Cloud computing UNIT II

UNIT-2
The objectives of this chapter are to:

 Understand the basic ideas and motivation for cloud computing.

 Understand the Need for Cloud Computing.

 To define cloud computing and Definition of cloud computing.

 Need to understand Cloud Computing Is a Service, Cloud Computing Is a Platform.

 Understand the 5-4-3 principles of cloud computing.

INTRODUCTION:
Modern computing with our laptop or desktop or even with tablets/smartphones using the
Internet to access the data and details that we want, which are located/stored at remote
places/computers, through the faces of applications like Facebook, e-mail, and YouTube, brings the
actual power of information that we need instantaneously within no time. Even if millions of users
get connected in this manner, from anywhere in the world, these applications do serve what these
users–customers want. This phenomenon of supply of information or any other data and details to all
the needy customers, as and when it is asked, is the conceptual understanding and working of what is
known as cloud computing. This chapter is devoted to give basic understanding on cloud computing.

1)MOTIVATION FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

 Let us review the scenario of computing prior to the announcement and availability of cloud
computing.
 The users who are in need of computing are expected to invest money on computing
resources such as hardware, software, networking, and storage;
 This investment naturally costs a bulk currency to the users as they have to buy these
computing resources, keep these in their premises, and maintain and make it operational—all
these tasks would add cost.
 This is a particularly true and huge expenditure to the enterprises that require enormous
computing power and resources, compared with classical academics and individuals.
 On the other hand, it is easy and handy to get the required computing power and resources
from some provider (or supplier) as and when it is needed and pay only for that usage.
 This would cost only a reasonable investment or spending, compared to the huge investment
when buying the entire computing infrastructure.

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 This phenomenon can be viewed as capital expenditure versus operational expenditure.

As one can easily assess the huge lump sum required for capital expenditure (whole
investment and maintenance for computing infrastructure) and compare it with the moderate
or smaller lump sum required for the hiring or getting the computing infrastructure only to
the tune of required time, and rest of the time free from that.
 Therefore, cloud computing is a mechanism of bringing–hiring or getting the services of
the computing power or infrastructure to an organizational or individual level to the extent
required and paying only for the consumed services.
 One can compare this situation with the usage of electricity (its services) from its producer-
cum-distributor (in India, it is the state-/government-owned electricity boards that give
electricity supply to all residences and organizations) to houses or organizations; here, we do
not generate electricity (comparable with electricity production–related tasks); rather, we use
it only to tune up our requirements in our premises, such as for our lighting and usage of
other electrical appliances, and pay as per the electricity meter reading value.
 Therefore, cloud computing is needed in getting the services of computing resources. Thus,
one can say as a one-line answer to the need for cloud computing that it eliminates a large
computing investment without compromising the use of computing at the user level at an
operational cost. Cloud computing is very economical and saves a lot of money. A blind
benefit of this computing is that even if we lose our laptop or due to some crisis our personal
computer—and the desktop system—gets damaged, still our data and files will stay safe and
secured as these are not in our local machine (but remotely located at the provider’s place—
machine).
 Figure 1 shows several cloud computing applications. The cloud represents the Internet-
based computing resources, and the accessibility is through some secure support of

connectivity.

Fig 1 Cloud computing

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2. THE NEED FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

 The main reasons for the need and use of cloud computing are convenience and reliability.

a) Convenience: Cloud computing is like having a virtual storage space and computer
power accessible over the internet.
b) Reliability: Reliability in cloud computing can mean different things to different
people. For some, the reliability of cloud computing is measured by the frequency of
component failures or cloud service downtimes; while, for others, cloud computing
reliability is measured by cost-efficiency, performance, and security.
 In the past, if we wanted to bring a file, we would have to save it to a Universal Serial Bus
(USB) flash drive, external hard drive, or compact disc (CD) and bring that device to a
different place.
 Instead, saving a file to the cloud (e.g., use of cloud application Dropbox) ensures that we
will be able to access it with any computer that has an Internet connection.
 The cloud also makes it much easier to share a file with friends, making it possible to
collaborate over the web.
Ex: Use of Cloud application Dropbox
 Dropbox offers various cloud storage options.whether you’re on individual ,small
business, or large company ,using drop box for file uploads from multiple devices.
 While using the cloud, losing our data/file is much less likely.
 However, just like anything online, there is always a risk that someone may try to gain access
to our personal data, and therefore, it is important to choose an access control with a strong
password and pay attention to any privacy settings for the cloud service that we are using.
 12 Business advantages of cloud computing:
1. Cost savings
2. Security
3. Flexibility
4. Mobility
5. Insight
6. Increased collaboration
7. Quality control
8. Disaster recovery
9. Loss prevention
10. Automatic software updates
11. Competitive edge
12. Sustainability
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3. DEFINING CLOUD COMPUTING

