Table of Contents

CHEMICAL BONDING
 Theory .................................................................................................................................. 2

 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 16

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 26

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions............................................................... 33

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ..................................................................... 38

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions ........................................................ 45

 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 51

 THEORY

symbols. These symbols ignore the inner shell electrons. A

1. INTRODUCTION few examples are given below :

Atoms are usually not capable of free existence but groups

of atoms of the same or different elements exist as one
species, e.g., H2, O2, P4, S8, H2O. 4. IONIC BOND
A group of atoms existing together as one species and
having characteristic properties is called a molecule. When a bond is formed by complete transference of electrons
from one atom to another so as to complete their outermost
Obviously, there must be some force which holds these orbits by acquiring 8 electrons (i.e., octet) or 2 electrons
atoms together within the molecules. (i.e., duplet) in case of hydrogen, lithium etc. and hence
acquire the stable nearest noble gas configuration, the bond
2. CHEMICAL BOND formed is called ionic bond or electrovalent bond.

This force which holds the atoms together within a molecule 4.1 Explanation of Ionic Bond
is caled a chemical bond.
Atoms are electrically neutral. Therefore, they possess equal
2.1 Why do atoms combine ? number of protons and electrons. On losing an electron, an
atom becomes positively charged since now the number of
Lewis­Kossel Approach to Chemical Bonding protons exceeds the number of electrons.
The atoms of different elements combine with each other in A   A   e
order to complete their respective octets (i.e., 8 electrons in
their outermost shell) or duplet (i.e., outermost shell having On the other hand, in case of atom, gaining the electron, the
number of electrons exceeds the number of protons and
2 electrons) in case of H, Li and Be to attain stable nearest
thus the atom becomes negatively charged.
noble gas configuration.
B  e   B
2.2 Modes of Chemical Composition
The oppositely charged particles formed above attract each
This can occur in two ways : other by electrostatic forces of attraction. The bond thus
1. By complete transference of one or more electrons from one formed is known as electrovalent or ionic bond.
atom to another. This process is referred to as electrovalency Examples
and the chemical bond formed is termed as electrovalent
bond or ionic bond.
2. By sharing of electrons. This can occur in two ways as
follows :
(a) When the shared electrons are contributed by the two
combining atoms equally, the bond formed is called
covalent bond.
(b) When these electrons are contributed entirely by one
of the atoms but shared by both, the bond formed is
known as a coordinate bond, also called dative bond.

3. LEWIS SYMBOLS
In the formation of a molecule, only the outer shell electrons
are involved and they are known as valence electrons. The
inner shell electrons are well protected and are generally
not involved in the combination process. It is, therefore,
quite reasonable to consider the outer shell electrons, i.e.,
valence shell electrons while discussing chemical bonds.
G.N. Lewis introduced simple symbols to denote the valence
shell electrons in an atom. The outer shell electrons are
shown as dots surrounding the symbol of the atom. These
symbols are known as Lewis symbols or electron dot
 2. Crystal Structure
4.2 Electrovalency X­ray analysis of the ionic compounds shows that they
exist as ions and not as molecules. These ions are arranged
The number of electrons lost or gained during the formation in a regular pattern in the three dimensional space to form a
of an electrovalent linkage is termed as the electrovalency lattice.
of the element.
The pattern of arrangement, however, depends upon the
For example, sodium and calcium lost 1 and 2 electrons size and charges of the ions. For example, in case of sodium
respectively and so their valencies are 1 and 2. Similarly, chloride, each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions
chlorine and oxygen gain 1 and 2 electrons respectively, so and each chloride by six sodium ions, thus giving rise to a
they possess an electrovalency of 1 and 2. In other words, three dimensional octahedral crystal structure (figure). The
valency is equal to the charge on the ion. formula of an ionic compound merely indicates the relative
4.3 Factors governing the formation of ionic bonds number of ions present.

(i) Ionisation Enthalpy (Ionization Energy)

Ionisation enthaly of any element is the amount of energy
required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of
an isolated atom in gaseous phase so as to convert it into a
gaseous positive ion.
It is clear that lesser the ionisation enthalpy, easier will be
the removal of an electron, i.e., formation of a positive ion
and hence greater the chances of formation of an ionic bond.
Ionisation enthalpy (I.E.) of alkali metals (i.e., group I
elements) is low, hence they have more tendency to form
positive ions.
(ii) Electron Gain Enthalpy (Electron Affinity) 3. High melting and boiling points
Electron affinity or Electron gain enthalpy of an element is Ionic compounds possess high melting and boiling points.
the enthalpy change that takes place when an extra electron This is because ions are tightly held together by strong
is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous phase to form a electrostatic forces of attraction and hence a huge amount
gaseous negative ion. of energy is required to break the crystal lattice.
Higher is the electron affinity, more is the energy released 4. Solubility
and stabler will be the negative ion produced. Consequently, Electrovalent compounds are soluble in solvents like water
the probability of formation of ionic bond will be enhanced. which are polar in nature and have high dielectric constant.
Halogens possess high electron affinity. So the formation It is due to the reason that the polar solvent interacts with
of their negative ions is very common, e.g., in case of chlorine, the ions of the crystals and further the high dielectric
electron affinity is +348 kJ/mole, i.e., constant of the solvent (i.e., capacity of the solvent to
Cl (g) + e–  Cl– + 348 kJ/mole weaken the forces of attraction) cuts off the force of attraction
between these ions. Furthermore, the ions may combine
or E.Z. = + 348 kJ mol–1
with the solvent to liberate energy called the hydration
(iii) Lattice Enthalpy (Lattice Energy) enthalpy which is sufficient to overcome the attractive forces
In the formation of ionic compounds, the positively charged between the ions.
ions combine with negatively charged ions to form the Non­polar solvents like carbon tetrachloride, benzene etc.
compound. having low dielectric constants are not capable of dissolving
A+ (g) + B– (g)  A+ B– (s) ionic solids. Hence, ionic solids are soluble in polar solvents
The energy released when the requisite number of gaseous and insoluble in non­polar solvents.
positive and negative ions combine to form one mole of the 5. Electrical conductivity
ionic compound is called lattice enthaly. Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in
4.4 Characteristics of Ionic Compounds solution or in the molten state. In solution or molten state,
their ions are free to move. As the ions are charged, they are
1. Physical State attracted towards electrodes and thus act as carriers of
These compounds usually exist in the solid state. electric current.
6. Ionic Reactions Step-3 : Putting one shared pair of electrons between H and
The reactions of the ionic compounds are, in fact, the C and one between C and N, and the remaining as lone
reactions between the ions produced in solution. As the pairs, we have
oppositely charged ions combine quickly, these reactions
are, therefore, quite fast.
In this structure, duplet of H is complete but octets of C and
[e.g. Na+ Cl– (aq) + Ag+ NO3– (aq)  AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)]
N are not complete. Hence, multiple bonding is required
5. COVALENT BOND between and N. Octets of C and N will be complete if there is
triple bond between C and N. Thus,
The bond formed between the two atoms by mutual sharing
of electrons between them so as to complete their octets or
duplets in case of elements having only one shell is called Example
covalent bond or covalent linkage and the number of
electrons contributed by each atom is known as covalency. Draw the Lewis dot structure of CO32– ion.
Sol. Step-1 : Total number of valence electrons of CO3
Example
= 4 + 3 × 6 = 22 (6C = 2, 4, 8O = 2, 6)
Step-2 : Total number of electrons to be distributed in CO32–
= 22 + 2 (for two units ­ve charge) = 24
Step-3 : The skeletal structure of CO3 is

