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About Parametric Non-Parametric

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DO SIGNIFICANT: Your guide t

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Home
 T-test

PAIRED Learn more

PARAMETRIC TES
UNPAIRE Learn more
D Sometimes we need to
SINGLE Learn more n

PEARSO Learn more

N

ANOVA Learn more

 HOM ABOU
E T

TRIC TEST
times we need to assume that everything is
normal.
PARAMETRIC TEST
A parametric test is a hypothesis testing procedure based on the as
according to some distributions of well-known form up to some unkn
inference

Advantages of Parametric
Tests
1. Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results w
2. Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results w
3. Parametric tests have greater statistical power

In this statistical tool, the following statistics are included:

1 T-TEST FOR PAIRED SAMPLING

The paired sample t-test, sometimes called th
determine whether the mean difference betwe
test, each subject or entity is measured twice,
the paired sample t-test include case-control s
interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a
consider would be to measure the performanc
program, and analyze the differences using a

2 T-TEST FOR UNPAIRED SAMPLING

The unpaired two-samples t-test is used to
 For example, suppose that we have measured
men (group B). We want to know if the mean w
of men (mBmB).

In this case, we have two unrelated (i.e., indep

possible to use an independent t-test to eva

3 PEARSON R CORRELATION
The Pearson product-moment correlation coeffi
measure of the strength of a linear association
Pearson product-moment correlation attempts
and the Pearson correlation coefficient, r, indic
best fit (i.e., how well the data points fit this n

1
2
2
3
LINE OF
3 4 12
4 5
10
5 6
6 7
8
7 8
8 9 6
9 11
4

0
0 1 2 3 4

4 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical m
seem odd that the technique is called "Analys
name is appropriate because inferences about
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical m
seem odd that the technique is called "Analys
name is appropriate because inferences about

ANOVA is used to test general rather than spe

ST
Home

e based on the assumption that observed data are distributed

m up to some unknown parameter(s) on which we want to make

c
worthy results with distributions that are skewed and nonnormal
worthy results when the groups have different amounts of variabi
stical power

ncluded:

MPLING
metimes called the dependent sample t-test, is a statistical procedure used to
n difference between two sets of observations is zero. In a paired sample t-
s measured twice, resulting in pairs of observations. Common applications of
ude case-control studies or repeated-measures designs. Suppose you are
effectiveness of a company training program. One approach you might
re the performance of a sample of employees before and after completing the
fferences using a paired sample t-test.

SAMPLING
s t-test is used to compare the mean of two independent groups.
we have measured the weight of 100 individuals: 50 women (group A) and 50
know if the mean weight of women (mAmA) is significantly different from that

related (i.e., independent or unpaired) groups of samples. Therefore, it’s

dent t-test to evaluate whether the means are different.

ION
nt correlation coefficient (or Pearson correlation coefficient, for short) is a
linear association between two variables and is denoted by r. Basically, a
rrelation attempts to draw a line of best fit through the data of two variables,
coefficient, r, indicates how far away all these data points are to this line of
ta points fit this new model/line of best fit).

LINE OF BEST FIT

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

E
) is a statistical method used to test differences between two or more means. It may
e is called "Analysis of Variance" rather than "Analysis of Means." As you will see, the
e inferences about means are made by analyzing variance.
 ) is a statistical method used to test differences between two or more means. It may
e is called "Analysis of Variance" rather than "Analysis of Means." As you will see, the
e inferences about means are made by analyzing variance.

al rather than specific differences among means.

Home
means. It may
will see, the
PAIRED T-TEST (Dependent T-Tes
INPUT DATA for t-test (Paired samp
n x y
1 1 10 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
2 2 9
3 3 8 1. STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS
4 4 7 Ho: There is no significant difference
5 5 6 Ha: There is a significant difference b
6 7 4
7 5 3 2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
α

3. TEST STATISTICS

√((𝑛(∑▒ 〖𝑑 ^2)−
t=(∑▒𝑑)/

(∑▒𝑑)^2
〗 )/(𝑛−1))
t-computed
0.1431
0.0716
1.5514
4. CRITICAL REGION
α
df
t critical

5. DECISION RULE

Failed to Reject Ho

6. CONCLUSION
There is no significant differe

7. INTERPRETATION
There is no variation between
not significantly varies from e
somewhat not effective)
There is no variation between
not significantly varies from e
somewhat not effective)
 ABOU HOM
T E
dent T-Test)

HYPOTHESIS

OUR HYPOTHESIS
e is no significant difference between their score bef
e is a significant difference between their score befo

SIGNIFICANCE
0.05

∑▒𝑑)/
(𝑛(∑▒ 〖𝑑 ^2)−
∑▒𝑑)^2
/(𝑛−1))1.5514

0.05
6
2.446912

N RULE

led to Reject Ho

re is no significant difference between their sc

re is no variation between the data, which means that the score does
significantly varies from each other (i.e. the intervention applied is
ewhat not effective)
HOM
E
UNPAIRED T-TEST (Independent
test)
INPUT DATA for t-test (Independent t-

n x y
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

1. STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant differen
Ha: There is a significant differenc

2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
α

3. TEST STATISTICS

Type of Variance:
P-value

4. CRITICAL REGION
α
df

5. DECISION RULE

6. CONCLUSION

7. INTERPRETATION
ependent T- ABOU
T
HOM
E

HYPOTHESIS

OUR HYPOTHESIS
e is no significant difference between their scores
e is a significant difference between their scores

SIGNIFICANCE
0.01

e of Variance: Unequal

N RULE
HOM
E
One sample T-test
Subject Scores

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Population Mean:
Sample Mean:
N:
Standard Deviation:

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1. State the Hypothesis

Ho:
Ha:

STEP 2. Level of Significance

α:

STEP 3. Test Statistics

t stat

t stat

P-value:

