⎢2200⎥
Goondiwindi 1 point = ⎢⎢
⎢ 0 0.85 0 0⎥⎥ ⎢ 860⎥
⎢ ⎥
5 a Let N1 = the number of crocodiles that survive to
⎣ 0 0 0.50 0⎦ ⎣ 55⎦
1 year of age
N1 = 0.15 × 40 ⎡1136⎤
⎢ ⎥
1087⎥
=6 = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢ 930⎥
⎣ 577⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
76 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7

The total female population is 1136 + 1087 + 930 + 577 = iii 3 stages later
3730 3
⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0.2⎤ ⎡0.354⎤
Number of males and females = 2 × 3730 = 7460 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.254⎥
The Total sheep population is 7460 sheep. ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0.6⎦ ⎣0.392⎦
number at beginning 280
9 a i = ≈ 0.85 iv 4 stages later
number at end 330 4
870 ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0.2⎤ ⎡0.353⎤
ii ≈ 0.99 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
880 P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.255⎥
0 ⎣0.4 0.6
iii =0 0.25⎦ ⎣0.6⎦ ⎣0.392⎦
150
number born 0 c i 1 stage later
b i = =0 ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0.3⎤
number at beginning 330
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
350 P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.3⎥
ii ≈ 0.4
880 ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.4⎦
12
iii = 0.08 ii 2 stages later
150 2
⎡ 0 0.40 0.08⎤ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0.35⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
c L = ⎢0.85 P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.25⎥
0 0⎥
⎣ 0 0.99 ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.40⎦
0⎦
iii 3 stages later
⎡330⎤ 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0.355⎤
d N1 = ⎢880⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.255⎥
⎣150⎦
⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.390⎦
N3 = L2 × N. iv 4 stages later
2
⎡ 0 0.40 0.08⎤ ⎡330⎤ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤
4
⎡1⎤ ⎡0.353⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0.85 0 0⎥ ⎢880⎥ P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.255⎥
⎣ 0 0.99 0⎦ ⎣150⎦ ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.393⎦
⎡182⎤ d i 1 stage later
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢309⎥ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0.2⎤
⎣278⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢1⎥ = ⎢0.2⎥
The total female population is 182 + 309 + 278 = 769 ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.6⎦
female sheep. 1538 total population. ii 2 stages later
10 To find the population in the ninth year use the result 2
⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0.40⎤
⎡0.8 2.2 0.6⎤ ⎡65⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢1⎥ = ⎢0.25⎥
L = ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ N1 = ⎢28⎥
⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.35⎦
⎣ 0 0.4 0⎦ ⎣31⎦
iii 3 stages later
N9 = L8 × N1 3
8 ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0.345⎤
⎡0.8 2.2 0.6⎤ ⎡65⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢1⎥ = ⎢0.258⎥
= ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ ⎢28⎥ ⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.398⎦
⎣ 0 0.4 0⎦ ⎣31⎦
iv 4 stages later
⎡2705⎤ 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0.354⎤
= ⎢ 870⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢1⎥ = ⎢0.254⎥
⎣ 223⎦
⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.392⎦
The total number of female mice will be 3798 so we can
assume the mouse population will be 7596. 2 a 0.2 + 0.3 + a = 1
a = 0.5
0.2 + b + 0.1 = 1
Exercise 3.7 — Applications of matrices b = 0.7
1 a 0.2 + 0.2 + x = 1 c + 0.25 + 0.20 = 1
x = 0.6 c = 0.55
b i 1 stage later b i 1 stage later
⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0.2⎤ ⎡0.40⎤ ⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡0.1⎤ ⎡0.445⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.25⎥ P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.345⎥
⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0.6⎦ ⎣0.35⎦ ⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0.7⎦ ⎣0.210⎦
ii 2 stages later ii 2 stages later
2
⎡0.3 0.2 0.50⎤ ⎡0.2⎤ ⎡0.345⎤ 2
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡0.1⎤ ⎡0.274⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
P = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.258⎥ P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.428⎥
⎣0.4 0.6 0.25⎦ ⎣0.6⎦ ⎣0.398⎦ ⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0.7⎦ ⎣0.299⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7 77

iii 3 stages later b AX = 𝜆x

3
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡0.1⎤ ⎡0.305⎤ AX = 7X or AX = −2X
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ a
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.456⎥ Let X = then with 𝜆 = −2
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0.7⎦ ⎣0.239⎦ [b]
iv 4 stages later AX = −2X
4
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡0.1⎤ ⎡0.284⎤ 2 5 a a
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = −2
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0.2⎥ = ⎢0.470⎥ [4 3] [b] [b]
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0.7⎦ ⎣0.246⎦ 2a + 5b = −2a
c i 1 stage later 5b = −4a
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0.2⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ −4a
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.3⎥ b=
5
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.5⎦
⎡ a⎤
ii 2 stages later ⎢ ⎥ 5a
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤
2
⎡1⎤ ⎡0.375⎤ X is any vector of the form ⎢ −4a ⎥ or , since any
⎢ ⎥ [ −4a ]
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 5 ⎦
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.395⎥
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.230⎦ multiple is an eigenvector:
iii 3 stages later With 𝜆 = 7
3 AX = 7X
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡0.281⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 5 a a
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.447⎥ =7
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.273⎦ [4 3] [b] [b]
iv 4 stages later 2a + 5b = 7a
⎡0.2 0.2 0.55⎤
4
⎡1⎤ ⎡0.296⎤ 5b = 5a
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ b=a
P = ⎢0.3 0.7 0.25⎥ ⎢0⎥ = ⎢0.465⎥
⎣0.5 0.1 0.20⎦ ⎣0⎦ ⎣0.240⎦ a
X is any vector of the form
0.70 0.52 [a]
3 a T=
[0.30 0.48] 0.3 0.5
3
5 a A=
[0.7 0.5]
0.70 0.52 1
b State on Friday = ×
[0.30 0.48] [0] 0.3 0.5 λ 0
A − 𝜆I = −
0.6363 [0.7 0.5] [0 λ]
=
[0.3637] 0.3 − λ 0.5
=
The probability of rain on Saturday is 0.636 or 63.6%. [ 0.7 0.5 − λ]
50
0.70 0.52 1 det(A − 𝜆I) = 0
c Long term behaviour = ×
[0.30 0.48] [0] 0.3 − λ 0.5
=0
[ 0.7 0.5 − λ]
0.634146
= (0.3 − 𝜆) (0.5 − 𝜆) − 0.35 = 0
[0.365854]
0.15 − 0.3𝜆 − 0.5𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 0.35 = 0
The long term probability of rain is 0.634 and dry is 𝜆2 − 0.8𝜆 − 0.2 = 0
0.36585. (𝜆 + 0.2) (l − 𝜆) = 0
2 5
4 a A= 𝜆 = −0.2 or 𝜆 = 1
[4 3] b AX = 𝜆X
2 5 𝜆 0 AX = −0.2X or AX = X
A − 𝜆I = − a
[4 3] [ 0 𝜆] Let X = with 𝜆 = −0.2
[b]
2−𝜆 5
= AX = −0.2X
[ 4 3 − 𝜆]
0.3 0.5 a a
det(A − 𝜆I) = 0 = −0.2
[0.7 0.5] [ b] [b]
2−𝜆 5 0.3a + 0.5b = −0.2a
=0
[ 4 3 − 𝜆] 0.5b = −0.5a
(2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆) − 20 = 0 b = −a
6 − 2𝜆 − 3𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 20 = 0
a
𝜆2 − 5𝜆 − 14 = 0 X is any vector of the form
[−a]
(𝜆 − 7)(𝜆 + 2) = 0
𝜆 = 7 𝜆 = −2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
78 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7