Step-4 : Putting one shared pair of electrons between each

C and O and completing the octets of oxygen, we have

In this structure, octet of C is not complete. Hence, multiple

bonding is required between C and one of the O–atoms.
Drawing a double bond between C and one O­atom serves
the purpose :
Example
Draw the Lewis dot structure of HCN molecule.
Sol. Step-1 : Total number of valence electrons in HCN = 1 + 4 +
5 = 10 (1H = 1, 6C = 2 ,4, 7N = 2, 5)
Step-2 : Skeletal structure is HCN (C is least electronegative).
Table : Lewis structures of some typical molecules and ions

Table : Lewis structures of some typical molecules and ions

 6. FORMAL CHARGE 1
Formal charge on C atom  4  0  8  0,
2
The formal charge on an atom in a molecule or ion is defined Formal charge on double bonded O atom
as the difference between the number of valence electrons
of that atom in the free state and the number of electrons 1
 64  4  0
assigned to that atom in the Lewis structure, assuming that 2
in each shared pair of electrons, the atom has one electron Formal charge on single bonded O atom
of its own and the lone pair on it belongs to it completely.
Thus, it can be calculated as follows : 1
 66  2   1
2
 Formal charge  F.C. on  Total no. of valence electrons 
  
an atom in a molecule / ion  in the free atom  (ii) Lewis structure of NO2– ion is
Total no. of electrons of  1 Formal charge on N atom
 
lone pairs  non  bonding electrons   2 1
 52  6   0,
2
Total no. of shared electrons 
  Formal charge on double bonded O atom
 bonding electrons  
1
1
 64  4  0
2
i.e., FC  V  L  S
2 Formal charge on single bonded O atom
Example 1
 66  2   1
2
Calculate formal charge on each O­atom of O3 molecule.
Significance of formal charge. The main advantage of the
Sol. Lewis structure of O3 is :
calculation of formal charges is that it helps to select the
most stable structure, i.e., the one with least energy out of
the different possible Lewis structures. The most stable is
the one which has the smallest formal charges on the atoms.
The atoms have been numbered as 1, 2 and 3. 7. LIMITATIONS OF LEWIS-LANGMUIR CONCEPT
Formal charge on end O­atom numbered 1 OF COVALENT BOND
1 Lewis­Langmuir concept of covalent bond, as explained in
 64  4  0
2 ec. 4.8, has the following limitations :
Formal charge on central O­atom numbered 2 (i) It could not explain how the atoms are held together in the
1 molecules like H2, Cl2 etc. in which there are no ions and
 62  6   1 hence there are no electrostatic forces of attraction, i.e., it
2
could not explain the formation of a covalent bond.
Formal charge on end O­atom numbered 3
(ii) It could not explain the shapes of molecules containing
1 covalent bonds.
 6  6   2   1
2
(iii) It could not explain the release of energy during the formation
Hence, we represent O3 along with formal charges as :
of a covalent bond.

8. VALENC SHEELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION

THEORY
Example
The first simple theory that was put forward to explain the
Write the formal charges on atoms in (i) carbonate ion (ii) shapes of molecules is known as Valence Shell. Electron
nitrite ion. Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory. This theory was given by
Sol. (i) Lewis structure of CO32– ion is Sidgwick and Powell in 1940 and was further improved by
Nyholm and Gillespie in 1957.
The electron pairs surrounding the central atom repel one
another and move so far apart from one another that there
are no further repulsions between them. As a result, the
molecule has minimum energy and maximum stability.
Table : Shapes (Geometry) of molecules containing bond pairs only or bond pairs and lone pairs
 Example
8.1 Calculation of total number of electron pairs, bond
pairs and lone pairs and predicting the shapes of the On the basis of VSEPR theory, predict the shapes of the
molecules and ions. following :
(i) Total no. of electron pairs around the central atom (i) ClF3 (ii) BrF5
Sol. (i) Shape of ClF3
1
 (No. of valence electrons of central atom + No. of valence electrons of the central Cl atom = 7
2
No. of atoms linked to it by single bonds = 3.
No. of atoms linked to central atom by single bonds)
73
For negative ions, add number of electrons equal to the  Total no. of electron pairs around Cl  5
2
units of negative charge on the ion to the valence electrons
No. of bond pairs = No. of atoms linked to Cl = 3.
of the central atom.
 No. of lone pairs = 5 – 3 = 2.
For positive ions, subtract number of electrons equal to the
Thus, the molecule is of the type AB3L2.
units of positive charge on the ion from the valence electrons
of the central atom. Hence, it is T­shaped.
(ii) Shape of BrF5
(ii) No. of bond pairs (shared pairs) = No. of atoms linked to
central atom by single bonds. No. of valence electrons of central Br atom = 7

(iii) No. of lone pairs = Total no. of electron pairs – No. of shared No. of atoms linked to it by single bonds = 5.
pairs. 75
 Total no. of electron pairs around Br  6
2
No. of bond pairs = No. of atoms linked to Br = 5.
 No. of lone pairs = 6 – 5 = 1.
Thus, the molecule is of the type AB5L. Hence, it has square
pyramidal shape.
 or diagonal hybridisation. The new orbitals formed are called
9. HYBRIDISATION sp hybrid orbitals.