 In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over
the Internet from a remote location or computer instead of our computer’s hard drive.
 This so called remote location has several properties such as scalability, elasticity etc., which
is significantly different from a simple remote machine.
 The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet.
 When we store data on or run a program from the local computer’s hard drive,that is called
local storage and computing. For it to be considered cloud computing, we need to access our
data or programs over the Internet.
 The end result is the same; however, with an online connection, cloud computing can be
done anywhere, anytime, and by any device

 NIST Definition of Cloud Computing:

The formal definition of cloud computing comes from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST): “Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
(e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services).
This cloud model is composed of
i. Five essential characteristics
ii. Four deployment models and
iii. Three service models

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It means that the computing resource or infrastructure—be it server hardware,

storage, network, or application software—all available from the cloud vendor or provider’s
site/premises, can be accessible over the Internet from any remote location and by any local
computing device.
In addition, the usage or accessibility is to cost only to the level of usage to the
customers based on their needs and demands, also known as the pay-as-you-go or pay-as-
per-use model. If the need is more, more quantum computing resources are made available
(provisioning with elasticity) by the provider.
Minimal management effort implies that at the customer’s side, the maintenance of
computing systems is very minimal as they will have to look at these tasks only for their
local computing devices used for accessing cloud-based resources, not for those computing
resources managed at the provider’s side.
Many vendors, pundits, and experts refer to NIST, and both the International
Standards Organization (ISO) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) back the NIST definition.

Now, let us try to define and understand cloud computing from two other perspectives—as a service
and a platform.

4. CLOUD COMPUTING IS A SERVICE

 The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and retrieve information.
 We can store our family photographs, our favorite songs, or even save movies on it, which is
also the most basic service offered by cloud computing.
 Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr to illustrate the meaning of
this section. While Flickr started with an emphasis on sharing photos and images, it has
emerged as a great place to store those images.
 In many ways, it is superior to storing the images on our computer:
 First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or what type of
device we are using. While we might upload the photos of our vacation from our home
computer, later, we can easily access them from our laptop at the office.
 Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them to a CD or save
them on a flash drive. We can just send someone our Flickr address to share these photos
or images.
 Third, Flickr provides data security. By uploading the images to Flickr, we are providing
ourselves with data security by creating a backup on the web. And, while it is always best
to keep a local copy— either on a computer, a CD, or a flash drive—the truth is that we

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are far more likely to lose the images that we store locally than Flickr is of losing our
images.
5. CLOUD COMPUTING IS A PLATFORM
 The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for all our
Internet-based applications.
 However, one has to understand that we will always need a local operating system in our
computer to access web based applications.
 The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which applications run or
give results to the users.

 For example, Microsoft Windows is a platform. But, a platform does not have to be
an operating system. Java is a platform even though it is not an operating system.

 Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform. With trends (applications) such
as Office 2.0, more and more applications that were originally available on desktop
computers are now being converted into web–cloud applications.
 Word processors like Buzzword and office suites like Google Docs are now available in the
cloud as their desktop counterparts. All these kinds of trends in providing applications via the
cloud are turning cloud computing into a platform or to act as a platform.

6. 5-4-3 PRINCIPLES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

The 5-4 principles put forth by NIST describe,
a) The five essential characteristic features that promote cloud computing,
b) The four deployment models that are used to narrate the cloud computing opportunities for
customers while looking at architectural models.
c) The three important and basic service offering models of cloud computing.

A.FIVE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS

1. On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any
human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and manage
computing resources as needed.
 AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud and other public cloud platforms make
resources available to users at the click of a button or API call.
 With data centers all over the world, these vendors have vast amounts of
compute and storage assets at the ready. This represents a radical departure for

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IT teams accustomed to an on-premises procurement process that can take

months to complete.
 Cloud computing's characteristic of self- service provisioning goes hand in hand
with on-demand computing capabilities.
 Instead of waiting for new servers to be delivered to a private data center, developers can
select the resources and tools they need -- typically through a cloud provider's self-service
portal -- and build right away.

Fig 2.The essential characteristics of cloud computing

2. Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.
 A big part of the cloud's utility is its ubiquity.
 Users can access data or upload data to the cloud from anywhere with an internet
connection.
 Because most enterprises have a mix of operating systems, platforms and devices,
the cloud is an attractive option.
 Cloud providers preserve that broad network access by monitoring and ensuring
various metrics that reflect how customers access cloud resources and data:
latency, access time, data throughput, etc.
 These factor into quality of service requirements and service-level agreements.
3. Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are able to
scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis.

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 Resource pooling enables scalability for cloud providers and users because
compute, storage, networking and other assets can be added or removed as
needed.
 This helps enterprise IT teams optimize their cloud-hosted workloads and avoid
end-user bottlenecks.
 Clouds can scale vertically or horizontally, and service providers offer
automation software to handle dynamic scaling for users.
 Traditional, on-premises architectures can't scale as easily. Typically,
enterprises have to plan for peak capacity by purchasing servers and other
infrastructure assets; those extra resources sit idle during lulls in activity.
 While scalability tends to describe longer-term cloud infrastructure plans, rapid
elasticity is more of a short-term characteristic.
 When demand unexpectedly surges, properly configured cloud applications and
services instantly and automatically add resources to handle the load.
 When the demand abates, services return to original resource levels.