With 𝜆 = 1 8 a This entry means it takes 0.6 units of T to make 1 unit

AX = X of G.
0.3 0.5 a a b 1 unit of H
= ⎡0⎤
[0.7 0.5] [b] [b] ⎢ ⎥
Let P = ⎢1⎥ because G = 0, H = 1, T = 0
0.7a + 0.5b = b
⎣0⎦
0.7a = 0.5b
7a = 5b q = Cp
⎡0.3 0.5 0.2⎤ ⎡0⎤
7 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
b= a = ⎢0.2 0.4 0.3⎥ ⎢1⎥
5
⎣0.6 0.1 0.1⎦ ⎣0⎦
⎡ a⎤
⎢ ⎥ 5a ⎡0.5⎤
X is any vector of the form ⎢ 7a ⎥ or , since any ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ [7a] = ⎢0.4⎥
⎣5⎦ ⎣0.1⎦
multiple is an eigenvector. The input q is 0.5 units of G, 0.4 units of H and 0.1 units
t s of T.
6 Let M =
[1 − t 1 − s] c 12 units of G, 15 units of H and 30 units of T.
t s 𝜆 0 ⎡12⎤
M − 𝜆I = − ⎢ ⎥
[1 − t 1 − s] [ 0 𝜆] Let P = ⎢15⎥ because G = 12, H = 15, T = 30
⎣30⎦
t−𝜆 s
= q = Cp
[1 − t 1 − s − 𝜆]
⎡0.3 0.5 0.2⎤ ⎡12⎤
det(M − 𝜆I) = 0 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0.2 0.4 0.3⎥ ⎢15⎥
|t − 𝜆 s| ⎣0.6 0.1 0.1⎦ ⎣30⎦
| |=0
||1 − t 1 − s − 𝜆|| ⎡17.1⎤
(t − 𝜆) (1 − s − 𝜆) − s(1 − t) = 0 ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢17.4⎥
If 𝜆 = 1
⎣11.7⎦
(t − 𝜆)(1 − s − 𝜆) − s(1 − t)
The input q is 17.1 units of G, 17.4 units of H and 11.7
= (t − 1)(1 − s − 1) − s(1 − t)
units of T.
= −s(t − 1) − s(1 − t)
9 a 3 units of G
= s(1 − t) − s(1 − t) ⎡3⎤
=0 ⎢ ⎥
Let P = ⎢0⎥ because G = 3, H = 0, T = 0
Therefore 𝜆 = 1 is a solution to det(M − 𝜆I = 0), so 𝜆 = 1 ⎣0⎦
must be an eigenvalue of any 2 × 2 transition matrix
q = Cp
1 3
7 a A= Show that 𝜆2 − 5𝜆 − 2 = 0 ⎡0.2 0.2 0.1⎤ ⎡3⎤
[2 4] ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0.2 0.4 0.3⎥ ⎢0⎥
1 3 𝜆 0 ⎣0.4 0.1 0.1⎦ ⎣0⎦
A − 𝜆I = −
[2 4] [ 0 𝜆] ⎡0.6⎤
⎢ ⎥
1−𝜆 3 = ⎢0.6⎥
= ⎣1.2⎦
[ 2 4 − 𝜆]
The input needed is 0.6 units of G, 0.6 units of H and 1.2
det(A − 𝜆I) = 0 units of T.
|1 − 𝜆 3 |
| |=0 b 8 units of G, 25 units of H and 10 units of T
|| 2 4 − 𝜆|| ⎡ 8⎤
(1 − 𝜆)(4 − 𝜆) − 6 = 0 ⎢ ⎥
Let p = ⎢25⎥ because G = 8, H = 25, T = 10
4 − 𝜆 − 4𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 6 = 0 ⎣10⎦
𝜆2 − 5𝜆 − 2 = 0, as required
q = Cp
b Show that A2 − 5A − 2I = 0 ⎡0.2 0.2 0.1⎤ ⎡ 8⎤
A2 − 5A − 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0.2 0.4 0.3⎥ ⎢25⎥
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 0 ⎣0.4 0.1 0.1⎦ ⎣10⎦
= −5 −2
[2 4] [2 4] [2 4] [0 1] ⎡ 7.6⎤
⎢ ⎥
1+6 3 + 12 5 15 2 0 = ⎢14.6⎥
= − − ⎣ 6.7⎦
[2 + 8 6 + 16] [10 20] [0 2]
The input needed is 7.6 units of G, 14.6 units of H and 6.7
7 15 7 15 units of T.
= −
[ 10 22] [10 22]