Hybridisation is defined as the mixing of the atomic orbitals

belonging to the same atom but having slightly different
energies so that a redistribution of energy takes place
between them resulting in the formation of new orbitals of
equal energies and identical shapes. The new orbitals thus
formed are known as hybrid orbitals.
Some Important Points about Hybridisation
(i) Only those orbitals which have approximately equal energies
and belong to the same atom or ion can undergo
hybridisation.
(ii) Number of hybrid orbitals produced is equal to the number
of atomic orbitals mixed. 2. Trigonal or sp2 hybridisation
(iii) It is not necessary that all the half­filled orbitals must When one s and two p orbitals of the same shell of an atom mix
participate in hybridisation. Similarly, it is not necessary
to form three new equivalent orbitals, the type of hybridisation
that only half­filled orbitals should participate in
hybridisation. Even completely filled orbitals with slightly is called sp2 hybridisation or trigonal hybridisation. The new
different energies can also participate. orbitals formed are called sp2 hybrid orbitals.
(iv) Hybridisation never takes place in isolated atoms but it
occurs only at the time of bond formation.
(v) Type of hybridisation indicates the geometry of molecules.
One can tell the shape of a molecule by knowing the kind of
hybridisation involved.
(vi) The bigger lobe of the hybrid orbital always has +ve sign
while the smaller lobe on the opposite side has a ­ve sign.
9.1 Type of Hybridisation

1. Diagonal or sp hybridisation
When one s and one p orbital belonging to the same main
shell of an atom mix together to form two new equivalent
orbitals, the type of hybridisation is called sp hybridisation
 Charge on the anion 
9.2 Predicting Hybridisation  
 if the given species is 
a polyatomic anion 
(a) Predicting hybridisation  
Calculate the number of hybrid orbitals (X) to be formed by
the central atom as follows : 1
i.e., X  VE  MA  c  a 
2
1   No. of valence electrons  
X    Note that only monovalent atoms (MA) or groups are to be
2  of the central atom  considered. For divalent ions, MA = 0.
If X = 2, it means two hybrid orbitals are to be formed. Hence,
Charge on the cation  hybridization is sp. If X = 3, it means three hybrid orbitals
 No. of monovalen atoms / groups   
   if the given species is  are to be formed. Hence, hybridisation is sp2 and so on, as
surrounding the central atom    given in the following table :
a polyatomic cation 

Value of X 2 3 4 5 6 7
Type of sp sp 2 sp 3 sp 3 d sp 3d 2 sp 3d 3
hybridisation

10. VALENCE BOND THEORY

10.1 Types of covalent bond

Depending upon the type of overlapping, the covalent bonds are mainly of two types :
1. Sigma () bond
When a bond is formed between two atoms by the overlap of their atomic orbitals along the internuclear axis (end to end or head
on overlap), the bond formed is called sigma () bond.
(i) s-s overlapping
(ii) s-p overlapping

(iii) p-p overlapping

2. Pi () Bond
Pi­bond is formed by lateral (sideways) overlapping of p­orbitals, i.e., by overlapping of p­orbitals in a direction at right angles
to the internuclear axis (figure).

p-p overlapping forming a pi bond

(i) In case of oxygen molecule (each oxygen atom having electronic configuration, 1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1y 2p1z), the two atoms are held
together by one ­bond and one ­bond as shown in figure.

Formation of oxygen molecule

 Table : Comparison and sigma and pi bonds 10.2.1.1 Factors affecting bond length

Sigma () Bond Pi () Bond (i) Size of the atoms : The bond length increases with increase
in the size of the atoms. For example, bond lengths of H–X
(i) This bond is formed by (i) This is formed by sideway are in the order :
overlap of orbitals along overlapping of orbitals HI > HBr > HCl > HF
their internuclear axis (lateral overlapping). (ii) Multiplicity of bond : The bond length decreases with the
(end to end overlap). multiplicity of the bond. Thus, bond length of carbon­carbon
bonds are in the order :
(ii) This is formed by (ii) This is formed by the
CC<C=C<C–C
overlapping between s­s, overlap of p­p orbitals
(iii) Type of hybridisation (discussed later in sec. 4.24). As an s­
s­p or p­p orbitals. only.
orbital is smaller in size, greater the s­character, shorter is
(iii)Overlapping is quite large (iii) Overlapping is to a small the hybrid orbital and hence shorter is the bond length. For
and hence sigma bond extent. Hence, ­bond is example,
is a strong bond. a weak bond. Bond lengths : sp3 C–H > sp2 C–H > sp C–H
(iv) Electron cloud in this case (iv) Electron cloud of ­bond s­character : (25%) (33%) (50%)
is symmetrical about the is unsymmetrical. 10.2.2 Bond energy
line joining the two nuclei. The amount of energy required to break one mole of bonds
of a particular type so as to separate them into gaseous
(v) Sigma bond consists of (v) Pi () bond consists of two
atoms is called bond dissociation enthalpy or simply bond
only one electron cloud, electron clouds, one above enthalpy.
symmetrical about the the plane of atomic nuclei 10.2.2.1 Factors affecting Bond energy
internuclear axis. and the other below it. (i) Size of the atoms : Greater the size of the atoms, greater is
(vi) Free rotation about a (vi) Free rotation about a the bond length and less is the bond dissociation enthalpy,
­bond is possible. ­bond is not possible i.e., less is the bond strength.
because on rotation, (ii) Multiplicity of bonds : For the bond between the same two
atoms, greater is the multiplicity of the bond, greater is the
overlapping vanishes and
bond dissociation enthalpy. This is firstly because atoms
so the bond breaks. come closer and secondly, the number of bonds to be broken
is more. For example, bond dissociation enthalpies of H2, O2
10.2 Bond Parameters and N2 are in the order :

10.2.1 Bond length H–H < O = O < N  N

The equilibrium distance between the centres of the nuclei (iii) Number of lone pairs of electrons present : Greater the
of the two bonded atoms is called its bond length. number of lone pairs of electrons present on the bonded
atoms greater is the repulsion between the atoms and hence
less is the bond dissociation enthalpy. For example, for a
few single bonds, we have

Bond C–C N–N O–O F–F

(in H3C–CH3) (in : N  N :) (in ) ( )

Lone pairs of electrons

on each atom 0 1 2 3
–1
Bond enthalpy (kJ mol ) 348 163 146 139
 10.2.3 Bond angle
11.2 Important features of M.O.T.
The angle between the lines representing the directions of
the bonds, i.e., the orbitals containing the bonding electrons (i) Like an Atomic orbital which is around the nucleus of an
is called the bond angle. atom there are molecular orbital which are around the nuclei
of a molecule.
(ii) The molecular orbitals are entirely different from the atomic
orbitals from which they are formed.
(iii) The valence electrons of the constituent atoms are
considered to be moving under the influence of nuclei of
participating atoms in the molecular orbital.
(iv) The molecular orbitals possess different energy levels like
atomic orbitals in an isolated atom.
(v) The shape of molecular orbitals are dependent upon the
shapes of atomic orbitals from which they are formed.
10.2.4 Bond order
(vi) Molecular orbitals are arranged in order of increasing
In the Lewis representation of a molecule or ion, the number energy just like atomic orbitals.
of bonds present between two atoms is called bond order. (vii) The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to the
For example, the bond orders of a few molecules are given number of atomic orbitals combining in bond formation.
below : (viii) Like atomic orbitals, the filling of electrons in molecular
orbitals is governed by the three principles such as Aufbau
Molecule : H—H O=O NN CO principle, Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Bond order : 1 2 3 3 11.3 Conditions for atomic orbitals to form M.O.
For odd electron molecules, as the three electron bond is
(i) The combining A.O. should be of a comparable energy.
considered as equivalent to half covalent bond, bond order
can be fractional also. For example, Lewis structure of NO is (ii) The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to a large
extent greater the overlap, stable is the molecule formed.
.
11.4 Relative energies of M.O. and filling of electron
11. MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
Energy diagram is shown below
There is another approach to chemical bonding known as
molecular orbital theory (MOT) developed by Mulliken (1932)
and Hund, which explains the bonding characteristics in a
better way. The molecular orbital theory considers the entire
molecule as a unit with all the electrons moving under the
influence of all the nuclei present in the molecular. This
approach recognizes that each electron belongs to the
molecule as a whole and may move within the entire molecule.