STEP 4. Critical Region

 α:
t crit

STEP 5. Decision Rule

STEP 6. Conclusion
test

STICS

NG

ypothesis
The sample mean is equal to the population mean
The sample mean is not equal to the population mean

nificance

0.05

One-Tailed
#VALUE! Two-Tailed
#VALUE! One-Tailed
if P value < α , Reject Ho, Failed to Reject Ho
Home About
A SINGLE FACTOR OR ONE
INPUT DATA FOR ANOVA (ONE-WAY)
n A B C D E
 ABOU HOM

OR ONE-WAY ANOVA T E

ANOVA SINGLE FACTOR

SUMMARY
GROUPS n Sum Average Variance

ANOVA TABLE
F-critical
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value
0.05
Between Groups
Within Groups

TOTAL
* Significant
** Highly Significant

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

1. State Your Hypotheses

Ho: There is no significant difference among groups
Ha: There is a significant difference among groups
2. Level of Significance
α 0.05

3. Test Statistics
F computed
P-value

4. Critical Region
α
F crit

5. Decision Rule

6. Conclusion

POST HOC ANALYSIS*

*Post hoc (“after this” in Latin) tests are used to uncover specific
differences between three or more group means when an
analysis of variance (ANOVA) F test is significant.
 HOM
E

F-critical
0.01
Pearson r
Correlation
INPUT DATA for Pearson r
n x y
1 12 11 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
2 10 10
3 9 9 1. STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS
4 8 8 Ho: There is no significant relationshi
5 6 7 Ha: There is a significant relationship
6 7 6
7 9 9 2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
8 10 8 α
9 11 7
3. TEST STATISTICS

r statistics

t computed

P-value

4. CRITICAL REGION
α
df
t critical

5. DECISION RULE

Failed to Reject Ho

6. CONCLUSION
There is no significant relatio

7. INTERPRETATION
There is no connection or inte
two variables, which means t
variable does not affect the o
 ABOU HOM
T E

HYPOTHESIS

OUR HYPOTHESIS
e is no significant relationship between the variables
e is a significant relationship between the variables

SIGNIFICANCE
0.05

0.652
2.274 2.2737288
0.057 (Two-tailed)
0.1143 (One-tailed)

0.05
7
2.365

N RULE

ed to Reject Ho

re is no significant relationship between the variables

re is no connection or interpendence between the
variables, which means that the change in one
able does not affect the other variable
HOM
E
Wilcoxon's
signed Rank

Paired Learn more

Single Learn more

Sign Test NON-PARAMETRIC

Paired Learn more
let us not assu
Single Learn more

Mood's Learn more

Median Test

Mann-
Whitney U Learn more
Test
 HOME ABOUT

Kruskal-Wallis
Test

Spearman
Rank
Correlation

METRIC TEST Friedman Test

us not assume too much.. Chi-square

(Test of
Independenc
e)

Cochran's Q
Test

McNemar's
Test

Goodmann &
Kruskal's
Gamma
 Learn more

man Learn more

ation

man Test Learn more

square
of Learn more
pendenc

an's Q Learn more

mar's Learn more

ann &
l's Learn more
a
Non Parametric T
A non parametric test (sometimes called a distribution fre
about the underlying distribution (for example, that the data c
That’s compared to parametric test, which makes assumption
example, the mean or standard deviation); When the word “n
doesn’t quite mean that you know nothing about the populati
population data does not have a normal distribution.

ADVANTAGES OF NON-PARAMETRIC TEST

1. Nonparametric tests assess the median which can be
2. Nonparametric tests are valid when our sample size i
3. Nonparametric tests can analyze ordinal data, ranked

In this statistical tool, the following statistics are includ

1MANN-WHITNEY TEST

The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare difference

or continuous, but not normally distributed. For exampl
towards pay discrimination, where attitudes are measur
would be "attitudes towards pay discrimination" and yo
"female"). Alternately, you could use the Mann-Whitney
based on educational level (i.e., your dependent variab
which has two groups: "high school" and "university"). T
independent t-test although this is not always the case.
 would be "attitudes towards pay discrimination" and yo
"female"). Alternately, you could use the Mann-Whitney
based on educational level (i.e., your dependent variab
which has two groups: "high school" and "university"). T
independent t-test although this is not always the case.

2WILCOXON SIGNED TEST

The Wilcoxon test is a non parametric test that allows t

Two tests have been proposed for the cases where sam

The sign test is based on a simple principle: we compar

the number of cases where the second sample is greate
into account the size of the difference between each pa

Wilcoxon proposed a test which takes into account the

as the sign of the differences is also involved.

3 KRUSKAL-WALLIS H TEST
The Kruskal-Wallis H test (sometimes also called the "on
determine if there are statistically significant difference
ordinal dependent variable. It is considered the nonpara
U test to allow the comparison of more than two indepe

4SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION

Spearman rank correlation is a non-parametric test that
Spearman rank correlation test does not carry any assu
analysis when the variables are measured on a scale th

5 SIGN TEST
 The Sign test is a non-parametric test that is use
used when dependent samples are ordered in pai
based on the direction of the plus and minus sign
called the binominal sign test, with p = .5.. The s
below or above the median and it does not measu

6 FRIEDMAN TEST
The Friedman test is the non-parametric alternat
etric Test
d a distribution free test) does not assume anything
ple, that the data comes from a normal distribution).
makes assumptions about a population’s parameters (for
When the word “non parametric” is used in stats, it
about the population. It usually means that you know the
tribution.