0 0
= , as required
[0 0]

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7 79

10 a P = (I − C)−1 d ⎡45⎤
−1 ⎢ ⎥
⎡⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.3 0.2 0.1⎤⎤ ⎡30⎤ c Let d = ⎢30⎥ because A = 45, B = 30, C = 40.
⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣40⎦
= ⎢⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.2 0.4 0.3⎥⎥ ⎢45⎥
⎣⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0.6 0.1 0.1⎦⎦ ⎣25⎦ P = (I − C)−1 d
−1
⎡109⎤ ⎡⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.2 0.1 0.2⎤⎤ ⎡45⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢171⎥ = ⎢⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.3 0.2 0.1⎥⎥ ⎢30⎥
⎣119⎦ ⎣⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0.1 0.2 0.3⎦⎦ ⎣40⎦
The production that exactly matches the demand is 109 ⎡90⎤
units of G, 171 units of H and 119 units of T ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢83⎥
b ∣I − C∣ = 0.247 ≠ 0 ⎣94⎦
So (I − C)−1 must exist which means it will always be The production that meets the demand is 90 units of A,
possible to find values of P to match the demand d. 83 units of B and 94 units of C.
11 a To produce 1 unit of A requires 0.5 units of C. 14 a 300 mod 26
⎡20⎤ 300 ÷ 26 = 11 remainder 14
⎢ ⎥
b d = ⎢30⎥ 300 mod 26 = 14
⎣10⎦ b 7−1 mod 26
P = (I − C)−1 d From the table in section 3.7.4, 7 × 15 = 1 (mod 26)
⎡⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0.1 0.2⎤⎤ ⎡20⎤
−1 Therefore 7−1 mod 26 = 15
⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥ c −14 mod 26
= ⎢⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.1 0.1 0.2⎥⎥ ⎢30⎥
⎣⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0.5 0.6 0 ⎦⎦ ⎣10⎦ −14 = −1 × 26 + 12
⎡37⎤ −14 ÷ 26 = −1 remainder 12
⎢ ⎥ Therefore −14 mod 26 = 12
= ⎢50⎥
d 200 mod 26
⎣59⎦
200 ÷ 26 = 7 remainder 18
The required output is 37 units of A, 50 units of B and 59
200 mod 26 = 18
units of C.
12 a C S e 8−1 mod 26
From the table in section 3.7.4, 8 has no multiplicative
0.3 0.45 C
c= inverse
[0.4 0.20] S So it is not possible to find 8−1 mod 26
45 f −5 mod 26
b d=
[25] −5 = −1 × 26 + 21
−5 ÷ 26 = −1 remainder 21
P = (I − C)−1 d
−1 Therefore −5 mod 26 = 21
1 0 0.3 0.45 45 g 431 mod 26
= −
[[0 1] [0.4 0.20]] [25] 431 ÷ 26 = 16 remainder 15
124 Therefore 431 mod 26 = 15
= h 15−1 mod 26
[ 93]
From the table, 15 × 7 = 1 (mod 26)
The production that meets the demand is 124 tonnes of
coal and 93 tonnes of steel. Therefore 15−1 mod 26 = 7
13 a A B C i −15 mod 26
⎡0.2 0.1 0.2⎤ A −15 = −1 × 26 + 11
⎢ ⎥ −15 ÷ 26 = −1 remainder 11
C = ⎢0.3 0.2 0.1⎥ B
⎣0.1 0.2 0.3⎦ C ∴ −15 mod 26 = 11
15 LEAVE IMMEDIATELY
⎡10⎤
⎢ ⎥
b Let p = ⎢20⎥ because A = 10, B = 20, C = 60. LE AV EI MM ED IA TE LY
⎣60⎦ 12 5 1 22 5 9 13 13 5 4 9 1 20 5 12 25
q = Cp
⎡0.2 0.1 0.2⎤ ⎡10⎤ 23 12 39 39 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 13
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ =
= ⎢0.3 0.2 0.1⎥ ⎢20⎥ [1 5 ] [ 5] [37] 37 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 11
⎣0.1 0.2 0.3⎦ ⎣60⎦
13
⎡16⎤ = (mod 26)
⎢ ⎥ [11]
= ⎢13⎥
⎣23⎦ 23 1 68 68 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 16
=
The input q is 16 units of A, 13 units of B and 23 units [1 5 ] [22] [111] 111 ÷ 26 = 4 remainder 7
of C.
16
= (mod 26)
[ 7]

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
80 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7

23 5 37 37 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 11 25 6 77 77 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 25
= =
[1 5 ] [9] [50] 50 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 24 [1 5 ] [13] [71] 71 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 19

11 25
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[24] [19]
23 13 65 65 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 13 25 1 92 92 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 14
= =
[1 5 ] [13] [78] 78 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 0 [1 5 ] [18] [91] 91 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 13

13 14
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[ 0] [13]
23 5 22 22 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 22 25 3 46 46 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 20
= =
[ 1 5 ][ 4] [25] 25 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 25 [ 1 5 ][ 8] [43] 43 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 17