4. Resource pooling: The IT resource present are shared across multiple

applications and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided
service from a same physical resource.
 Public cloud providers rely on multi-tenant architectures to accommodate more
users at the same time.
 Customers' workloads are abstracted from the hardware and underlying
software, which serve multiple customers on the same host.
 Cloud providers increasingly rely on custom hardware and abstraction layers to
improve security and speed users' access to resources.

5.Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application and occupant,
it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an account of what has
been used.
 Measuring service usage is useful for both a cloud provider and its
customers.
 The provider and the customer monitor and report on the use of resources and
services, such as VMs, storage, processing and bandwidth.
 That data is used to calculate the customer's consumption of
cloud resources, and feeds into the pay-per-use model.
 The cloud provider, meanwhile, can better understand how customers utilize its

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resources and potentially improve the infrastructure and services offered.

B. FOUR DEPLOYMENT MODELS

 The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based
on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
 The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a
cloud deployment model.
 It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and
whether you will be given services or will have to create everything yourself.

 Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud
deployment types

a) Public Cloud

 The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
 The public cloud may be less secure as it is open for everyone.
 The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over
the internet to the general people or major industry groups.

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 The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the
cloud services.
 It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily access
systems and services.
 This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud hosting, in
which service providers supply services to a variety of customers.
 In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as
a subscription, or on a per-use basis.
Example: Google App Engine etc.

Benefits of Public Cloud

 Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no

substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require
immediate access to resources.
 No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud
service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
 Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does
not necessitate infrastructure management.
 No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (Not
users).
 Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand
resources are accessible.

Limitations of Public Cloud

 Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it
does not fully protect against cyber-attacks and could lead to
vulnerabilities.
 Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range
of users, it can lead to malfunction and outages
 Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can
exchange with tenants, there is a usage cap.

b) Private Cloud
 The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization
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comprising multiple consumers.

 Private cloud means, in private cloud resources allows only with in the organizations.
Private cloud is operated only with in particular organization.
 It allows for increasing security, reliability, performance & services.
 It is only pay-per-use.
 Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you
are keen to know what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost
efficiency and greater control over data & resources will find the private cloud a
more suitable choice.
 It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your
IT team.
 Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private
cloud offers bigger opportunities that help meet specific organizations'
requirements when it comes to customization.
 It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have
frequently changing requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized
personnel gets access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can
help with better access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that
cannot access the public cloud.
Limitations of Private Cloud

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o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than
the public cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for
staff and training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you
scale in a certain direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs
also increase.

c) Hybrid Cloud
 As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more
cloud architectures (private cloud , Private cloud, Community cloud etc.)
 Critical activates are performed in private cloud, Non-critical activities
are performed in public cloud.
 While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part
of the same architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud
computing model, the internal or external providers can offer resources.
 Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data
will prefer storing on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be
stored on a public cloud. The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for
'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs an application
on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since

it majorly uses the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft
from attackers are significantly reduced.

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o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create

custom solutions that fit their exact requirements
Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to

integrate two or more cloud architectures.
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that
have multiple use cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data.
o Network issues: Network issues are present because without internet we can’t
access the public & private cloud.
o Security complicated: In public cloud security is less.

d) Community Cloud

 The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific

community that has shared concern.

 The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public

cloud. There's just one difference - it allows access to only a specific set
of users who share common objectives and use cases.
 This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and
hosted internally or by a third-party vendor. However, you can also
choose a combination of all three.
 In community cloud can access group of organizations that type of cloud
is community cloud. In private cloud only one organization is used the
same infrastructure to different organizations.

Benefits of Community Cloud

o Cost effective: It contains low cost because more organizations are involved in this
cloud resources.

o Security, Flexible , sharing among organizations.

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the

private & public cloud and provides great performance.
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community
cloud must align with industry standards, allowing customers to work
much more efficiently.

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Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity,

community resources often pose challenges.
o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that
popular or available across industries
o Security and cost is shared its challenge issue.
o All data is located in one place. So one company data can be accessed to other
company also.
C) THREE SERVICE OFFERING MODELS:
The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing resources are
available to end customers are as follows: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service
(PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). It is also known as the service–platform–
infrastructure (SPI) model of the cloud and is shown in Figure.
 SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications (software, which is one of the
most important computing resources) are hosted by a vendor or service provider and
made available to customers over a network, typically the Internet.
 PaaS is a paradigm for delivering operating systems and associated services (e.g.,
computer aided software engineering [CASE] tools, integrated development
environments [IDEs] for developing software solutions) over the Internet without
downloads or installation.

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 IaaS involves outsourcing the equipment used to support operations, including storage,
hardware, servers, and networking components.

Fig. SPI—service offering model of the cloud.

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