METRIC TEST
dian which can be better for some study areas
n our sample size is small and your data are potentially nonnormal
rdinal data, ranked data, and outliers

tistics are included

ompare differences between two independent groups when the dependent

buted. For example, you could use the Mann-Whitney U test to understand
itudes are measured on an ordinal scale, differ based on gender (i.e., your
imination" and your independent variable would be "gender", which has tw
the Mann-Whitney U test to understand whether salaries, measured on a co
dependent variable would be "salary" and your independent variable would
and "university"). The Mann-Whitney U test is often considered the nonpara
t always the case.
 imination" and your independent variable would be "gender", which has tw
the Mann-Whitney U test to understand whether salaries, measured on a co
dependent variable would be "salary" and your independent variable would
and "university"). The Mann-Whitney U test is often considered the nonpara
t always the case.

test that allows to compare two paired samples.

e cases where samples are paired: the sign test and the Wilcoxon signed ra

nciple: we compare the number of cases where the first sample is greater t
d sample is greater that the first sample. The disadvantage of the sign test
between each pair, data which is often available.

into account the size of the difference within pairs. This test is called the W
nvolved.

also called the "one-way ANOVA on ranks") is a rank-based nonparametric

nificant differences between two or more groups of an independent variabl
dered the nonparametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA, and an extens
e than two independent groups.

ATION
arametric test that is used to measure the degree of association between t
not carry any assumptions about the distribution of the data and is the app
ured on a scale that is at least ordinal.
 test that is used to test whether or not two groups are equally siz
re ordered in pairs, where the bivariate random variables are mutu
s and minus sign of the observation, and not on their numerical ma
th p = .5.. The sign test is considered a weaker test, because it tes
does not measure the pair difference.

ametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA with repeated measures

 Home

onnormal

en the dependent variable is either ordinal

est to understand whether attitudes
gender (i.e., your dependent variable
der", which has two groups: "male" and
measured on a continuous scale, differed
ent variable would be "educational level",
dered the nonparametric alternative to the
der", which has two groups: "male" and
measured on a continuous scale, differed
ent variable would be "educational level",
dered the nonparametric alternative to the

Wilcoxon signed rank test.

ample is greater than the second sample to

ge of the sign test is that it does not take

test is called the Wilcoxon signed rank test,

ed nonparametric test that can be used to

dependent variable on a continuous or
VA, and an extension of the Mann-Whitney

ciation between two variables. The

ata and is the appropriate correlation
 s are equally sized. The sign test is
riables are mutually independent It is
eir numerical magnitude. It is also
st, because it tests the pair value

peated measures. It is used to test for differences between groups

Home
MANN-WHITNEY TEST
Group 1 RANK1 Group 2 RANK2
EY TEST

Descriptive Statistics
Group 1 Group 2
N
Median
Rank Sum
U

Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation

Hypothesis Testing

Step 1. State your hypothesis

Ho : The two groups are equal

Ha : The two groups are not equal

Step 2. Level of significance

α 0.05

Step 3. Test Statistics

 U stat
z score
P-value One-tailed
r

Step 4. Critical Region

U critical

Step 5. Decision Rule

if Ustat < Ucrit, Reject Ho, Failed to Reject HO

Decision:

Step 6. Conclusion
 Hom About
e

re equal
re not equal
 One-tailed
Two-tailed

ect Ho, Failed to Reject HO

U
t*
P-value
SPEARMAN RANK
n X Y

STEP 1State the hypotheses

Ho: There is no significa
Ha: There is a significan

STEP 2Level of Significance

α 0.05

STEP 3Test Statistics

𝒓𝒔=𝟏−(𝟔∑▒𝑫𝟐)/
(
𝑵𝟑−𝑵)

rs P-value
t computed

P-value

STEP 4Critical Region

α
t critical

STEP 5Decision Rule

STEP 6CONCLUSION
NK
Home About

hypotheses
There is no significant relationship
There is a significant relationship

ignificance
About
WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TES
Subjects Sample

Descriptive Statistics
Sample
Median

N
Variance
Standard Deviatio
Expected Value
T+
T-
Ties 0
Hypothesis Testing

Step 1. State the Hypothesis

Ho :

Ha :

Step 2. Level of significance

α:

Step 3. Test Statistics

Tstat
z
P-value
Step 4. Critical Region

α:
Tcritical

Step 5. Decision Rule

Step 6. Conclusion
RANK TEST (Single)

s
Population

te the Hypothesis

vel of significance

0.05

st Statistics

Two-tailed One-tailed
 Two-tailed

tical Region

cision Rule

If T stat < T critical, Reject Ho, Failed to Reject Ho

nclusion
 Home About

There is no significant difference between the sample median

There is a significant difference between the sample median of

e sample median of data and the population median of

sample median of data and the population median of

WILCOXON SIGNED RANK TES
Subjects A B

Descriptive Statistics

Median

N
Variance
Standard Deviatio
Expected Value
T+
T-

Hypothesis Testing

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

Step 4.
Step 5.

Step 6.
 RANK TEST (Paired)

e Statistics
A B

Testing

State the Hypothesis

Ho: The two samples follow the same distribution
Ha: The distribution of two samples are different

Level of significance

α: 0.05

Test Statistics

Tstat
z
P-value One-tailed One-tailed
Two-tailed

Critical Region
 α:
Tcritical

Decision Rule

If P-value < α, Reject Ho, Failed to Reject Ho

Conclusion
Home About
KRUSKAL WALLIS
Subject A B C D E
1 9 6 9 9
2 9 6 8 9
3 9 8 8 9
4 9 4 5 5
5 9 5 7 8
6 9 6 6 7
7 9 6 6 7
8 8 6 7 7
9 9 6 6 7
10 9 7 6 6
11 9 5 6 7
12 9 5 6 7
13 9 7 5 8
14 8 4 6 3
15 9 2 5 6
16 9 5 7 8
17 8 3 5 6
18 9 6 7 8
19 9 5 8 8
20 9 4 7 8
21 8 2 4 5
22 8 2 6 7
23 8 3 4 6
24 9 6 8 8
25 8 4 5 6
26 8 6 7 8
27 9 3 7 7
28 9 2 6 7
29 9 2 5 8
30 9 7 8 9
IS
Home About