22 20
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[25] [17]
23 9 21 21 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 21 So 20 8 5 9 4 5 19 15 6 13 1 18 3 8 becomes
= 2 8 3 24 7 3 9 16 25 19 14 13 20 17
[1 5 ] [1] [14] 14 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 14
The enciphered message is BHCXGCIPYSNMTQ
21 2 1
= (mod 26) 17 a A=
[14] [1 4]
23 20 55 55 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 3 det A = 2 × 4 − 1 × 1
= =8−1
[1 5 ] [ 5] [45] 45 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 19
=7
3 From the table in section 3.7.4, the multiplicative inverse
= (mod 26)
[19] of 7 is 15.
17 × 15 = 105 = 1 (mod 26)
23 12 99 99 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 21 −1
= 2 1
[1 5 ] [25] [137] 137 ÷ 26 = 5 remainder 7 A−1 =
[1 4]
21
= (mod 26) 4 −1
[ 7] = 15
So 12 5 1 22 5 9 13 13 5 4 9 1 20 5 12 25 becomes [−1 2]
13 11 16 7 11 24 13 0 22 25 21 14 3 19 21 7
The enciphered message is M K P G K X M Z V Y U N C S 60 −15
=
UG [−15 30]
16 THE IDES OF MARCH 60 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 8
TH EI DE SO FM AR CH −15 = −1 × 26 + 11 ⇒ −15 ÷ 26 = −1 remainder 11
30 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 4
20 8 59 45 19 15 6 13 1 18 38
8 11
A−1 mod 26 =
[11 4]
25 20 80 80 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 2
= b OLYPXFRKRMEL
[1 5 ] [ 8] [60] 60 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 8
OL YP XF RK RM EL
2
= (mod 26) 15 12 25 16 24 6 18 11 18 13 5 12
[8]
25 5 55 55 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 3 8 11 15 252 252 ÷ 26 = 9 remainder 18
= =
[1 5 ] [9] [50] 50 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 24 [11 4 ] [12] [213] 213 ÷ 26 = 8 remainder 5
3 18
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[24] [ 5]
25 4 33 33 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 7 8 11 25 376 376 ÷ 26 = 14 remainder 12
= =
[1 5 ] [5] [29] 29 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 3 339 ÷ 26 = 13 remainder 1
[11 4 ] [16] [339]
7 12
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[3] [ 1]
25 19 113 113 ÷ 26 = 4 remainder 9
= 8 11 24 258 258 ÷ 26 = 9 remainder 24
[1 5 ] [15] [ 94] 94 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 16 =
[ 11 4 ][ 6] [288] 288 ÷ 26 = 11 remainder 2
9
= (mod 26) 24
[16] = (mod 26)
[ 2]

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • EXERCISE 3.7 81

8 11 18 265 265 ÷ 26 = 10 remainder 5 17 19 4 125 125 ÷ 26 = 4 remainder 21

= =
[11 4 ] [11] [242] 242 ÷ 26 = 9 remainder 8 [ 7 12 ] [3] [ 64] 64 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 12
5 21
= (mod 26) = (mod 26)
[8] [12]
8 11 18 287 287 ÷ 26 = 11 remainder 1 17 19 15 654 654 ÷ 26 = 25 remainder 4
= =
[11 4 ] [13] [250] 250 ÷ 26 = 9 remainder 16 357 ÷ 26 = 13 remainder 19
[ 7 12 ] [21] [357]
1
= (mod 26) 4
[16] = (mod 26)
[19]
8 11 5 172 172 ÷ 26 = 6 remainder 16
= 17 19 5 161 161 ÷ 26 = 6 remainder 5
[11 4 ] [12] [103] 103 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 25 =
[ 7 12 ] [4] [ 83] 83 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 5
16
= (mod 26)
[25] 5
= (mod 26)
So 15 12 25 16 24 6 18 11 18 13 5 12 gives [5]
18 5 12 1 24 2 5 8 1 16 16 25
17 19 22 811 811 ÷ 26 = 31 remainder 5
This gives R E L A X B E H A P P Y or RELAX =
[ 7 12 ] [23] [430] 430 ÷ 26 = 16 remainder 14
BE HAPPY.
2 −1 5
18 a A= = (mod 26)
[ 1 5 ] [14]
det A = 2 × 5 − (−1) × 1
= 10 + 1 17 19 11 529 529 ÷ 26 = 20 remainder 9
=
= 11 [ 7 12 ] [18] [293] 293 ÷ 26 = 11 remainder 7
From the table in section 3.7.4, the multiplicative inverse of 9
11 is 19. = (mod 26)
[7]
11 × 19 = 209 = 1 (mod 26)
5 1 17 19 25 767 767 ÷ 26 = 29 remainder 13
A−1 = 19 =
[−1 2] [ 7 12 ] [18] [391] 391 ÷ 26 = 15 remainder 1
13
95 19 = (mod 26)
= [ 1]
[−19 38]
So 9 22 23 12 1 5 4 3 15 21 5 4 22 23 11 18 25 18 gives
95 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 17
25 15 21 19 8 15 21 12 4 19 5 5 5 14 9 7 13 1
19 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 19
This gives YOUSHOULDSEEENIGMA or YOU
−19 = −1 × 26 + 7 ⇒ −19 ÷ 26 = −1 remainder 7 SHOULD SEE ENIGMA.
38 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 12 19 ALAN TURING IS A LEGEND
17 19
A−1 mod 26 = ALA NTU RIN GIS ALE GEN DDD
[ 7 12]
1 12 1 14 20 21 18 9 14 7 9 19 1 12 5 7 5 14 4 4 4
b IVWLAEDCOUEDVWKRYR
⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡29⎤ 29 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 3
IV WL AE DC OU ED VW KR YR ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
9 22 23 12 1 5 4 3 15 21 5 4 22 23 11 18 25 18 ⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢12⎥ = ⎢26⎥ 26 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 0
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎣15⎦ 15 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 15
⎡ 3⎤
17 19 9 571 571 ÷ 26 = 21 remainder 25 ⎢ ⎥
= = ⎢ 0⎥ (mod 26)
[ 7 12 ] [22] [327] 327 ÷ 26 = 12 remainder 15 ⎣15⎦
25 ⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡14⎤ ⎡131⎤ 131 ÷ 26 = 5 remainder 1
= (mod 26) ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
[15] ⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢20⎥ = ⎢ 75⎥ 75 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 23
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣21⎦ ⎣ 62⎦ 62 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 10
17 19 23 619 619 ÷ 26 = 23 remainder 21
= ⎡ 1⎤
[ 7 12 ] [12] [305] 305 ÷ 26 = 11 remainder 19 ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢23⎥ (mod 26)
21 ⎣10⎦
= (mod 26)
[19] ⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡18⎤ ⎡96⎤ 96 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 18
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
17 19 1 112 112 ÷ 26 = 4 remainder 8 ⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 9⎥ = ⎢50⎥ 50 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 24
= ⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣14⎦ ⎣63⎦
[ 7 12 ] [5] [ 67] 67 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 15 63 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 11
⎡18⎤
8 ⎢ ⎥
= (mod 26) = ⎢24⎥ (mod 26)
[15] ⎣11⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
82 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • REVIEW 3.8

⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡89⎤ 89 ÷ 26 = 3 remainder 11 ⎧ 3x + 5y − 4z = −3
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ 3 × 6 + 5 −1−4×4
⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 9⎥ = ⎢44⎥ 44 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 18
p2 ∶ ⎨
= 18 − 5 − 16
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣19⎦ ⎣30⎦ 30 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 4 ⎪ = −3
⎪
⎡11⎤ ⎩ = RHS
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢18⎥ (mod 26) ⎧ 8x + 2y 5z = 26
⎣ 4⎦ ⎪
⎪ 8 × 6 + 2 × −1 − 5−× 4 = 48 − 2 − 20
⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡41⎤ 41 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 15 p3 ∶ ⎨
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ = 26
⎪
⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢12⎥ = ⎢30⎥ 30 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 4 ⎩ = RHS
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎣15⎦ 15 ÷ 26 = 0 remainder 15
The solution is valid for all equations in the system.
⎡15⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2 D is in row echelon form.
= ⎢ 4⎥ (mod 26) 3 a True
⎣15⎦ b True
⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡66⎤ 66 ÷ 26 = 2 remainder 14 c False
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢31⎥ 31 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 5 d True
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣14⎦ ⎣26⎦ 26 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 0 e True
⎡14⎤ 4 B is the correct option
⎢ ⎥ 5 a A2 (A + B) = A3 + AB
= ⎢ 5⎥ (mod 26)
⎣ 0⎦ ⎧ ⎡ 42 −32 −40⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎡2 2 3⎤ ⎡4⎤ ⎡28⎤ LHS∶ ⎨A2 (A + B) = ⎢−10 38 20⎥
28 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 2 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎩ ⎣ 58 −20 −40⎦
⎢1 2 1⎥ ⎢4⎥ = ⎢16⎥ 16 ÷ 26 = 1 remainder 16
⎣3 1 0⎦ ⎣4⎦ ⎣16⎦ ⎧ ⎡17 −34 −20⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2⎤ RHS∶ ⎨A3 + AB = ⎢ 3 30 34⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
= ⎢16⎥ (mod 26) ⎩ ⎣31 −26 −16⎦
⎣16⎦ LHS ≠ RHS
So 1 12 1 14 20 21 18 9 14 7 9 19 1 12 5 7 5 14 4 4 4 becomes The statement is false.
3 0 15 1 23 10 18 24 11 11 18 4 15 4 15 14 5 02 16 16 b (A3 − B3 ) A3 = A3 A3 − A3 B3
The enciphered message is C Z O A W J R X K K R D O D O ⎧ ⎡−832 −638 −1098⎤
N E Z B P P. ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
LHS∶ ⎨(A3 − B3 ) A3 = ⎢ 1128 −510 606⎥
⎪
⎩ ⎣−392 −1418 −1158⎦
⎧ ⎡−472 −800 −1216⎤
3.8 Review: exam practice ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
RHS∶ ⎨A3 A3 − A3 B3 = ⎢ 1064 −580 376⎥
1 a i m = 2, n = 3 ⎪
⎩ ⎣ −64 −1480 −1448⎦
ii The system is not square because m ≠ n LHS ≠ RHS
iii Test (x, y, z) = (6, −1, 4) The statement is false.
T N P E
⎧ x + 2y − 4z = 24 ⎡0 0 0 1 ⎤ T
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 7 × 6 + 2 × −1 − 4 × 4 = 42 − 2 − 16 1 0 0 1⎥ N
p1 ∶ ⎨ 6 M = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎪ = 24
⎪ ⎢1 1 0 0 ⎥ P
⎩ = RHS ⎣0 0 1 0 ⎦ E
⎡0 0 1 0 ⎤
⎧ x − 8y + 2z = 22 ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 0 0 1 1⎥
⎪ 6 − 8 × −1 + 2 × 4 =6 + 8 + 8 M2 = ⎢⎢ ⎥
p2 ∶ ⎨ ⎢1 0 0 2 ⎥
⎪ = 22
⎪ ⎣1 1 0 0 ⎦
⎩ = RHS
⎡ 0 0 0.5 1⎤
The solution is valid for all equations in the system. ⎢ ⎥
1 0 0.5
1.5⎥
M + 0.5M2 = ⎢⎢
b i m = 3, n = 3
⎢ 1.5 1 0 1⎥⎥
ii The system is square because m = n ⎣0.5 0.5 1 0⎦
iii Test (x, y, z) = (6, −1, 4) ⎡1.5⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎧ 3
⎪ 2x − y + 3z = 25 Resulting in the dominance vector ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥.
⎪2 × 6 − − 1 + 3 × 4 = 12 + 1 + 12 3.5
p1 ∶ ⎨ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ ⎣ 2⎦
⎪ = 25
⎩ The players are ranked Peter, Nelly, Earnest and Tim.
= RHS
0.89 0.71
7 a
[0.11 0.29]

