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Lecture 4_The Atom-1

The document outlines fundamental chemical laws, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportion, and Law of Multiple Proportions, alongside atomic theories from Democritus and Dalton. It discusses early experiments by J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford that led to the discovery of subatomic particles and the structure of the atom, including the concepts of atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and chemical bonding. Additionally, it covers the nature of ions and polyatomic ions, emphasizing their roles in chemical reactions.

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9 views

Lecture 4_The Atom-1

The document outlines fundamental chemical laws, including the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportion, and Law of Multiple Proportions, alongside atomic theories from Democritus and Dalton. It discusses early experiments by J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford that led to the discovery of subatomic particles and the structure of the atom, including the concepts of atomic number, mass number, isotopes, and chemical bonding. Additionally, it covers the nature of ions and polyatomic ions, emphasizing their roles in chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

chochachewe5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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General Chemistry

CH 110

The Atom

CBU DR. AJB


Fundamental Chemical Laws

❖ Law of Conservation of Mass


❖ the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must
equal the mass of the reactants.
❖ Law by Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist

❖ Law of Definite Proportion


❖ Law by Joseph Proust, a French chemist
❖ A given compound always contains exactly the same
proportion of elements by mass. E.g. CuCO3 has 5.3:1:4
❖ They react in specific ratios by mass.
Fundamental Chemical Laws

❖ Law of Multiple Proportions (John Dalton)


❖ When two elements form more than one compound,
the ratios of the masses of the second element that
combine with one gram of the first can be reduced to
small whole numbers.
❖ E.g. for the 5 oxides of N, mass of O combining with
14g of N are 8g, 16g, 24g, 32g, 40g respectively
giving a ratio of 1:2:3:4:5
❖ Oxides of N: N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5
❖ Also consider H2O and H2O2
ATOMIC THEORIES
Democritus Atomic Theory
❖ He was among the first to
suggest the existence of
atoms.
❖ He believed atoms were
INVISIBLE &
INDESTRUCTIBLE.
❖ His ideas were based on
philosophy not expt.
❖ The word ATOM comes from a Greek word that means “INVISIBLE”.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Presented his theory in a series


of postulates:
1) Elements are made up of
atoms – tiny indivisible
particles of an element that
cannot be created or
destroyed.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2) Atoms of each element


are identical. Atoms of
different elements are
different.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

3) Compounds are formed


when atoms of different
elements combine. Each
compound has a specific
number and kinds of atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

4) Chemical reactions are a


rearrangement of atoms. i.e.
atoms are rearranged,
combined, or separated.
Atoms are not created or
destroyed or changed into
atoms of another element.
Basis for Dalton's theory
❖ Dalton based his theory on two laws: the law
of conservation of mass and the law of
constant composition.
❖ These laws are discussed earlier
Early Expts. to Characterise the Atom

J.J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford


J.J. Thomson’s Experiment
❖ Used Cathode ray tubes to study electrical
discharges.
Voltage source

- +
J.J. Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

- +
J.J. Thomson’s Experiment
Passing an electric current makes a beam appear
to move from the negative to the positive end.

Voltage source

- +
J.J. Thomson’s Experiment
By adding an electric field, he found that the moving
pieces were negative
Voltage source

-
Thomson’s Atomic Model
❖ Discovered the electron.
❖ He said the atom was
like plum pudding.
❖ A bunch of positive
stuff, with the electrons
able to be removed.
❖ This is the Thomson
model aka Plum
Pudding Model
Electron charge & mass

❖ Using the oil drop expt. Millikan determined the


charge on an electron
❖ He found the charge to be (-1.602 x 10-19 C).
❖ Using this charge and the electron’s mass/charge
ratio determined by Thomson, he calculated the
mass of the electron.
❖ He found the mass to be 9.11 x 10-31 kg
9.11 × 10-28 g
Radioactivity
❖ Discovered by accident by Becquerel
❖ Three types of radioactive emissions:
❖ Alpha particles - helium nucleus (+2 charge, large
mass) → He2+
❖ Beta particles - high speed electron
❖ Gamma rays - high energy light
❖ Alpha particles were used in the early
experiments about the atom.
Ernest Rutherford’s Experiment
❖ He used Uranium to produce alpha particles.
❖ He aimed the alpha particles at a gold foil by
drilling a hole in a Lead block.
❖ Since the mass is evenly distributed in Gold
atoms, alpha particles should go straight through.
❖ He used gold foil because its atoms could be made
into a thin sheet.
Florescent
Lead Uranium
Screen
block

Gold Foil
What he expected
Why?

Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed


in the atom.
What he got
Explanation
❖ The atom is mostly empty
space
❖ Has a small dense, positive
piece at center - NUCLEUS.
+
❖ Alpha particles are deflected
by it if they get close enough.
❖ This is the Rutherford model
of the atom aka the Nuclear
model
+
Modern View of the Atom
❖ The atom is mostly
empty space.
❖ Nucleus- protons and
neutrons.
❖ Electron cloud-
region where you
might find an
electron.
Electron Mass & Charge
Relative Mass and Charge
Atomic Number
❖ This is the number of protons in the nucleus
of the atom
❖ The periodic Table arranges elements
according to their atomic numbers.
Neutrons
❖ A particle in the nucleus of an atom with
mass equal to a proton but with no charge.
Mass Number
❖ The total number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of the atom.
Isotope
❖ Atoms of the same element with the same
number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons.
❖ They have different mass numbers.
Sub-atomic Particles
❖ Z - atomic number = Number of protons
❖ Determines the type of the atom.
❖ A - mass number = Number of protons + Neutrons.
❖ Number of protons = number of electrons if neutral.
Symbols

A 23
Z X 11 Na
Examples of Isotopes

35 37
17 Cl 17 Cl
Examples of Isotopes - Hydrogen

1 2 3
1 H 1 H 1 H
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Chemical Bonds
❖ The forces that hold atoms together.
❖ Covalent bonding - sharing electrons.
❖ Makes molecules.
❖ Chemical formula- shows the number and
type of atoms in a molecule.
❖ C2H6 - 2 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms,
❖ Structural formula shows the connections, but
not necessarily the shape.
❖ There are also other models that attempt to
show three dimensional shape such as the
ball and stick.
Ions

❖ Atoms or groups of atoms with a charge.


❖ Cations- positive ions - formed by losing
electrons(s).
❖ Anions- negative ions - formed by gaining
electron(s).
❖ Ionic bonding- held together by the opposite
charges.
❖ Ionic solids are called salts.
Polyatomic Ions

❖ Groups of atoms that have a charge.


❖ E.g. ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) has
polyatomic ions.
-
❖ NH4 and NO3
+

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