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A B C D E
Mean 8.73 4.77 6.33 7.13
Variance 0.20 3.08 1.61 1.84
Group Size (n) 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Rank Sums (R) 3010.00 822.50 ### ###
R2/n ### ### ### ###

Total Group Size 120.00

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1. State the Hypothesis

H0: The group populations have equal dominance

Ha: At least one of the group populations is domina

STEP 2. Level of Significance

α 0.25

STEP 3. Statistics

H: 70.5606
P-value: 0.00000
STEP 4. Critical Region

df: 3.00
α: 0.25

STEP 5. Decision Rule

If P-value < 0.05, Reject Ho, Failed to Reject

Reject Ho

STEP 6. Conclusion

Based on the result, we

Reject Ho
This means that
At least one of the group populations is dom
 ###

ual dominance
ations is dominant over the
o , Failed to Reject Ho

populations is dominant over the others

Sign Test (Single)
Subject Memory Sign
t (Single)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Expected Median:

Number of Positive Signs:

Number of Negative Signs:

N:

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Step 1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: The population median is ≥

The population median is ≥
Ha: The population median is ≤
The population median is ≤
Step 2. Level of Significance

α 0.05

Step 3. Test Statistics

Min: 0.00
Z:
P-value:
Step 4. Critical Region

Step 5. Decision Rule

if Pvalue < α , Reject Ho, Failed to

Step 6. Conclusion
 Home About

dian is ≥
dian is ≥
dian is ≤
dian is ≤
t Ho, Failed to Reject Ho
Sign Test (Paired)
Subject BEFORE AFTER Sign
Paired)
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

N Mean SD
BEFORE
AFTER

Negative Differences
Postive Differences
Ties

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Step 1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant d

Ha: There is a significant di

Step 2. Level of Significance

α 0.05

Step 3. Test Statistics

Min 0.00
 Z:
P-value:

Step 4. Critical Region

Step 5. Decision Rule

if Pvalue < α , Reject Ho

Step 6. Conclusion
 Home About

no significant difference between the pairs

a significant difference between the pairs
< α , Reject Ho, Failed to Reject Ho
FRIEDMAN TEST
SUBJECT A B C D E
1 8 5 8 9
2 8 5 8 9
3 7 5 8 9
4 7 5 8 9
5 6 4 7 9
6 6 5 8 9
7 6 4 7 9
8 6 5 8 9
9 6 5 8 9
10 7 6 9 8
11 6 5 8 9
12 7 5 9 8
13 8 6 8 9
14 7 5 5 7
15 7 4 8 9
16 8 6 7 9
17 8 7 8 9
18 7 7 9 8
19 8 7 9 8
20 8 6 6 9
21 7 5 6 8
22 7 7 9 9
23 6 7 8 9
24 7 6 7 9
25 7 6 8 9
26 8 6 8 9
27 7 5 8 9
28 8 4 8 9
29 6 5 8 9
30 8 5 9 9
T
SUMMARY STATISTICS

A B C
SUM OF RANKS (R): 66.50 33.00 86.50
R2: 4422.25 1089.00 7482.25

m: 30.00
k: 4.00
Ties 13.00

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Step 1. State the Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference between con

Ha: There is a significant difference between cont

Step 2. Level of Significance

α 0.05

Step 3. Test Statistics

Without ties

with ties

Q=
 Q stat: 73.4632 (Corrected for ties)
P-value: 0.0000

Step 4. Critical Region

α 0.05
Q crit : 7.8147

Step 5. Decision Rule

If P value < α , Reject Ho

else, Failed to Reject Ho

Reject Ho

Step 6. Conclusion

Based on the result, we

Reject Ho
this implies that
There is a significant difference between cont
 Home About

D E Rank Total
114.00 300.00
### 25989.50

difference between controlled and treatments

fference between controlled and treatments
 (Without ties) (Corrected for ties)
rrected for ties) 69.7900 73.4632
0.0000 0.0000

fference between controlled and treatments

ONLINE SOURCES
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ULiCQWg:1587955254729&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=DVsIQfZm9kMEPM%253A%252C3jUIeSweKrvR6M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-

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52C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSfjI1NP-gCwWVIxJoDLU1T4jXW1w&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwji9YGnyofpAhVIGaYKHVkgDuAQ9QEwCHoECAoQLA#img
9QEwCHoECAoQLA#imgrc=wRCAnbQ1itB-aM
Alpha
0.01
0.05 0
0.25 0.29
0.10 0.3
0.50 0.49
0.5
P-value 0.69
t-computed 0.7
0.99
1
Equal
Unequal

(Two-tailed)
(One-tailed)
No Association
Neglible Association
Moderate Association
Moderate Association
substantial association
substantial association
Very Strong Association
Very Strong Association
Perfect Association
GOODMAN AND KRUSKAL'S GA
AL'S GAMMA
0 0

TOTAL

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1 STATE THE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: there is no significant difference in the population

Ha: there is a significant difference in the population

STEP 2 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α: 0.05 (Two-tailed)

STEP 3 TEST STATISTICS

Where: Nc is the total number of pairs that rank the same (co
Nd is the number of pairs that don’t rank the same (di

Nc:
 Nd:

γ:
z:
P-value:

STEP 4 CRITICAL REGION

α:
Z crit:

STEP 5 DECISION RULE

If P-value < α, Reject Ho. Otherwise, Failed to Rejec

STEP 6 CONCLUSION

Yule's Q*
*for 2 x 2

Test Statistics:

Q:
P-value:

Decision:
 Home About

TOTAL 1 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1 2
1
2
3
4
5
rence in the population 6
ence in the population 7
8
9
10

airs that rank the same (concordant pairs)

hat don’t rank the same (discordant pairs).
Otherwise, Failed to Reject Ho

a:
b:
c:
d:
Nc: #VALUE!
Nd: #VALUE!
Z
One tailed: #VALUE!
Two-tailed #VALUE!
 3 4 5