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • REVIEW 3.8 83

3
⎡1 −1
0.89 0.71 1
⎢ −3 7⎤⎥
b State on Saturday = × 2
[0.11 0.29] [0] ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −7
⎢ 3 3⎥⎥
0.866636 2
= ⎢ ⎥
[0.133364] ⎣0 −30 −4 −30⎦R
2 +R1
The probability of rain on Saturday is 0.8666 or 86.66% ⎡1 −1
50 ⎢ −3 7⎤⎥
0.89 0.71 1 2
c Long term behaviour = × ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −7
[0.11 0.29] [0] ⎢ 1 1⎥⎥
6
⎢ ⎥
0.865854 ⎣0 0 −39 0⎦R
= 3 +10R2 R2 ÷3
[0.134146] ⎡1 −1
⎢ −3 7⎤⎥
The long-term probability of rain is 0.86585 and dry is 2
0.13415 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −7
8 7x + 2y + 5z = 17 ⎢ 1 1⎥⎥
6
⎢ ⎥
3x + 8y + z = 9 ⎣0 0 1 0⎦ R3 ÷−39
2x − 7y + z = −1
From R3 : ∴ z = 0
AX = B From R2 :
A−1 AX = A−1 B 7
y− z=1
IX = A−1 B 6
X = A−1 B 7
−1 y− ×0=1
⎡7 2 5⎤ ⎡ 17⎤ 6
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X = ⎢3 8 1⎥ × ⎢ 9⎥ ∴y = 1
⎣2 −7 1⎦ ⎣−15⎦ From R1 :
⎡−6⎤ 1
x − 3y − z = 7
⎢ ⎥ 2
X = ⎢ 2⎥
1
⎣ 11⎦ x−3×1− ×0=7
2
∴ The unique solution is the point
(x, y, z) = (−6, 2, 11) x=7+3
6 −12 −18 ∴ x = 10
9 a The unique solution is the point defined by
[−2 7 12]
(x, y, z) = (10, 1, 0)
1 −2 −3 10 l1 ∶ (−3î + 3ĵ − 7k̂) + k (6î + 3ĵ + 6 k̂)
[−2 7 12] l2 ∶ (6î + 9 ĵ − 6 k̂) + k (−3î − 3ĵ + 5k̂)
R1 ÷6
1 −2 −3 d~ 1 = 6î + 3ĵ + 6k̂
[0 3 6] d2 = −3î − 3ĵ + 45k̂
~
R2 +2R1
d~ 1 ≠ m × d~ 2 , where m ∈ R
1 −2 −3
The two lines are not parallel.
[0 1 2] l1 ∶ x = −3 + 6k
R2 ÷3
∴y = 2 y = 3 + 3k
From R1 : z = −7 + 6k
x − 2y = −3 l2 ∶ x = 6 − 3k
x − 2 × 2 = −3 y = 9 − 3k
x = −3 + 4 z = −6 + 5k
x=1 Solve for k, by equating the x component of l1 and l2 :
∴ The unique solution is the point (x, y) = (1, 2) −3 + 6k = 6 − 3k
b −2x + 6y = −14 9k = 9
−x + 6y − 3 = 26 k=1
−30y − 4z = 6 Let k = 1, for lines, l1 and l2 :
⎡−2 6 1 −14⎤ l1 ∶ x = −3 + 6 × 1
⎢ ⎥ y=3+3×1
⎢−1 6 −3 −4⎥
⎣ 0 −30 −4 −30⎦ z = −7 + 6 × 1
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (3, 6, 1)
⎡ 1 −1
⎢ −3 7⎤⎥ l2 ∶ x = 6 − 3 × 1
2
⎢ ⎥ y=9−3×1
⎢−1 6 −3 −4⎥⎥
⎢ z = −6 + 5 × 1
⎣ 0 −30 −4 −30⎦ (x2 , y2 , z2 ) = (3, 6, −1)
R1 ÷−2
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ).

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
84 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • REVIEW 3.8

A unique solution exists at (3, 6, −1). 2x + 4 (5 − 6t) + 12t = 22

The two distinct lines intersect at one unique point. 2x + 20 − 24t + 12t = 22
11 a −6x + 2y − 5z = −22 2x = 2 + 12t
8x − 3y − 4z = 49
2 + 12t
−3x − 7y − 4z = −48 x=
2
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3
x = 1 + 6t
= (−6î + 2ĵ − 5k̂) ⋅ (8î − 3ĵ − 4k̂) × (−3î − 7ĵ − 4 k̂)
In parametric form, the solution to the system is,
|−6 2 −5|
| | x = 1 + 6t
= | 8 −3 −4|
| | y = 5 − 6t
||−3 −7 −4||
z=t
|−3 −4| | 8 −4| | 8 −3|
= −6 | | − 2| | − 5| | d This is a consistent system with the solution representing
||−7 −4|| ||−3 −4|| ||−3 −7||
the intersection of three planes in the form of a line.
= 509 Note: The solution could easily be expressed as a vector
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 ≠ 0 equation.
The planes are not coplanar. This implies that the planes r~ = (î + 5ĵ) + k(6î − 6ĵ + k). ̂
intersect at a unique point or intersect as pairs of lines. 13 a 2X − 3B = C
⎡−6 2 −5 −22⎤ 2X − 3B + 3B = C + 3B
⎢ ⎥
b [A∣B] = ⎢ 8 −3 −4 49⎥ 2X = C + 3B
⎣−3 −7 −4 −48⎦ 1
Row reduce to triangular form, technology assisted: X= (C + 3B)
2
⎡1 0 0 7⎤
⎢ ⎥ b BX − 2X + C = 0
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 5⎥
BX − 2X = 0 − C
⎣0 0 1 −2⎦
(B − 2) X = −C
The system is consistent and has one unique solution. The
three planes intersect at (7, 5, −2). (B − 2)−1 (B − 2) X = (B − 2)−1 × −C
c The planes intersect at one unique point, (7, 5, −2). IX = −(B − 2)−1 C
12 a n~ 1 = 2î + 4ĵ + 12k̂ X = −(B − 2)−1 C
n~ 2 = 84î + 3ĵ − 30k̂ c A (X + I) + 2C = B
n3 = 8î − 4ĵ − 72k̂
~ A (X + I) = B − 2C
None of the normal are parallel. A−1 A (X + I) = A−1 (B − 2C)
n~ 1 ⋅ n~ 2 × n~ 3 X + I = A−1 (B − 2C)
= (2î + 4ĵ + 12k̂) ⋅ (8î + 3ĵ − 30k̂) × (8î − 4ĵ − 72k̂) X = [A−1 (B − 2C)] − I
|2 4 12|
| | d XA + B = XC − 2D
= |8 3 −30| XA = XC − 2D − B
| |
||8 −4 −72||
XA − XC = −2D − B
| 3 −30| |8 −30| |8 3|
= 2| | − 4| | + 12 | | X (A − C) = −2D − B
||−4 −72|| ||8 −72|| ||8 −4||
X (A − C) (A − C)−1 = (−2D − B) (A − C)−1
=0 X = (−2D − B) (A − C)−1
The three planes are coplanar, and not parallel. Geometri-
14 x + y + z = 10 [1]
cally, this could be the planes intersecting in a line or not
at all. 3x + y + z = 26 [2]
⎡2 4 12 22⎤ y=z−6
⎢ ⎥ y − z = −6 [3]
b [A∣B] = ⎢8 3 −30 23⎥
⎣8 −4 −72 −12⎦ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 10⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 −6 1⎤ ⎢3 1 1⎥ × ⎢y⎥ = ⎢ 26⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣0 1 −1⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣−6⎦
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 6 5⎥
⎣0 0 0 0⎦ ⎡1 1 1 10⎤
⎢ ⎥
The system has infinitely many solutions because the [A∣B] = ⎢3 1 1 26⎥
planes intersect in a line. ⎣0 1 −1 −6⎦
c y + 6z = 5 [1] ⎡1 1 1 10⎤
2x + 4y + 12z = 22 [2] ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −2 −2 −4⎥
Let z = t as it is the free variable. ⎣0 1 −1 −6⎦ R2 −3R1
From [1]:
⎡1 1 1 10⎤
y + 6t = 5 ⎢ ⎥
y = 5 − 6t ⎢0 1 1 2⎥
⎣0 1 −1 −6⎦− 1 ×R
Sub y = 5 − 6t into [2] 2 2

