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Chapter I

Introduction

In 2019, there was some variation in the percentage of students in Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries aged 15 to 19 who

worked part-time jobs in addition to their studies. In Denmark, the Netherlands, and

Switzerland, over 40% of individuals engaged in both formal education and employment,

whereas less than 10% did so in France, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and Chile. (OECD, 2019).

Every year, the job rate among students has increased, which has an impact on their

academic careers. While some countries, like Brazil's Bolsa Familia conditional cash

transfer program, have supported policies encouraging youth to study without working,

other countries have created initiatives that encourage adolescents to work while they

are in school.

Students who are employed are becoming more and more prevalent, particularly in the

Philippines. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) estimates that 216,000

students nationwide are currently balancing employment and education. While some

students labor to support themselves and their loved ones, others choose careers in

which they are interested. Students who work have less time to review their material.

This has an impact on classes that need a lot of reading and writing (Powers, 2013).

They might consistently arrive late for class. While working students may suffer from low

grades and poor performance in the classroom, there are benefits to being a working

student. Students who work have an advantage over others since it allows them to get

experience outside of the classroom and provides a background in professional work

culture.
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Without restriction, paraphrase daily costs.

Nearly all of Negros Occidental's schools and universities have senior high school

working students. Many of these students require financial assistance, so they take on

employment as working students to support themselves or their families. Not all students

are endowed with the financial means to meet their educational requirements; some

working senior high school students encountered difficulties as a result of their dual

employment and studies.

An explanation of the issue

The study's objective is to determine the difficulties senior high school working

students encounter and how they perform academically at Rafael B. Lacson Memorial

High School in the academic year 2023–2024

1. The following inquiries are the focus of this study:

2. What characteristics characterize working seniors in high school, and when are

they categorized based on the following:

3. A. Age

4. B. Sexual

5. 2. What difficulties do working seniors in high school face?

6. Premises of the Research

7. The specific problem of the study served as the basis for the formulation of the

following assumptions.

8. The difficulties encountered by working students in senior high school differ

depending on their profile

9. Each challenges vary from one to another according to their age and sex.
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Theoretical Framework

The Walberg Theory of Academic Achievement and the discussion of the typical

difficulties faced by working senior high school students from ojs.aaresearchindex.com

served as the foundation for this study.

Educational outcomes (cognitive, behavioral, and attitudinal) are influenced by

the psychological traits of individual students and their immediate psychological settings,

according to Walberg's theory of academic accomplishment (Reynolds & Walberg,

1992).

A individual who works and attends school simultaneously is referred to as a

working student. Being a working student requires a lot of work, both academically and

additionally in his academic pursuits. Working students face great

challenges because their work demands all of their strength

(ojs.aaresearchindex.com).

Human capital theory (Becker, 1964) states that because working students

acquire new skills and information, their education can be enhanced. Combining

job and study may give students the chance to put what they have learned in the

classroom into practice (Geel & Baackes-gellner, 2012; Hotz et al., 2002).

Students who work face significant time constraints because their work

takes up time that could be used to improve their academic performance (e.g.,

attending classes, completing homework, and studying; Bozick, 2007; Kalenkoski

&Pabilonia, 2009; 2012).

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Profile of senior high school Challenges faced by senior high

working students. school working students.

A. Age

B. Sex

Figure 1
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Schematic Diagram Illustrating the

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1's conceptual model served as the study's guidance. The association

between our two variables—the difficulties senior high school students face—is

depicted in figure .

working students' academic achievements. Senior high school working students'

schedules and time management are related to their academic success or their

ability to do several tasks. To get their responses, we can observe them or

administer questionnaires. Working senior high school students don't get enough

sleep since they have a lot on their plates, including working while they study and

occasionally prioritizing their homes. Academic performance encompasses

several tasks, such as written works, assignments, and activities. As they work

and attend classes, their performance as.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focused on determining the challenges faced by senior High School

working students. The variable is challenges. The respondents are the senior High

School working students of Rafael b.lacson memorial high school.

The respondents of this study are the senior High School working students of Rafael b.

Lacson memorial high school year 2023-2024. They are a group of students that are

working while studying to provide their own and their families need. This group of

students are breadwinner of their family or they have a family that cannot provide their

needs.
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A survey form will be utilized as the means of collecting the required data. There

are some written or printed questions in this set. This will collect information from the

respondents regarding their viewpoints, experiences, and attitudes..

Significance of the Study

The study's conclusions may be advantageous to the following industries,

as well as the following ramifications and explanations.support that the seniors in

high school required.

Units of Local Government (LGUs). The local government units (LGUs) will

be able to reduce the number of senior high school working pupils by offering

additional financial support thanks to this study.