Nc 0

3 4 5

Nd 0
Mood's Median Test
SUMMARY STATISTICS

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 Test HOME ABOUT

SUMMARY STATISTICS

Median

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1 STATE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant difference between groups
Ha: There is a significant difference between groups

STEP 2 LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α: 0.05

STEP 3 TEST STATISTICS

Chi-sq.:
P-value

STEP 4 CRITICAL REGION

α:
Chi-sq crit
STEP 5 DECISION RULE

If P-value < α, Reject Ho. Otherwise, Failed to Reject Ho

STEP 6 CONCLUSION
McNemar's Test
No. A B
Summary
Frequency
A:
B:
C:

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1. STATE THE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant change in nom

Ha: There is a significant change in nom

STEP 2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α: 0.01

STEP 3. TEST STATISTICS

n:
A:
B:
A-B:
P-value:

Binomial Test*
*if n < 20:

STEP 4. CRITICAL REGION

α:
Crit. Value:
df:
STEP 5. DECISION RULE

If P-value < α , Reject Ho. Otherwise

STEP 5. CONCLUSION
 HOME ABOUT

Legend: Let A = number of people who switched from in favor to against

Let B = number of people who switched from against to in favor
Let C = number of people who did not switched

NG

E THE HYPOTHESIS

is no significant change in nominal data before and after an event.

is a significant change in nominal data before and after an event.

L OF SIGNIFICANCE

STATISTICS

#VALUE!