11.1 Molecular Orbitals

When the atoms to be bonded come close together, the

orbitals of the bonded atoms lose their individual character
and fuse (overlap) to form larger orbitals called molecular
orbitals. Like atomic orbitals, there are molecular orbitals
in a molecule. The only difference is that in atomic orbitals, M.O Energy level diagram for O2, F2 and Ne.
electrons move under the influence of only one nucleus
(i.e. Atomic orbital are monocentric), while in molecular
orbitals, electrons move under the influence of many nuclei,
they are polycentric.
 13.1 Conditions for Hydrogen bonding

(a) The molecule must contain a highly electronegative atom

linked to H­atom. The higher the electronegativity, more is
the polarisation of the molecule.
(b) The size of the electronegative atom should be small. The
smaller the size the greater is the electrostatic attraction.

13.2 Types of Hydrogen bonding

13.2.1 Intermolecular Hydrogen bonding

When hydrogen bonding takes place between different
molecules of the same or different compounds, it is called
intermolecular hydrogen bonding e.g. HF, H2O, ROH (same
compound) water­alcohol, water ammonia (different
M.O energy diagram for Li2, Be2, B2, C2 and N2 molecule compound) etc.

12. METALLIC BOND

The constituent particles of metallic solids are metal atoms

which are held together by metallic bond. A metal atom is 13.2.2 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
supposed to consit of two parts, valence electrons and The hydrogen bonding which takes place within a
the remaining part (the neucleus and the inner shells) molecule itself. It takes place in compounds containing
called kernel. The kernels of metal atoms occupy the lattice two groups such that one group contain a H­atom linked
sites while the space between the kernel is occupied by to an electronegative atom and the other group contains a
valence electrons. Due to small ionisation energy the highly electronegative atom linked to a lesser
valence electrons of metal atoms are not held by the electronegative atom. The bond is formed between the H­
nucleus firmly. Therefore, the electrons leave the field of atom of one group with the more electronegative atom of
influence of one kernel and come under the influence of the other group.
another kernel. Thus the electrons are not localised but
Examples are as shown below
are mobile. The simultaneous attraction between the
kernels and the mobile electrons which hold the kernel
together is known as metallic bond. This model is known
electron sea model.

13. HYDROGEN BONDING

When a hydrogen atom linked to a highly electronegative
atom (like F,O, or N) comes under the influence of another
strongly electronegative atom, then a weak bond is
developed between them which is called as hydrogen bond.
It is represented by dotted line as follows
14. VANDER WAAL’S FORCES

(a) This type of attractive forces occurs in case of non polar

As a result of hydrogen bonding, a H–atom links the
molecules such as H2, O2, Cl2, CH4, CO2, etc.
two electronegative atoms simultaneously, one by a
covalent bond and the other by a hydrogen bond. Hence (b) The existence of weak attractive forces among the
it is said to form a hydrogen bridge. It is merely a strong nonpolar molecule was first proposed by Dutch scientist
electrostatic attractive forces and not a normal chemical J.D. Vander Waal.
bond. It is very weak (strength about 2­10 K cal/mol). (c) Vander waal force  molecular weight
 Boiling point
 14.1 Types of Vander Waal’s force NOTE
The relative strength of various bonds is as follows :
14.1.1 Ion dipole attraction - This force is between an ion
+ Ionic bond > Covalent bond > Metallic bond > H­bond
such as Na and a polar molecule such as HCl
> Vander waal bond.

+ – +
15. DIPOLE MOMENT
+
Na HCl
A molecule with positive and negative charge centres in
14.1.2 Dipole dipole attraction - It is again in between two equilibrium is called as dipole and is characterised by
polar molecules such as HF and HCl possessing a quantity dipole moment () defined as the
product of the magnitude of charge (q) and the distance
+ – + – (d) separating the centres of +ve and –ve charges. Its
direction is from +ve end to – ve end.
HF HCl(g)
=q×d
14.1.3 Ion induced dipole attraction - In this case a neutral –10
molecule is induced by an ion as a dipole as shown in fig The charge q on an electron is 4.8 × 10 esu. The distance
–8
is measured in cm and is of order of 1 Å, i.e., 10 cm. Its
unit in CGS system is debye (D).
+ + + +
A molcule will have a dipole moment of 1 Debye (D) if
–8
+ charges of 1 × 10 esu are separated by a distance of 1Å.
Na Cl2 after induction –18
Before induction Thus, 1D = 1 × 10 esu. cm.

14.1.4 Dipole - induced dipole attraction : In this case a Applications of Dipole Moment
neutral molecule is induced as a dipole by another dipole (i) The molecules having zero moment are non­polar
as show in fig molecules and those having net 0 are polar in nature.
(ii) The value of dipole moment can be used for determining
+ the amount of ionic character in a bond.
– + – + +
Percentage of ionic character
HCl
Cl2
Experimental value of dipole moment
=  100
14.1.5 Induced dipole - induced dipole attraction or Theoretical value of dipole moment
London dispersion force between two non polar molecules
as in Cl2, He etc.

+ +

Cl2 Cl2
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1 Example - 5
Which of the following compounds has the largest dipole Draw the Lewis structures for the following molecules and
moment ? ions :

(i) CH3OH (ii) CH4 H2S, SiCl4, BeF2, CO32 , HCOOH.

(iii) CF4 (iv) CO2
Ans. H2S
(v) CH3F.

Sol. CH4 and CF4 have tetrahedral structure and are symmetrical,
SiCl4
hence their dipole moment is zero, CO2 is linear and hence
its dipole moment is also zero of the remaining CH3OH and
CH3F, since F is more electronegative than O, CH3F will BeF2

have high dipole moment.