Definition of Terms

The concepts and definitions of the following words are provided for the

purpose of facilitating a thorough comprehension of this subject.

obstacles. Conceptually, something that tests a person's abilities and

requires a significant amount of mental or physical effort in order to be completed

successfully is described as (Cambridge.org). Operationally, this phrase

describes the challenges that Rafael B. senior high school students face. 2023–

2024: Lacson Memorial High School.

Students in senior high school. Senior High School (SHS) is conceptually defined

as Grades 11 and 12, the final two years of the K–12 Basic Education Program,

according to deped.gov.ph. The study's respondents are referred to by this word. In

terms of operations, this term refers to the Rafael B. Lacson Memorial High School study

participants during the years 2023–2024.

Students who work. In higher education, the term "working student" refers to a

person who works full-time while concurrently attending classes, according to

deped.gov.ph. A person who is employed full-time but is enrolled in school is no longer

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eligible to work under a student contract. From an operational standpoint, this term is

used to refer to the senior High school working students in Rafael b.lacson memorial

high school School Year 2023-2024.

CHAPTER II

An analysis of relevant literature

The conceptual and research literatures that are relevant to the current

investigation are presented in this chapter. These research and literature are relevant to

the current inquiry in terms of their topic, participants, methods, and conclusions, which

supported the current investigation.

Foreign

In between jobs and school, time management can be difficult. Managing your

time in both your professional and academic lives is difficult, especially when you have

other obligations that compete for your time, like raising children. This is true whether

you are working to pay for college or returning to school to advance your current career.

Lack of time is not the issue; rather, what matters most is how people use their time

(Ann Logsdon, March 11, 2019) (verywellmind.com).

Students who work don't get enough sleep. Nights are lengthy and

mornings are dreaded. Weekends are our sole opportunity to unwind, and even

then, we can have an early shift (Charrissia, 2022). As to the Lifestyle Survey of

Privately Financed International Students (JASSO), over forty percent of the

students work and study in Denmark, Germany, Austria, Italy, and France. In

several nations, such as the Czech Republic, Denmark, Norway, and Poland, over
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20% of work and study is made up of vocational education training programs.

However, a large number of young people who work and study do not enroll in

VET programs or work as apprentices. This is especially true in England and New

Zealand. In the US, Sweden, Japan, Korea, Ireland, and the US, this group makes

up around 90% of work and study.

Local

Working while in school causes you to view your time in the institute differently.

Every working student understands how difficult it can be, from friends to school to jobs.

For students who are trying to earn a living while also pursuing their education, this is

very concerning. The main benefit of working while pursuing education is that it helps

students prepare for the workforce. Working and going to school at the same time is

harder; you have to make concessions reconcile. numerous other stuff only to make

your life better. Working students always face challenges until they give up on the things

that need to be done in life. As you learn, you encounter every method by which

students pay for their education. Some people attend their institutions full-time while also

working several jobs. Some work part-time, some perform odd jobs occasionally, while

still others don't work at all or have never worked a day in their lives. According to Nancy

(2017), they are the ones going through the best time in their lives

(urgentesayhelp.co.uk).

Working while studying has becoming more common in the higher education system.

Beyond intelligence, self-discipline, diligence, initiative, and determination are also

necessary for success. In order to achieve their personal objectives, students now

frequently work while they are in class (Tumin & Faizuddin,2017). Working students

frequently come up with creative solutions to issues when encountering and navigating

big obstacles. When faced with challenges, they exhibit resilience and adaptability. (Tus
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and others, 2022). These working students are fighters who persevere through the

challenges of labor and school to get their degrees, despite being worn out from their

occupations.Education is the main key path in understanding why people

keep on attending in school so that they can acquire fine jobs after a
long and tiring college years and yet it is also a path toward earning a
college degree. To continue study the most important thing to
remember is the financial capital for their educational needs. Capital
that expect will last longer until they finish their studies. As the tuition
fee increases, more students are determined to find part-time jobs.
The money that they receive from their job will serve as an addendum
to the expenses to their financial capital for education ( Sharon E.
Jarvis & others, The political Participation, The Annette Strauss
Institute civic publishing corporation of New York 2005).
Education is the main key path in understanding why people
keep on attending in school so that they can acquire fine jobs after a
long and tiring college years and yet it is also a path toward earning a
college degree. To continue study the most important thing to
remember is the financial capital for their educational needs. Capital
that expect will last longer until they finish their studies. As the tuition
fee increases, more students are determined to find part-time jobs.
The money that they receive from their job will serve as an addendum
to the expenses to their financial capital for education ( Sharon E.
Jarvis & others, The political Participation, The Annette Strauss
Institute civic publishing corporation of New York 2005).
Education is the main key path in understanding why people
keep on attending in school so that they can acquire fine jobs after a
long and tiring college years and yet it is also a path toward earning a
college degree. To continue study the most important thing to
remember is the financial capital for their educational needs. Capital
that expect will last longer until they finish their studies. As the tuition
fee increases, more students are determined to find part-time jobs.
The money that they receive from their job will serve as an addendum
to the expenses to their financial capital for education ( Sharon E.
Jarvis & others, The political Participation, The Annette Strauss
Institute civic publishing corporation of New York 2005).