CAL REGION
SION RULE

lue < α , Reject Ho. Otherwise, Failed to Reject Ho

LUSION
ABOUT
COCHRAN'S Q TEST
LEGEND:
Success: 1
Failure: 0 No Controlled
TreatmentTreatment
1 Treatment
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
2 0 1 1 1
3 0 1 1 1
4 0 1 1 1
5 1 0 1 1
6 1 0 1 1
7 1 0 1 1
8 1 0 1 1
9 0 1 1 1
10 0 1 1 1
11 1 1 1 1
12 1 1 1 1
13 0 0 1 1
14 0 1 1 1
15 0 0 0 0
16 1 0 1 1
17 1 0 0 0
18 0 1 1 1
19 1 0 1 0
20 0 1 1 1
21 0 1 1 1
22 0 1 1 1
23 0 1 1 1
24 0 1 1 1
25 1 1 1 1
26 1 1 1 1
27 1 1 1 1
28 0 1 1 1
29 0 0 1 1
30 0 0 0 1
31 0 1 1 1
32 1 1 1 1
33 1 1 1 1
34 1 1 1 1
35 1 1 1 1
36 1 1 1 1
37 0 1 1 1
38 0 1 1 1
39 1 1 1 1
40 1 1 1 1
41 0 1 1 1
42 0 1 1 1
43 0 1 1 1
44 1 1 1 1
45 0 1 1 1
46 1 1 1 1
47 1 1 1 1
48 0 1 1 1
49 1 1 1 1
50 1 1 1 1
51 1 1 1 1
52 0 1 1 1
53 1 1 1 1
54 1 1 1 1
55 1 1 1 1
56 0 1 1 1
57 0 1 1 1
58 0 1 1 1
59 1 1 1 1
60 0 1 1 1
61 0 1 1 1
62 0 1 1 1
63 0 1 1 1
64 0 1 1 1
65 0 1 1 1
66 0 1 1 1
67 1 1 1 1
68 0 1 1 1
69 1 1 1 1
70 1 1 1 1
71 1 1 1 1
72 1 1 1 1
73 1 1 1 1
74 1 1 1 1
75 0 1 1 1
76 0 1 1 1
77 0 1 1 1
78 0 1 1 1
79 1 1 1 1
80 1 1 1 1
81 1 1 1 1
82 1 1 1 1
83 0 1 1 1
84 0 1 1 1
85 0 1 1 1
86 1 1 1 1
87 1 1 1 1
88 1 1 1 1
89 0 1 1 1
90 1 1 1 1
91 0 1 1 1
92 1 1 1 1
 93 1 1 1 0
94 1 1 1 1
95 1 1 1 1
96 1 1 1 1
97 0 1 1 1
98 1 1 1 1
99 0 1 1 1
100 0 1 1 1
101 1 1 1 1
102 1 1 1 1
103 1 1 1 1
104 0 1 1 1
105 1 1 1 1
106 0 1 1 1
107 1 1 1 1
108 1 1 1 1
109 0 1 1 1
110 0 1 1 1
111 0 1 1 1
112 1 1 1 1
113 1 1 1 1
114 1 1 1 1
115 1 1 1 1
116 1 1 1 1
117 0 1 1 1
118 1 1 1 1
119 0 1 1 1
120 0 1 1 1
121 0 1 1 1
122 1 1 1 1
123 1 0 1 1
124 1 1 1 1
125 1 1 1 1
126 0 1 1 0
127 1 1 1 1
128 0 1 1 1
129 0 0 0 0
130 1 0 0 0
131 0 0 1 0
132 0 1 1 1
133 0 1 1 1
134 1 1 1 1
135 0 1 1 1
136 0 1 1 1
137 1 0 0 0
138 0 0 0 0
139 1 0 0 0
140 1 0 0 0
141 0 0 1 1
142 1 0 0 1
143 1 0 0 0
144 0 1 1 1
145 0 1 1 1
146 1 1 1 1
147 0 1 1 1
148 0 0 0 0
149 0 1 1 1
150 1 1 1 1
151 0 1 1 1
152 0 1 1 1
153 0 1 1 1
154 1 1 1 1
155 1 1 1 1
156 0 1 1 1
157 0 1 1 1
158 1 0 0 0
159 1 1 1 1
160 0 1 1 1
161 0 0 0 0
162 1 1 1 1
163 0 1 1 1
164 0 1 1 1
165 1 1 1 1
166 0 1 1 1
167 1 1 1 1
168 0 1 1 1
169 1 0 0 0
170 1 0 0 0
171 0 0 0 0
172 1 1 1 1
173 1 1 1 1
174 0 1 1 1
175 1 1 1 1
176 1 1 1 1
177 1 1 1 1
178 1 1 1 1
179 0 1 1 1
180 0 1 1 1
181 1 1 0 0
182 1 1 1 1
183 1 0 0 0
184 1 1 1 1
185 0 1 1 1
186 0 1 1 1
187 0 0 0 0
188 0 1 0 0
189 0 1 0 0
190 1 0 1 0
191 1 0 1 1
192 0 0 0 0
193 1 1 1 1
194 0 1 1 1
195 0 1 1 1
196 1 1 1 1
197 0 1 1 1
198 1 1 1 1
199 0 1 1 1
200 0 1 1 1
201 0 1 1 1
202 1 1 1 0
203 0 0 0 0
204 0 1 1 1
205 1 1 1 1
206 0 1 0 0
207 0 1 1 1
208 1 1 1 0
209 0 1 1 1
210 1 1 1 1
211 0 1 1 1
212 1 1 1 1
213 1 1 1 1
214 0 1 1 1
215 0 1 1 1
216 1 1 1 1
217 1 1 1 1
218 0 1 1 1
219 0 1 1 1
220 1 1 1 1
221 1 1 1 1
222 1 0 1 1
223 0 1 1 1
224 0 0 0 1
225 0 1 1 1
226 1 1 1 1
227 1 1 1 1
228 1 1 1 1
229 1 1 1 1
230 1 1 1 1
231 1 1 1 1
232 0 1 1 1
233 0 1 1 1
234 1 1 1 1
235 1 1 1 1
236 1 1 1 1
237 1 1 1 1
238 1 1 1 1
239 0 1 1 1
240 1 1 1 1
241 1 1 1 1
242 0 1 1 1
243 1 1 1 1
244 0 1 1 1
245 0 1 1 1
246 0 1 1 1
247 0 1 1 1
248 0 1 1 1
249 0 1 1 1
250 0 1 1 1
251 0 1 1 1
252 1 1 1 1
253 0 1 1 1
254 0 1 1 1
255 0 1 1 1
256 1 1 1 1
257 1 1 0 1
258 1 1 1 1
259 1 1 1 1
260 0 1 1 1
261 1 1 1 1
262 1 1 1 1
263 1 1 1 1
264 0 1 1 1
265 1 1 1 1
266 1 1 1 1
267 1 1 1 1
268 0 1 1 1
269 1 1 1 1
270 0 1 1 1
271 0 1 1 1
272 0 1 1 1
273 0 1 1 1
274 0 1 1 1
275 0 1 1 1
276 1 1 1 1
277 0 1 1 0
278 1 1 1 1
279 0 1 1 1
280 1 1 1 1
281 1 1 1 1
282 1 0 0 0
283 0 0 0 0
284 0 0 0 0
285 1 1 1 0
286 0 1 1 1
287 1 1 1 1
288 0 1 1 1
289 1 1 1 1
290 1 1 1 1
291 1 1 1 1
292 1 1 1 1
293 1 1 1 1
294 1 1 1 1
295 1 1 1 1
296 1 1 1 1
297 0 1 1 1
298 1 1 1 1
299 1 1 1 1
300 1 1 1 1
301 1 1 1 1
302 1 1 1 1
303 0 1 1 1
304 0 1 1 1
305 1 0 0 0
306 0 1 1 1
307 0 1 1 1
308 1 1 1 1
309 1 1 1 1
310 1 0 0 0
311 0 1 1 1
312 1 1 1 1
313 1 0 0 0
314 0 0 0 0
315 1 0 0 0
316 0 1 1 1
317 1 1 1 1
318 0 1 1 1
319 1 1 1 1
320 1 1 1 1
321 1 1 1 1
322 1 1 1 1
323 0 1 1 1
324 1 1 1 1
325 0 1 1 1
326 1 1 1 1
327 1 1 1 1
328 0 1 1 1
329 1 1 1 1
330 0 1 1 1
331 0 1 1 1
332 1 1 0 1
333 1 1 1 1
334 1 1 0 1
335 0 1 1 1
336 0 1 1 0
337 1 1 1 1
338 0 1 1 1
339 0 1 1 1
340 1 1 1 1
341 1 1 1 1
342 0 1 1 1
343 1 1 1 1
344 1 1 1 1
345 0 1 1 1
346 0 1 1 1
347 1 1 1 1
348 0 1 1 1
349 0 1 1 1
350 1 1 1 1
351 1 1 1 1
352 0 1 1 1
353 0 1 1 1
354 0 1 1 1
355 0 1 1 1
356 1 1 1 1
357 1 1 1 1
358 0 1 1 1
359 1 1 1 1
360 0 0 1 1
361 1 0 1 1
362 0 1 1 1
363 1 1 1 1
364 1 1 1 1
365 1 1 1 1
366 1 0 1 1
367 1 1 1 1
368 0 1 1 1
369 0 1 1 1
370 0 1 1 0
371 0 1 1 1
372 1 1 1 1
373 0 1 1 1
374 0 1 1 1
375 0 1 0 1
376 0 1 1 1
377 1 1 1 1
378 1 1 1 1
379 0 1 1 1
380 1 1 1 1
381 1 1 1 1
382 0 1 1 1
383 0 1 1 1
384 1 1 1 1
385 1 1 1 1
386 1 1 1 1
387 1 1 1 1
388 0 1 1 1
389 1 1 1 1
390 0 1 1 1
391 0 1 1 1
392 0 1 1 1
393 1 1 1 1
394 0 1 1 1
395 1 1 1 1
396 1 1 1 1
397 1 1 1 1
398 1 1 1 1
399 1 1 1 1
400 0 1 1 1
401 1 1 1 1