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • REVIEW 3.8 85

⎡1 1 1 10⎤ ∴ a = −8, b = 9, c = 1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 2⎥ x3 = −8 y2 = 9
z=1
⎣0 0 −2 −8⎦ x = −2 y = ±3
R3 −R2
⎡1 1 1 10⎤ The solution for the system is (x, y, z) = (−2, ±3, 1)
⎢ ⎥ 18 The system has infinitely many solutions. The solution can be
⎢0 1 1 2⎥
described by the parametric equations of a line.
⎣0 0 1 4⎦ −1 ×R3 For this to be true;
2
∴ z = 4. Using back substitution. n̂1 ⋅ n̂2 × n̂3 = 0 and
R2 ∶y + z = 2 n̂1 × n̂2 = n̂2 × n̂3 and 0 = n̂2 ⋅ n̂3
y+4=2 | î ĵ k̂|
| |
∴ y = −2 n̂1 × n̂2 = −4 −2 −4|
|
| |
||−1 1 5||
R1 ∶x + y + z = 10
|−2 −4| |−4 −4| |−4 −2|
x + −2 + 4 = 2 = î| | − ĵ| | + k̂ | |
|| 1 5|| ||−1 5|| ||−1 1||
∴x = 8
The solution is given by (x, y, z) = (8, −2, 4) = −6î + 24ĵ − 6k̂
The directional vector of the line of intersection of the three
⎡ 36 24 16 84⎤ planes is given by, −6î + 24ĵ − 6k.̂ As there are infinitely
⎢ ⎥
⎢−9 −6 −4 −21⎥ many solutions the free variable z will be defined as z = t.
15 a [A∣B] = ⎢ ⎥
8 ⎡−4 −2 −4 −12⎤
⎢ 6 4 14⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦ [A∣B] = ⎢−1 1 5 9⎥
ref [A∣B] (Graphics calculator): ⎣ 0 0 0 0⎦
⎡1 2 4 7 ⎤ ref (A∣B) ∶
⎢ 3 9 3⎥ ⎡1 0 −1 −1⎤
[A∣B] = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1
⎥
0 0 0 0 4 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0⎦
The system is consistent (infinite number of solutions). From R2 ∶y + 4t = 8
−3 6 12 ∴ y = 8 − 4t
b [A∣B] = From R1 ∶ − 4x − 2y − 4z = −12
[ 6 −12 −40]
Let y = 8 − 4t, z = t
ref [A∣B] (Graphics calculator):
−4x − 2 (8 − 4t) − 4t = −12
1 −2 −4
[A∣B] = −4x − 16 + 8t − 4t = −12
[ 0 0 −16]
−4x + 4t = −12 + 16
It is an inconsistent system (parallel yet distinct lines). 4 − 4t
16 a On average, 1-year-old lizards produce 0 new lizards. x=
−4
b On average, 2-year-old lizards produce 5.3 new lizards.
x = −1 + t
c 0.20 1-year-old lizards survive the first year.
The line is defined by the parametric equations:
d N3 = L2 × N1 x = −1 + t, y = 8 − 4t, z = t
2
⎡0 5.30 3.50⎤ ⎡35⎤ This solution must satisfy the third plane:
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ p3 ∶ 2x + b3 y + 4z = d3
= ⎢0.20 0 0 ⎥ ⎢46⎥
⎣0 0.25 0 ⎦ ⎣22⎦ substitute in x = −1 + t, y = 8 − 4t, z = t
⎡77.4⎤ 2 (−1 + t) + b (8 − 4t) + 4t = d3
⎢ ⎥ −2 + 2t + 8b − 4bt + 4t = d3
= ⎢64.2⎥
For this to satisfy the equation the terms containing the
⎣ 1.8⎦
parameter t must equal zero.
Total female population = 77 + 64 + 2 = 143 lizards 2t − 4bt + 4t = 0
17 7x3 + 2y2 + 3z = −35
−4bt = −6t
2x3 + 5y2 − 5z = 24
−6t 3
3x3 + y2 − 4z = −19 b= =
−4t 2
let a = x3 , b = y2 and c = x
7a + 2b + 3c = −35 Rewrite
−2 + 2t + 8b − 4bt + 4t = d3
2a + 5b − 5c = 24
3 3
3a + b − 4c = −19 −2 + 2t + 8 × − 4 × t + 4t = d3
2 2
⎡7 2 3 −35⎤
⎢ ⎥ −2 + 12 + 2t − 6t + 4t = d3
[A∣B] = ⎢2 5 −5 24⎥
⎣3 1 −4 −19⎦ ∴ 10 = d3
3
rref (A∣B) ∶ p3 ∶ 2x + y + 4z = 10
2
⎡1 0 0 −8⎤ 3
⎢ ⎥ ∴ b3 = , d3 = 10
[A∣B] = ⎢0 1 0 9⎥ 2
⎣0 0 1 1⎦