Example - 2
CO32
What type of bond is formed when atoms have
(i) Zero difference of electronegativity.
(ii) Little difference of electronegativity. HCOOH
(iii) High difference of electronegativity.
Example - 6
Sol. (i) Non­polar covalent
Write the favorable factors for the formation of ionic
(ii) Polar covalent
bond.
(iii) Electro­valent.
Sol. Factors which favour the formation of ionic bond :
Example - 3
(i) Low ionisation energy : In the formation of ionic bond a
Explain the formation of a chemical bond. metal atom loses electron to form cation. This process
requires energy equal to the ionisation energy. Lesser the
Sol. A chemical bond is formed by mutual sharing or by transfer
value of ionisation, greater will be the tendency of the atom
of one or more electrons. In doing so, each combining atom to form cation.
acquires stable noble gas electronic configuration having 8
(ii) High electron affinity : The value of electron affinity gives
electrons in its outermost shell.
the tendency of an atom to form anion. Greater the value of
Example - 4 electron affinity, more will be the tendency of an atom to
form anion.
Why NH3 has higher dipole moment than NF3 ?
(iii) High lattice energy : The lattice energy should be high so
Sol. In NH3 dipoles are towards lone pair whereas in NF3 dipoles that it overcomes the apparent deficit of energy of absorption,
A are opposite to lone pair of electrons. that is, sublimation energy, ionization energy, dissociation
energy and second affinity. Higher the lattice energy, greater
will be the ease of formation of the ionic compound.
The magnitude of lattice energy gives an idea about the
interionic forces. It depends upon the following factors :
(a) Size of the ions : Smaller the size of the ions, lesser is the
inter­nuclear distance. Consequently, the interionic
attractions will be high and the lattice energy will also be
large.
(b) Chargeon theions : Larger the magnitude of charge on the Example - 8
ions, greater will be the attractive forces between the ions.
Consequently, the lattice energy will be high. Write the resonance structures for SO3, NO2 and NO3–.

Example - 7
Sol. (SO3)
Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the
VSEPR model.
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3.

Sol. BeCl2 : A linear molecule. Be atom has 2 electrons in it

outermost orbit. Each chlorine atom has seven valence
electrons. The Lewis structure of BeCl2 is (NO2)

There are two electrons pairs and to minimise the repulsion,

these electron pairs tend to keep themselves far away from
each other, i.e., 180º apart. This gives BeCl2 a linear structure.
BCl3 : In BCl3 molecule, the three bond pairs of electrons
are located around B in a triangular arrangement. Thus, the
molecule BCl3 has a triangular planar geometry.
(NO3–)

SiCl4 : A tetrahedral molecule. Si has 4 electrons in its

outermost shell. Due to mutual sharing of electrons with Cl Example - 9
there are 4 electron pairs around Si. To keep the repulsion at Arrange the following in order of decreasing bond angle,
the minimum, these 4 electron pairs should be arranged in a
giving reason
tetrahedral manner around Si. Thus, SiCl4 is a tetrahedral
molecule. NO2, NO2+, NO2–
AsF5 : Trigonal bipyramidal molecule : As has five electrons Ans. NO2+ > NO2 > NO2–. This is because NO2+ has no lone pair of
in its outermost orbit. Due to sharing of 5 electrons from 5 F­ electrons (i.e. has only bond pairs on two sides) and hence
atoms, there are in all 5 electron pairs. These are distributed
it is linear. NO2 has one unshared electron while NO2– has
in space to form a trigonal bypyramid.
one unshared electron pair. There are greater repulsions on
H2S : Bent (V-shaped) structure : S has 6 electrons its
N–O bonds in case of NO2– than in case of NO2.
outermost shell. 2H­atoms contribute 2 electrons during
bonding. Thus, there are 8 electrons or 4 electron pairs
around S. This gives a tetrahedral distribution of electron
pairs around S. The two corners of the tetrahedron are
occupied by H­atoms and the other two by the lone­pairs of
electrons. Thus, H2S has a bent structure.

PH3 : Trigonal pyramidal : Phosphorus atom has 5 electrons Example - 10

in its outermost orbit. H­atoms contribute one electron each
to make in all 8 electrons around P­atom. Thus, 4 pairs of Arrange the following in order of decreasing bond angles
electrons would be distributed in a tetrahedral fashion (i) CH4, NH3, H2O, BF3, C2H2 (ii) NH3, NH2–, NH4+
around the central atom. Three pairs form three P­H bonds
while the fourth pair remains unused. Due to repulsion
between the bonding and lone pairs of electrons, the angle Sol. (i) C2H2(180º) > CH4 (109º 28’) > BF3 (120º) >
ˆ is not exactly tetrahedral (109º 28 ). The actual HPH
HPH NH3 (107º) > H2O > (104.5º)
angle is 93.3º. Thus PH3 is a trigonal pyramidal molecule.
 (ii) NH4+ > NH3 > NH2– Example - 14
This is because all of them involve sp3 hybridization. The Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment
number of lone pair of electrons present on N­atom are 0, 1
although the Be-H bonds are polar.
and 2 respectively. Greater the number of lone pairs, greater
are the repulsions on the bond pairs and hence smaller is
Sol. This is because BeH2 is a linear molecule and the two bond
the angle.
dipoles oriented at an angle of 180º neutralize each other. As
Example - 11 a result, the net dipole moment of the molecule is zero.
Which of the following species have same shape/same
bond order ?
N3–, NO2–, CO2, O3
Example - 15
Sol. Isoelectronic species have same shape/same bond order.
Describe the change in hybridization (if any) of the Al
The number of outer electrons is same in CO2 and N3– and
atom in the following reaction.
same in O3 and NO2–.
AlCl3 + Cl–  AlCl4–
Example - 12
Although both CO2 and H2O are triatomic molecules, Sol. AlCl3  Cl  AlCl4
tetrahedral geometry
the shape of H2O molecule is bent while that of CO2 is sp3 hybridization
linear, Explain this on the basis of dipole moment.
Aluminium chloride exists as dimer Al2Cl6. In this molecule
Sol. The H2O molecule has a dipole moment of 1.84 D. There are
chlorine atoms are arranged tetrahedrally around the two Al
two OH bonds in H2O molecule. The O–H bonds are polar atoms.
and has dipole moment of 1.5 D. Since the water molecule
has a net dipole, hence the two O–H dipoles are not in a Thus Al atoms show Sp3 hybridisation in Al2Cl6. Thus, there
straight line opposing each other. This rules out the linear is no change in the hybridisation of Al atom in the given
structure (H–O–H) for water. The two O–H bonds cannot reaction.
lie along the same line in the same direction also. Therefore, Example - 16
the two O–H bonds in H2O molecule must be inclined to Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond
each other at certain angle. Thus, H2O molecule has an and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C2H4 and C2H2
angular shape. molecules.
The CO2 molecule has zero dipole moment. In CO2, there are
two C = O bonds. Each C = O bond is a polar bond. This Sol. (i) C2H4
means each bond has a dipole moment. Since, the net dipole,
and hence the two bonds must be just opposite to each
other, i.e., the two bonds must be at 180º relative to each
other. Thus CO2 is a linear molecule.
Example - 13
Is there any change in the hybridization of B and N atoms
as a result of the following reaction ?
BF3 + NH3 F3B NH3.