402 0 1 1 1
403 1 1 1 1
404 1 1 1 1
405 0 1 1 1
406 1 1 1 1
407 1 1 1 1
408 1 1 1 1
409 1 1 1 1
410 1 1 1 1
411 0 1 1 1
412 0 1 1 1
413 0 1 1 1
414 1 1 1 1
415 0 1 1 1
416 0 1 1 1
417 1 1 1 1
418 0 1 1 1
419 0 1 1 1
420 1 1 1 1
421 0 1 1 1
422 0 1 1 1
423 0 1 1 1
424 1 1 1 1
425 0 1 1 1
426 1 1 1 1
427 1 1 1 1
428 1 1 1 1
429 1 1 1 1
430 1 1 1 1
431 0 1 1 1
432 1 1 1 1
433 1 1 1 1
434 1 1 1 1
435 0 1 1 1
436 0 1 1 1
437 0 1 1 1
438 1 1 1 1
439 1 1 1 1
440 0 1 1 1
441 0 0 0 1
442 0 0 0 0
443 1 0 0 0
444 0 1 1 1
445 0 1 1 1
446 1 1 1 1
447 0 1 1 1
448 1 1 1 1
449 0 1 1 1
450 0 1 1 1
451 1 1 1 1
452 1 1 1 1
453 0 1 1 1
454 1 1 1 1
455 0 1 1 1
456 0 1 1 1
457 1 1 1 1
458 1 1 1 1
459 0 1 1 1
460 0 1 1 1
461 0 1 1 0
462 1 1 1 1
463 1 1 1 1
464 0 1 1 1
465 0 1 1 1
466 1 1 1 1
467 0 1 1 1
468 1 1 1 1
469 0 1 1 0
470 1 1 1 1
471 0 1 1 1
472 1 1 1 1
473 1 1 1 0
474 1 1 1 0
475 0 1 1 1
476 1 1 1 1
477 0 1 1 1
478 1 1 1 1
479 1 1 1 1
480 1 1 1 0
481 1 1 1 1
482 0 1 1 1
483 0 1 1 1
484 0 1 1 1
485 0 1 1 0
486 0 1 1 1
487 0 1 1 1
488 1 1 1 1
489 1 1 1 0
490 0 1 1 0
491 1 1 1 1
492 0 1 1 1
493 1 1 1 1
494 0 1 1 1
495 1 1 1 1
496 1 1 1 0
497 1 1 1 1
498 1 1 1 1
499 1 1 1 1
500 0 1 1 1
501 0 1 1 1
502 0 1 1 1
503 0 1 1 1
504 0 1 1 1
505 1 1 1 1
506 0 1 1 1
507 1 1 1 1
508 1 1 1 1
509 1 1 1 1
510 1 1 1 1
511 0 1 1 1
512 0 1 1 1
513 1 1 1 1
514 1 1 1 1
515 0 1 1 1
516 1 1 1 1
517 1 1 1 1
518 0 1 1 1
519 0 1 1 1
520 1 1 1 1
521 0 1 1 1
522 1 1 1 1
523 0 1 1 1
524 1 1 1 1
525 1 1 1 1
526 0 1 1 1
527 0 1 1 1
528 1 1 1 1
529 0 1 1 1
530 0 1 1 1
531 1 1 1 1
532 0 1 1 1
533 1 1 1 1
534 0 1 1 1
535 1 1 1 1
536 0 1 1 1
537 0 1 1 1
538 1 1 1 1
539 1 1 1 1
540 0 1 1 1
541 0 1 1 1
542 0 1 1 1
543 1 1 1 1
544 0 1 1 1
545 1 1 1 1
546 1 1 1 1
547 0 1 1 1
548 0 1 1 1
549 1 1 1 1
550 1 1 1 1
551 0 1 1 1
552 0 1 1 1
553 1 1 1 1
554 1 1 1 1
555 0 0 0 0
556 0 1 1 1
557 0 1 1 1
558 0 1 1 1
559 1 1 1 1
560 1 1 1 1
561 1 1 1 1
562 0 1 1 1
563 0 1 1 1
564 1 1 1 1
565 1 1 1 1
566 0 1 1 1
567 0 1 1 1
568 0 1 1 1
569 0 1 1 1
570 1 1 1 1
571 0 1 1 1
572 0 1 1 1
573 0 1 1 1
574 1 1 1 1
575 0 1 1 1
576 1 1 1 1
577 1 1 1 1
578 1 1 1 1
579 0 1 1 1
580 0 1 1 1
581 0 1 1 1
582 1 1 1 1
583 1 1 1 1
584 1 1 1 1
585 1 1 1 1
586 0 1 1 1
587 0 1 1 1
588 0 1 1 1
589 1 1 1 1
590 0 1 1 1
591 0 1 1 1
592 0 1 1 1
593 1 1 1 1
594 1 1 1 1
595 0 1 1 1
596 1 1 1 1
597 1 1 1 1
598 1 1 1 1
599 0 1 1 1
600 0 1 1 1
601 0 1 1 1
602 0 1 1 1
603 0 1 1 1
604 1 1 1 1
605 0 1 1 1
606 0 1 1 1
607 0 1 1 1
608 1 1 1 1
609 0 1 1 1
610 1 1 1 1
611 1 1 1 1
612 1 1 1 1
613 0 1 1 1
614 1 1 1 1
615 0 1 1 1
616 0 1 1 1
617 0 1 1 1
618 0 1 1 1
619 0 1 1 1
620 1 1 1 1
621 1 1 1 1
622 1 1 1 1
623 0 1 1 1
624 1 1 1 1
625 1 1 1 1
626 0 1 1 1
627 0 1 1 1
628 0 1 1 1
629 1 1 1 1
630 0 1 1 1
631 0 1 1 1
632 1 1 1 1
633 1 1 1 1
634 1 1 1 1
635 0 1 1 1
636 0 1 1 1
637 0 1 1 1
638 0 1 1 1
639 1 1 1 1
640 1 1 1 1
641 0 1 1 1
642 0 1 1 1
643 0 1 1 1
644 0 1 1 1
645 1 1 1 1
646 1 1 1 1
647 0 1 1 1
648 1 0 0 0
649 1 1 1 1
650 1 1 1 1
651 1 1 0 1
652 1 1 1 1
653 1 1 1 1
654 1 1 1 1
655 1 1 1 1
656 1 1 1 1
657 0 1 1 1
658 0 1 1 1
659 0 1 1 1
660 1 1 1 1
661 0 1 1 1
662 1 1 1 1
663 1 1 1 1
664 1 1 1 1
665 1 0 1 1
666 1 0 1 1
667 0 0 0 1
668 1 1 1 1
669 1 1 1 1
670 1 1 1 1
671 1 1 1 1
672 1 1 1 1
673 1 1 1 1
674 1 1 1 1
675 1 1 1 1
676 1 1 1 1
677 0 1 1 1
678 0 1 1 1
679 1 1 1 1
680 1 1 1 1
681 1 0 0 0
682 0 0 0 0
683 1 0 0 0
684 1 1 1 1
685 1 1 1 1
686 1 1 1 1
687 0 1 1 1
688 1 1 1 1
689 1 1 1 1
690 1 1 1 1
691 1 1 1 1
692 1 1 1 1
693 1 1 1 1
694 0 1 1 1
695 0 1 1 1
696 0 1 1 1
697 0 0 0 1
698 1 0 0 1
699 1 0 0 1
700 0 1 1 1
701 1 1 1 1
702 1 1 1 1
703 0 1 1 1
704 1 1 1 1
705 0 1 1 1
706 0 1 1 1
707 0 1 1 1
708 0 1 1 1
709 1 1 1 1
710 1 1 1 1
711 0 1 1 1
712 1 1 1 1
713 1 1 1 1
714 0 1 1 1
715 1 1 1 1
716 0 1 1 1
717 0 1 1 1
718 1 1 1 1
719 1 1 1 1
720 1 1 1 1
721 1 1 1 1
722 1 1 1 1
723 1 1 1 1
724 1 1 1 1
725 0 1 1 1
726 1 1 1 1
727 0 1 1 1
728 0 1 1 1
729 1 1 1 1
730 0 1 1 1
731 0 1 1 1
732 0 1 1 1
733 0 1 1 1
734 0 1 1 1
735 1 1 1 1
736 1 1 1 1
737 1 1 1 1
738 0 1 1 1
739 0 1 1 1
740 0 1 1 1
741 1 1 1 1
742 1 1 1 1
743 1 1 1 1
744 1 1 1 1
745 0 1 1 1
746 0 1 1 1
747 0 1 1 1
748 1 1 1 1
749 1 1 1 1
750 1 1 1 1
751 0 1 1 1
752 1 1 1 1
753 1 1 1 1
754 1 1 1 0
755 1 1 1 1
756 1 1 1 1
757 0 1 1 1
758 1 1 1 1
759 0 1 1 1
760 1 1 1 1
761 0 1 1 1
762 1 1 1 1
763 1 0 1 1
764 0 1 1 1
765 0 1 1 1
766 1 1 1 1
767 1 1 1 1
768 1 1 1 1
769 0 1 1 1
770 1 1 1 1
771 0 1 1 1
772 1 1 1 1
773 0 1 1 1
774 0 1 1 1
775 0 1 1 1
776 1 1 1 1
777 0 1 1 1
778 1 1 1 1
779 1 1 1 1
780 1 1 1 1
781 0 1 1 1
782 1 1 1 1
783 0 1 1 1
784 1 1 1 1
785 1 1 1 1
786 1 1 1 1
787 1 1 1 1
788 1 1 1 1
789 1 1 1 1
790 0 1 1 1
791 1 1 1 1
792 0 1 1 1
793 1 1 1 1
794 1 0 0 0
795 1 0 0 0
796 1 1 1 1
797 0 1 1 1
798 0 1 1 1
799 0 1 1 1
800 1 1 1 1
424 736 747 739 0
ST
SUMMARY STATISTICS: Controlled Treatment 1 Treatment 2Treatment 3
424 736 747 739
k 4
n 800
df 3 A B C
424 736 747