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual
86 CHAPTER 3 Solving systems of linear equations and the application of matrices • REVIEW 3.8

19 3x + 3y + 6z = 3a c AX = 𝜆X
10x + 10z = 10b |⎡𝜆 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 6 8 ⎤|
|⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥|
8x + 4y + 12z = 4c |
∣AX − 𝜆X∣ = ⎢ 0 𝜆 0 ⎥ − ⎢0.5 0 0 ⎥|
| |
⎡ 3 3 6 3a⎤ ||⎣ 0 0 𝜆⎦ ⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦||
⎢ ⎥ | 𝜆 −6 −8|
⎢ 10 0 10 10b ⎥ | |
⎣ 8 4 12 4c⎦ = |−0.5 𝜆 0|
| |
⎡240 240 480 240a⎤ || 0 −0.5 𝜆||
⎢ ⎥ | 𝜆 0| |−0.5 0| |−0.5 𝜆 |
⎢240 0 240 240b⎥ = 𝜆| | + 6| | − 8| |
⎣240 120 360 120c⎦ ||−0.5 𝜆|| || 0 𝜆|| || 0 −0.5||
3
⎡240 240 480 240a⎤ = 𝜆 − 3𝜆 − 2
⎢ ⎥ = (𝜆 − 2) (𝜆 + 1)2
⎢ 0 −240 −240 240b − 240a⎥
⎣ 0 −120 −120 120c − 240a⎦ The eigenvalues are 𝜆 = −1 and 𝜆 = 2
Let 𝜆 = 2
⎡240 240 480 240a⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⇒ AX = 2X
⎢ 0 1 1 −b + a⎥
⎡ 0 6 8 ⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡ x⎤
⎣ 0 1 1 −c + 2a⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0.5 0 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥y = 2 ⎢ y⎥
⎡240 240 480 240a⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣ z⎦ ⎣ z⎦
⎢ 0 1 1 b − a⎥
Using matrix multiplication we obtain
⎣ 0 0 0 −c + a + b⎦ 6y + 8z = 2x
⎡1 1 2 a⎤ 0.5x = 2y
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 b − a⎥ 0.5y = 2z
⎣0 0 0 −c + a + b⎦ Collecting like terms gives:
⎡1 0 1 2a − b⎤ −2x + 6y + 8z = 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 1 b − a⎥ 0.5x − 2y = 0
⎣0 0 0 −c + a + b⎦ 0.5y − 2z = 0
For this to be a consistent system, 0 = a + b − c Reduce to triangular form:
20 a Xn = A × V1 ⎡1 −3 −4 0⎤
⎡ 0 6 8⎤ ⎡60⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 −4 0⎥
A = ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ , V1 = ⎢40⎥ ⎣0 0 0 0⎦
⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣36⎦
Let z = t.
5 years∶ X5 = A4 × V1 y − 4z = 0 ⇒ y − 4t = 0 ∴ y = 4t
4
⎡ 0 6 8⎤ ⎡60⎤ x − 3y − 4z = 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X5 = ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ × ⎢40⎥ x − 3(4t) − 4t = 0
⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣36⎦ ∴ x = 16t
⎡2076⎤ ⎡16t⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X5 = ⎢ 852⎥ ; Total population = 3013 ∴ X = ⎢ 4t⎥
⎣ 85⎦ ⎣ t⎦
10 years: Test with part a.
X10 = A9 × V1 ⎡ 0
4
6 8⎤ ⎡16⎤ ⎡256⎤
⎡ 0
9 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6 8⎤ ⎡60⎤ t = 5, ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ ⎢ 4⎥ = ⎢ 64⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X10 = ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ × ⎢40⎥ ⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎣ 16⎦
⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣36⎦ This is in a ratio of 16∶4∶1
9
⎡83 856⎤ ⎡ 0 6 8⎤ ⎡16⎤ ⎡8192⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X10 = ⎢20 246⎥ ; Total population = 109 484 t = 10, ⎢0.5 0 0⎥ ⎢ 4⎥ = ⎢2048⎥
⎣ 5382⎦ ⎣ 0 0.5 0⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎣ 512⎦
⎡24.42⎤ ⎡24⎤ This is in a ratio of 16∶4∶1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡16t⎤
b X5 (Ratio) = ⎢10.02⎥ ≈ ⎢10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
If the initial dingo population conforms to X = ⎢ 4t⎥, the
⎣ 1⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
⎣ t⎦
⎡15.58⎤ ⎡16⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ population each year that follows will remain in the same
X10 (Ratio) = ⎢ 3.76⎥ ≈ ⎢ 4⎥ ratio.
⎣ 1⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
⎡24t⎤ ⎡16t⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢10t⎥ ≠ ⎢ 4t⎥
⎣ t⎦ ⎣ t⎦
The ratios are not equivalent at 5 and 10 years

Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Specialist Mathematics Units 3 & 4 for Queensland Solutions Manual