Sol. Here, B atom in BF3 is sp2 hybridized and one of its p orbital
is empty. N in NH3 is sp3 hybridized and are of its hybrid
The Lewis structure of ethylene is represented as
orbitals is occupied by a lone­pair of electrons. During the
reaction a coordinate bond is formed due to one­side sharing
of electron pair.
BF3 + NH3 [F3B  : NH3]
There is no change in the hybridization of any of the two
atoms in this reaction.
 (ii) C2H2 The VB theory describes the bond formation in terms of
hybridization and overlap of the orbitals. The overlap of
orbitals along the intermolecular axis increases the electron­
density between the two nuclei resulting in a decrease in
the energy and formation of a bond.

Example - 19
Why is it that in the SF4 molecule, the lone pair of
electrons occupies and equatorial position in the overall
trigonal bi-pyramidal arrangement in preference to an
axial position.

It is clear that the carbon­carbon triple bond is made up of

Sol. In SF4 molecule, the line pair of electrons occupies an
one strong   bond and two weak   bonds. The Lewis
equatorial position because in this geometry (sp 3 d
structure of acetylene can be represented as
hybridisation), the line pair­bond pair repulsion is minimum

Example - 17
Does Li2 exist ? If so, estimate its bond order and compare
its bond dissociation energy with that of H2. Example - 20
Define hydrogen bond. Is it weaker or stronger than the
2 1
Sol. Li has a configuration : 1s , 2s . Van der Waals forces ?
There are two s orbitals (1s and 2s) on each atom. These
combine to give four MO’s. These are Sol. The hydrogen bond can be defined as the attractive force
which binds hydrogen atom of one molecule with the
(1s)  (1s)  1s   *1s electronegative atom (F, O or N) of another molecule. A
hydrogen bond is shown by a dotted line (.....)
(2s)  (2s)  2s   * 2s.
Hydrogen bond is weaker than the Van der Waals forces.
Thus all the six electrons are accommodated in these four
orbitals. The electronic configuration for Li 2 is
Example - 21
(1s) 2 ( *1s) 2 ( 2s) 2 .
NaNO3 on heating to 500ºC decomposes to produce
Nb = 4, Na = 2. NaNO2 and O2, while the same salt on heating to 800ºC,
42 decomposes to Na2O, N2 and O2. Explain in light of Fajan’s
Bond order in Li 2   1. rule.
2

Therefore, Li 2 should be a stable species. Its bond Sol. The decomposition scheme can be shown as
dissociation energy is 105 kJ mol –1 , as compared to
431 kJ mol–1 for H2. Thus, the bond in Li2 is much weaker
than that on H2. This is because 2s orbital of Li (involved in
the bonding) is much larger than 1s orbital of H.

Example - 18 As we know tha thermal stability of a salt depends on

percentage ionic character, NaNO2 has greater ionic
Explain how V.B theory differs from the Lewis concept. character than NaNO3 because of lower polarizability of
smaller nitrite ion than nitrate ion. Therefore, 500ºC is
Sol. The Lewis concept of describes the formation of bond in sufficient for decomposition of less ionic NaNO3 but
terms of sharing of one or more electron pairs and the octet NaNO2 is stable at this temperature. On heating further to
rule. It does not explain the energetics of the bond formation 800ºC, the more stable NaNO2decomposes further to Na2O
and shapes of the polyatomic molecules. and N2, O2.
 Example - 22 Example - 26
Out of  and   bonds, which one is stronger and why ? Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and
show formal charge on each atom :
Sol.   bond is stronger. This is because   bond is formed HNO3, NO2, H2SO4
by head­on overlapping of atomic orbitals and, therefore,
the overlapping is large.   bond is formed by sideway
overlapping which is small. Sol. HNO3 =

Example - 23
Out of p-orbital and sp-hybrid orbital which has greater 1
Formal charge = V  L  S
directional character and why ? 2

Sol. sp­orbital has greater directional character than p­orbital. 1

Formal charge on H = 1  0   2  0
This is because p­orbital has equal sized lobes with equal 2
electron density in both the lobes wheres sp­hybrid orbital
1
has greater electron density on one side. Formal charge on O (1) = 6  4  (4)  0
2
Example - 24
1
Compare the relative stabilities of O 2 and N 2 and Formal charge on N = 5  0  (8)  1
2
comment on their magnetic (paramagnetic or
diamagnetic) behaviour. 1
Formal charge on O (2) = 6  4  (4)  0
2
Sol. M.O. Electronic configuration of
1
O 2  KK  22s *2 2 2 2 *2 *1 Formal charge on O (3) = 6  6  (2)   1
2  2p z 2p x  2p x  2p x 2p y 2

Hence, we write the structure of HNO3 with formal charges

1 3
Bond order = (8  5)   1.5
2 2
as
M.O. Electronic configuration of

N 2  KK  2s
2
*2 2 2 1
2s  2p x 2p y  2pz

1 5 Similarly, we have
Bond order = (7  2)   2.5
2 2

As bond order of N 2  bond order of O 2 , therefore, N 2 is

more stable than O 2 . and

Each of them contains unpaired electron, hence both are

paramagnetic. Example - 27
Example - 25 What is mean by the term average bond ethalpy ? Why is
there difference in bond enthalpy of O–H bond in ethanol
Explain why HF is less viscous than H2O.
(C2H5OH) and water ?

Sol. There is greater intermolecular hydrogen bonding in H2O

Sol. All the similar bonds in a molecule do not have the same
than that in HF as each H2O molecule forms four H­bonds
with other water molecules whereas HF forms only two
H­bonds with other HF molecules. Greater the intermolecular
H­bonding, greater is the viscosity. Hence, HF is less bond enthalpies, e.g., in CH4 , the four
viscous than H2O.
 C–H bonds do not have the same bond enthalpies because (ii) V = 24 electrons, R = 32 electrons, S = 8 electrons,
after breaking of the bonds one by one, the electronic U = 16 electrons.
environment around carbon changes. Hence, the actual bond
2–
enthalpy of C–H bond is taken as the average value.
O C O
O
O–H bond in ethanol and that in water
Example - 30

