RES METH LESSON 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF RESEARCH

THE QUESTIONNAIRE
- It is a list of planned, written questions related to particular topic, with
space provided for indicating the response to each question, intended for
submission to a number of persons to reply (they are the so called
RESPONDENTS)

- T wo types:
A – STRUCTURED QUESTIONAIRE – asks a question and provides
several possible
answers. A respondent is asked to select the most
appropriate answer.
Ex. Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor, Yes, No
B – UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONAIRE – primarily asks questions but
no suggested answers are
given by the researcher.
Ex. Blank answer from
- It provides more freedom to the respondents but is
more difficult to analyze.

Principles of QUESTIONNAIRE CONSTRUCTION:

1. must be adequately sponsored. Ex. Heading like SLC, AR dep’t
2. purpose of study frankly stated by the respondent
3. must be well organized and within the comprehension of those who
are to answer it
4. worthy educational topic worth investigating
5. questions must be clearly and briefly worded
6. most should be answered by a Check mark, or by Fact or Figure and
numbers of questions requiring extensive subjective replies to be
kept to a minimum
7. information requested is not available elsewhere and is obtainable
only through questionnaire
8. must be set up in a proper Mechanical form (uniform sequence and
copies)
9. demands of the questionnaire should be reasonable
10. it should require a minimum amount of writing only
11. must be directed primarily to matters of ascertainable facts and less
often to matters of opinion
12. all aspects of subject matter should be covered by the questionnaire
must be attended to
13. sampling of questions and of persons answering the questionnaire
must be attended to
 14. it must apply to the situation of the respondent
15. questions must solicit unequal reply especially statistical matters
16. summary of published result should be promised to the respondent
if possible

CLASSIFYING QUESTIONS IN QUESTIONNAIRE as follows:

1. YES or NO TYPE – it consists of a number of questions that could be answered
by either Yes or No, True or False etc.
Ex. Is your house safe? YES NO

2. RECOGNITION TYPE – the respondent checks or underlines the best answer

after the question
Ex. Categorize your house:
A – Bungalow C – Apartment Type E – Condominium
B – Two-storey D – Dormitory

3. CODING TYPE – this pertains to the assigning of numbers to names, and

questions and other data or items. The advantage of this, is to enable the use of
statistical accounting in handling quantitative data
Ex. How many people live in your house?
20 – more –
15 – 20 –
10 – 14 –
5–9–
1–4–

4. COMPLETION TYPE – consist of filing the blanks provided for the answer
after every question asked
Ex. The project construction cost of our house during the year ,
is with an amount of P
Who constructed your house?

5. SUBJECTIVE TYPE – the respondent is asked to give his opinions about a

certain event or happening. An extended answer is usually required.
Ex. Do you have enough water supply? Yes or No, if No, state the reasons
Is your subdivision accessible? Yes or No? Why or why not?

6. COMBINATION TYPE – this is a combination of different types of question

(Yes or No, completion, Subjective, etc.) in a questionnaire.
Ex. 1st set of questions – Yes or No
2nd set of questions – Subjective
 3rd set of questions – Completion

Two Kinds:
1. THE CLOSED FORM
- in restricted form, it calls for short, check responses
- it provides for making a yes or no, a short response, or checking an item
from a list of suggested responses.
Ex. Why did you prefer to study Architecture in SLC?
Kindly indicate 3 reasons in order of importance
A – Accessible
B – High Standard
C –Scholarship
D – Recommended
E – Facilities

2. THE OPEN FORM

- is unrestricted type calls for a free response in the respondents own words
Ex. State the reasons why you chose to study Architecture in SLC

E numerate the common problems you encounter in Design subjects.

OBSERVATION
- this comes when a certain data cannot be secured adequately or validly
through the use of the questionnaire or some other techniques except
through the use of observation
- The researcher should be conversant and even proficient with the way
the observation techniques should be handled.
- Observation of people is a systematic way of analyzing behavior, chiefly
characterized by watching what the individual actually does and making
an objective record of what is observed.
- Observation takes many tools such as prepared charts, check list, one-
way vision screen, concealed cameras, etc.