Synthesis

The review of relevant literature that concentrated on the difficulties high school

students confront, both conceptually and scientifically. On the other hand, because of
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the descriptive nature of the current study, the review of similar studies is equally

relevant. This research's scope, objectives, research design, and methodology are all

related.

From the difficulties senior high school working students encounter, it can be

inferred that one of the factors influencing them is their lack of financial stability.

Additionally, the researcher received guidance from the relevant literature

regarding the statistical instruments to be employed in gauging the goals of this

investigation. Additionally, it clarified the conceptual and analytical knowledge required

to use these statistical methods and tie the nature of the study's objectives to its findings

and hypotheses.

Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter describes the research design, the study's subject and respondents,

the instrument used to collect the data, its validity and reliability, the procedure
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for collecting and processing the data, analytical schemes, and statistical tools

that helped with data analysis.

Research Design

The research design, study subject and respondents, data collection tool,

instrument validity and reliability, data collection and processing process, analytical

schemes, and statistical tools that helped with data analysis are all presented in this

chapter. The description of the result will come from the viewpoints of the participants.

The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether there is a meaningful correlation

between the difficulties senior high school working students confront and their academic

achievement.

Respondents of the Study

The results will be explained from the viewpoints of the participants. The purpose

of the study is to ascertain whether working senior high school students' academic

performance and the difficulties they confront are significantly correlated. Purposive

sampling is the method we employ. The goal of the purposive sample technique is to

find population members who are most likely to have particular traits or experiences. By

selecting persons or instances that align with your study, you can concentrate on a

limited sample size.

Data Gathering Instrument

In order to collect data for this investigation, the researcher will create and employ a

survey form that they have created themselves. The survey items address the obstacles

and struggles that students face in the classroom.

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The initial section of the data collection tool will comprise the respondents' basic profile.

like the age, sex, and students.

The second component of the data gathering instrument will be a list of the challenges

that the respondents faced.

Section III of the data collection tool will be the survey form. In just ten minutes, the

survey form must be completed by listing the difficulties experienced by working seniors

in high school.

Validity of the Research Instrument

The precision of the measurement is referred to as validity. Validity demonstrates

the suitability of a certain test in a given circumstance. According to Alvin Nicolas

(2021), the research is valid if the results align with the researcher's explanation,

hypothesis,

and scenario.

The items on the survey forms will be verified by experts in order to guarantee

their legitimacy.

Reliability of the Research Instrument

How consistently a method measures something is called its reliability. A

measurement is deemed trustworthy if the same outcome can be consistently

obtained under the same conditions using the same techniques. Middleton, Fiona

(2019).

Since the researcher is using a survey form that was created by the researcher,

there is no requirement to demonstrate the reliability of the instrument used in

this investigation.

Data Gathering and Processing Procedure

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The following stages were engaged in carrying out the study:

authorization to carry out the study. The researchers requested permission to

perform the study in writing to the Rafael B. Lacson Memorial High School grade

11 and 12 students through their E-tutorial.

Request for Validation Letter. A request for validations and approvals of

the proposed/prepared survey was made in writing to the evaluators.

First Survey. The names of the students enrolled in Grades 11 and 12 at

Rafael B. Lacson Memorial High School were requested by the researchers from

the school registration. to respond to the request for authorization to carry out the

study.

The instrument's administration. The researchers submitted in personal

after receiving approval. given that we are face to face.

obtaining the survey forms back. The survey forms were gathered in-person.

Gathering of Information. After gathering the data, the researcher quickly totaled

and tabulated it using a spreadsheet application before statistical analysis.

Analytical Schemes

The goal of descriptive research is to precisely and methodically characterize a

population, circumstance, or phenomena. It can respond to inquiries about what, where,

when, and how, but not why. A descriptive research plan can look into one or more using

a wide range of research techniques.

Descriptive analytical scheme is required for Objective 1, which will establish the profile

of Senior High School Working Students. This scheme explains the current state or

pattern of the issue that is being looked into.

Goal 2: To ascertain the difficulties experienced by working seniors in high school.

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Statistical Tools

In this investigation, the following statistical instruments will be employed:

Stupid. The total sum of the values in a sample divided by the total number

of values in the sample yields the mean, also referred to as the average (Meredith

Hurley; Steven Tenny, 2016)

Time of Day. One can find the number of times a certain value occurs in the data by calculating

its frequency (f). Any set of all potential values and the frequencies that correspond with them

make up the distribution of a variable.