do not have similar electronic environment Arrange the following in increasing order of bond angle
around the central atom :
around oxygen atom. Hence, their O–H bond enthalpies are BeF2, BF3, CH4, NH3, H2O
different.
Sol. H2O < NH3 < CH4 < BF3 < BeF2
Example - 28
Write Lewis dot structures of the following molecules/ Bond angle 104.5º 106.5º 109º28’ 120º 180º
ions :
(i) CO (ii) HCN Example - 31
Indicate the number of  and -bonds in the following
Sol : V = number of valence electron of molecule molecules.
R = Number of electron required for octet in molecule (i) CH3 CH CH2
S = Number of shared electron ( S = R – V)
(ii) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
U = Number of unshared electron (U = V – S)
(iii) CH3 C C CH 3
(i) CO
V = 4 + 6 = 10 electrons (iv)
R = 8 + 8 = 16 electrons
S = R – V = 6 electrons Sol. For finding out the number of  and ­bonds in a
molecule, the following points should be kept in mind :
U = 10 – 6 = 4 elctrons
1. All single bonds are sigma bonds.
C O or C O
2. All double bonds consist of one  and two ­bonds.
(ii) HCN
3. All triple bonds consist of one  and two ­bonds.
V = 1 + 4 + 5 = 10 electrons (i) This molecule consists of seven single bonds and
R = 2 + 8 + 8 = 18 electrons one double bond. Thus, number of ­bonds = 8 and
S = 8 electrons number of ­bonds = 1.
(ii) This molecule consists of 13 single bonds.
U = 2 electrons
Thus, number of ­bonds = 13.
H C N or H – C N
(iii) This molecule consists of 8 single bonds and one
triple bond. Thus, number of ­bonds = 9 and number
Example - 29 of ­bonds = 2.
Write Lewis structures for (iv) The molecule of benzene consists of nine single
bonds and three double bonds.
(i) Urea, NH2CO NH2
Thus, number of ­bonds = 12 and number of ­bonds
(ii) Carbonate ion, CO 32 . = 3.

Example - 32
Sol : (i) Urea, V = 24 electrons, R = 40 electrons, S = 16 electrons
Which of the two, peroxide ion or superoxide ion, has a
U = 8 electrons larger bond length ?

O O Sol. The bond length in a molecule depends on bond order.

H H H H
or N C N the higher the bond order, smaller will be the bond length.
N C N H
H
 Peroxide ion, O 22 Example - 36

Configuration KK (2s)2 (2s)2  (2pz)2 (2px)2 The dipole moment of KCl is 3.336 × 10–29 coulomb metre
which indicates that it is a highly polarized molecule.
(2py)2 (2px)2 (2py)2 The interatomic distance between K+ and Cl– in this
molecule is 2.6 × 10–10 m. Calculate the dipole moment
86 of KCl molecule, if there were opposite charges of one
Bond order = 1
2 fundamental unit located at each nucleus. Calculate the
percentage ionic character of KCl.
Superoxide ion, O 2  =q× d
Configuration KK (2s)2 (2s)2 (2pz)2 (2px)2 Sol. q = one fundamental unit = 1.062 × 10–19 C
(2py)2 (2px)2 (2py)1 d = 2.6 × 10–10 M
= 1.602 × 10–19 × 2.6 × 10–10
85
Bond order =  1.5 = 4.1652 × 10–29 coulomb metre
2
Percentage ionic character
Bond order of superoxide is higher than peroxide ion,
hence bond length of peroxide ion is larger. 3.336  10 29
= 100  80.09
4.1652 10  29
Example - 33
Example - 37
Which of the following has maximum bond angle ?
The correct order of the ionic character of PbF2, PbCl2,
H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4 PbBr2 and PbI2 is :

Sol. CO 2 (Linear structure, carbon undergoes sp­hy­ (a) PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2
bridization). (b) PbF2 > PbBr2 > PbCl2 > PbI2
(c) PbF2 < PbCl2 < PbBr2 < PbI2
Example - 34
(d) PbF2 < PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2
Interpret the non-linear shape of H2S molecule and non
planar shape of PCl3 using valence shell electron pair Sol. Since the given dihalides contain the same cation viz Pb2+
repulsion (VSEPR) theory. but different anions (halide ions), the ionic character of these
halides depends on the size of the halide ions. The ionic
Sol. In H2S, two bonded pairs and two lone pairs of electrons character decreases with the increases in the size of the
are present, i.e., S undergoes sp3 ­hybridization. Tetrahedral halide ions. Thus since the size of halides ions increases as F–
configuration comes into existence. Two of the positions < Cl– < Br < I–, the ionic character of Pb X2 molecules decreases
are occupied by lone pairs, hence the actual structure is as PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > Pb I2. Thus (a) is the correct
bent or V­shaped. answer.

In PCl3, three bonded pairs and one lone pair of electrons Example - 38
are present, i.e., P­atom undergoes sp3– hybridization.
Among the halides namely, NaF, NaCl, NaBr and NaI,
Tetrahedral configuration comes into existence. One NaF has the highest melting point, because NaF has :
position is occupied by lone pair, hence the actual
(a) minimum ionic character
structure is pyramidal.
(b) maximum ionic character
Example - 35 (c) highest oxidising power
Hydrogen bonding does not exist in HCl through chlorine (d) lowest valency
is quite electronegative.
Sol. Since the size of halide ions (X–) increases as F– < Cl–
Sol. This is due to the large size of Cl­atom < Br– < I– the ionic character of MX molecules decreases
as NaF > NaBr > NaI. Being the most ionic, NaF has the
highest melting point.
 Geometry :
Example - 39
A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment equal to 1.2 D.
If its bond distance is 1.0 Å, what fraction of an electronic
charge exists in each atom ?
(a) 12% (b) 18%
(c) 25% (d) 29%

Sol. Bond distance, d = 1.0 Å = 1.0 × 10–8 cm (given) Example - 42

–18
Dipole moment,  = 1.2 D = 1.2 × 10 esu. cm (given) Write the Lewis dot formula of the following molecules
–18 and predict their molecular shapes :
Electronic charge = 4.8 × 10 esu. cm (given)
Fraction of electronic charge = x (to be calculated) (a) OSbCl3 (b) SO2Cl2 (c) IO 2 F2
Now we know that :
=x×d
1.2 × 10–18 esu. cm = x × 10–8 cm
Sol. (a)
18
1.2  10 esu. cm
 x 8
 1.2  10 10 esu
10 cm
Out of 4.8 × 10–10 esu. cm electronic charge, the electronic
charge existing on each atom = 1.2 × 10–10 esu
Out of 100 esu. cm. electronic charge, the electronic
charge existing on each atom

1.2  10 10 esu

  100
4.8  10 10 esu. cm

= 25%

(b)
Example - 40
Which of the following tetraiodides is the least stable
and has doubtful existence ?
(a) CI4 (b) GeI4
(c) SnI4 (d) PbI4

Sol. The given tetraiodides contain C, Ge, Sn and Pb as C4+,

Sn4+ and Pb4+ ions respectively. According to inert pair
effect, the stability of these cations decreases as C4+ >
Ge4+ > Sn4+ > Pb4+. This order shows that since Pb4+ ion
(c)
is the least stable, its tetraiodide, PbI4 is also least stable
and hence has doubtful existence.