THE INTERVIEW
- It is a data-gathering device which from one point of view may be
considered an Oral Type of Questionnaire which a researcher gets
needed information from the subject or interviewee VERBALLY and
directly in face-to-face contact.
- Advantages over a questionnaire:
o If the interviewer is skillful enough, he is able to establish rapport
with the interviewee
 o Likely to draw certain types of confidential information which need
not be used in writings (ex. Illiterate respondents)
o Takes advantages of small clues, in dealing w/ complex topics and
questions, the dev’t of conversation is most likely to proceed in any
direction
o It permits the researcher to form an impression of the person who
is giving the information to arrive at some judgment of the truth of
the answers.
o Provides the opportunity for the interviewer to give information
and to develop certain attitudes on the part of the respondents
- 3 important factors to consider
o The interviewer must have a clear conception of just what
information is needed.
o He must clearly outline the best sequence of questions and
stimulating comments that will systematically bring out the
desired responses.
o A written outline, schedule or checklist will provide a set plan for
the interview.
- The following are the DON’T’S in interviewing:
o Don’t argue
o Don’t appear erudite or learned
o Don’t irritate worn spots
o Don’t tell inappropriate stories
o Don’t talk too much

PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST
- It is an instrument designed to describe a sample of certain aspects of
human behavior. It yields adjective and standardized description of
behavior quantified by numerical scores.
- Classified in various ways:
o Performance Tests or Paper and Pencil Tests – administered
individually or in a group and requires responses on a prepared
sheet
o Power Tests and Speed Tests – have no limit, a kind of test that
attempts progressively more difficult task until he is unable to
continue successfully. Speed test has a limitation of time to
complete certain tasks.
o Teacher-made and Standardized test – most widely-use
instruments for determining student achievement
3 types: A – Essay examination
B – Completion type or objective
C – Selection type or objectives
LIBRARY TECHNIQUE
- The academic approach to standard research
- Various ways/materials are used:
o Books
o Magazines
o Periodicals
o Pamphlets
o Reference (ex. Maps, AV materials, etc.)
- 4 divisions:
o A – preparation of a working bibliography
o B – evaluation of material (accuracy, dependability, etc.)
o C –Primary, Secondary and tertiary source of information
o D – collection of data

CENSUS SAMPLE
-Actual Population of will be studied -A Certain percentage portion of a
Population is studied to achieve a result
Ex. Population of Arch’re Ex. Population of Archre
=224 =224
Sample of 224 = 20%
=20% x 224 = 44
SAMPLE
▪ I s a small SUBAGGREGATE DRAWN from the population (Ferguson 1976)
▪ Refers to the subgroup
▪ The SMALL GROUP that is observed A SUBSET OR PORTION of population
▪ It is selected from larger group

POPULATION
▪ Refers to the larger group ( Vockell )
▪ It is the group to which a researcher would like the result to be generalized (
Gay 1976 )
▪ All members of any well-defined class of people, events and objectives (
Kerlinger, 1973)
▪ Refers to the ENTIRE GROUP or SET OF INDIVIDUALS or ITEMS which is the
focus of an investigation. It is also called UNIVERSE (Ardales, 1972)

TYPES OF POPULATION
A. TOPIC POPULATION
▪ It is a group or set about which generalizations will be made
Ex. People, things, plants or animal
B. RESPONDENT POPULATION
▪ Refers to a group or set of INDIVIDUAL who furnish the needed
information on which the generalization is based.
 C. TARGET POPULATION
▪ Refers to the group or set of INDIVIDUAL or items from which or about
which representative information is originally desired.

STEPS IN SAMPLINGS
1. Identification of the population
2. Determined of the required sample size
3. Selection of the sample

DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

A. Refers to the PERCENTAGE determination
• Refers to the PERCENTAGE determination
• Some would say 50% of the population would be enough. Others would
choose a population either lesser or greater than half of the population
• It is an INADEQUATE measurement resulting to unnecessary added cost,
time and effort.

B. SCIENTIFIC or STATISTICAL
• Accepted and RELIABLE or VALID FORMULA has been used by the
following;
B.1 SLOVIN Formula (1960)
WHERE n= SAMPLE SIZE
n= N N= POPULATION SIZE
1 + Ne2 e= DEISRED MARGIN ERROR
(percent allowed for non-precision because
of the use of the sample instead of population)
B.2 LYNCH, et, al. (1960)

N Z2 X P (1-p)
n= N d2 + Z2 p (1-p)
WHERE:
Z= Value of the NORMAL VARIABLE (1.96)
p= the largest possible PROPORTION (0.50)
d= SAMPLING ERROR
N= POPULATION
n= SAMPLE SIZE

SCIENTIFIC or STATISTICAL
• Accepted and REALIABE or VALID FORMULA has been used by the
following;
B.1 SLOVIN Formula (1960)
WHERE n= SAMPLE SIZE
n= N N= POPULATION SIZE
 1 + Ne2 e= DESIRED MARGIN ERROR
( percent allowed for non-precision because
of the sample instead population
EXAMPLE:
Given N= 9000 people
e= 2%
n=?
Solution n= 9000/1 + 9000 (.02)
=9000 / 1 + 9000 (.004)
=9000 / 1 + 3.60
=9000 / 4.60
n= 1,957 people