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1. STATE THE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant difference between the 4 variables
Ha: There is a significant difference between the 4 variables

STEP 2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α: 0.05

STEP 3. TEST STATISTICS

Q: 714.6171
P-value: 0.0000 *Sig.

STEP 4. CRITICAL REGION

α: 0.05
Q-critical: 7.8147

STEP 5. DECISION RULE

If P-value < α, Reject Ho. Otherwise, Failed to Reject Ho

Reject Ho
 STEP 6. CONCLUSION

Based on the result,

There is a significant difference between the 4 variables
Since we Reject Ho.

Pairwise Cochran’s Q Test*

P-value Decision
B 0.00000 *Sig.
C 0.00000 *Sig.
A
D 0.00000 *Sig.

C 0.04109 *Sig.
B D 0.66168 Not Sig.

D 0.17007 Not Sig.

C
D

*use this Pairwise table if result is significant

 HOME ABOUT

D E
739

en the 4 variables
n the 4 variables

ct Ho
bles
CHI-SQUARE
TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

No.

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Row
OBSERVED DATA Cols
EXPECTED

0 0 0 0 0

SUMMARY
Count Rows Cols df

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

STEP 1. STATE THE HYPOTHESIS

Ho: there is no significant relationship/difference between the two categorical

variables.
Ha: there is a significant relationship/difference between the two categorical
variables.

STEP 2. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

α: 0.05

STEP 3. TEST STATISTICS

 P-value:

STEP 4. CRITICAL REGION

α:
Crit. Value

STEP 5. DECISION RULE

If P-value < α, Reject Ho. Otherwise, Failed to Reject Ho

STEP 6. CONCLUSION
 Col
D Row