Example - 41

Discuss the bondings of ClO 2 ion.

Sol. The central atom is Cl . The ions can be constituted as
 Example - 43
In vapour phase, phosphorus can exist as P2 molecules,
which is highly reactive, whereas N2 is relatively inert,
exaplain the difference. Since, fluorine is in second period, lack vacant d­orbitals,
can’t violate octet rule and, hence F3 does not exist.
Sol. Both P and N are from the same group (G15) of the Periodic
Table, their diatomic molecule can be represented as :
Example - 46
Iodine (I2) is a volatile solid at room temperature and has
very low solubility in water. However, I2 is highly soluble
As we know, Pi­bonding between two phosphorus atoms
is very unlikely due to larger atomic radius. Hence, in an aqueous solution of KI. Explain.
diatomic P2 is unstable but there is not such restriction of Sol. I 2 (s) being a molecular solids, the molecules are
Pi­bonding to N and other second period elements. completely non­polar and covalent, have very low affinity
for polar solvents like water. However, in solution of KI,
Example - 44 I2 forms forms KI3 salt as

Both NH 2 and NH 2 are angular species but the bond KI + I2 

 KI3

angle in NH 2 is less than that in NH 2 . (a) What is the KI3, a strongly ionic salt dissolves easily in water like
other normal salts of the alkali metals. Hence, I2 becomes
reason for this difference in bond angles ? (b) Take the
x-axis as lying perpendicular to the molecular plane, soluble in KI via KI3.
does N (2px) orbital participate in the hybridization of
either of species ? Example - 47
Compare the F (axial) —A—F (equatorial) bond angles
Sol. (a) Hybridization at N atom is sp3 in NH 2 and sp2 NH 2 .
in these molecules. PF6, SF4 and ClF3.
Therefore, bond angle in NH 2 is close to 109º
(tetrahedral angle), while bond angle in NH 2 is close Sol. PF5 is symmetrical trigonal bipyramidal molecule hence
to 120º (triangular planar angle). the sought bond angle is 90º.
SF4 is a see­saw shaped molecule, while ClF3 is T­shaped
(b) In NH 2 , hybridization at N is sp3  implies that all
as shown below :
p­orbitals are involved in hybridization. In case of
NH 2 , the hybridization at N is sp2 and the ion lies in
YZ plane as X­axis lying in perpendicular plane. For
the species to be in YZ plane, the two p­orbitals
involved in sp2 hybridization must be py and pz orbitals
i.e., 2px orbitals at N is remaining unhybridized as Axial bonds in SF4 is repelled by one lone pair, the same
in ClF3 are repelled by two lone pairs, more repulsions are
observed in ClF3. Hence, F—S—F angle (axial­equatorial)
is greater than F—Cl—F (axial­equatorial), although both
are less than 90º. The order is : PF5 > SF4 > ClF3.

Example - 48
The Lewis structure of allene is
Example - 45
Although I 3 is known, F3 is not . Explain.

Sol. In I3 , the central I is sp3d hybridized and violate the

Make a three dimensional sketch of this molecule and answer
octet rule. It is possible for elements of third and higher
these questions : (a) Is the molecule planar ? (b) Does
period to expand its valence shell beyond eight because 1,3-dichloro propdience show geometrical isomerism ?
they contain vacant d­orbitals. Hence formation of I 3 is (c) Is the molecule 1, 3-dichloropropdiene polar ?
possible
Sol. Hybridization of central carbon is sp and two of its
 unhybridized p­orbitals are involved in Pi­bonding. Also
p­orbitals at an atom are orthogonal (at 90º angle), the Example - 50
two Pi­bonds at central carbon are also orthogonal. Let
Both ‘H’ and ‘F’ are monovalent in covalent bonding,
these p­orbitals, involved in Pi­bondings, at central carbon
phosphorus forms PF5 but no PH5 exists. Explain.
by py and pz, then
Sol. Phosphorus has five electrons in the valence shell (3s23p3)
as well as it contains vacant 3d 3d orbitals, so there is
scope for pentavalency. However, the 3d orbital of
phosphorus is much larger is size than its 3s and 3p­
orbitals, and do not usually hybridize. When highly
electronegative atoms like F approach to P, its 3d­orbitals,
and do not usually hybridize. When highly
Hybridization at the terminal carbons are both sp2. The electronegative atoms like F approach to P, its 3d­orbitals
hybridize with 3s and 3p orbitals and enable P to undergo
two p­orbitals involved in sp2 hybridization are px and py
sp3d hybridization to form PF5, PCl5 etc. Hydrogen being
at left terminal and px and pz at right terminals. Therefore,
very less electronegative, cannot contract 3d orbitals of
the three sp2 hybrid orbitals at left terminal carbon are in phosphorus to the level where it can participate in
xy plane, while the same at right terminal carbon are in xz hybridization with 3s and 3p orbitals. Hence, with
plane. As a result, the two triangular planes at terminals hydrogen, only s and p orbitals of P hybridize and no
are at right angles as shown below : more than its three electrons can take part in sharing,
showing trivalency only.

Example - 51

Trimethyl amine is a stronger base than trisilyl amine.

Explain.
The two H—C—H planes at terminals are perpendicular
to each other. (Pi­bonds are also perpendicular to each
other.) Sol. In trisilyl amine, a p­d back bonding occurs as
Hence, (a) Molecule is non­planar. (b) Doesn’t show
geometrical isomerism because two H at one terminal are
equidistant from any H on other terminal. (c) Polar.

Example - 49
Order these species according to increasing C—F bond The above p­dbond decreases the availability of 1p at
length : CF+, CF, CF–. Predict if any is paramagnetic. nitrogen, thus the basic strength. No such p­dbonding
is possible in trimethyl amine, hence stronger base.

Sol. The molecular orbital electronic configuration of CF (15e)

is

2p 2y * 2p1y * 0
1s 2 *1s 2  2s 2 * 2s 2  2p x2  2p x
2p 2z * 2p0z

10  5
Bond order   2.5
2
In CF+, there is one ‘e’ less in antibonding MO, therefore,
bond­order = 3, while in CF–, there is one more ‘e’ in
antibonding MO giving band­order = 2. Since ‘Bond­
order’ is directly related to bond­energy, which is
inversely proportional to bond­length, the order of bond­
lengths in given series is :
CF+ < CF < CF–
Also, CF and CF– are paramagnetic because of presence
of one and two unpaired electrons respectively, while
CF+ has no unpaired electron and diamagnetic.
 EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Ionic Bonds 8. The compound with the highest degree of covalency is :

1. Which combination will give the strongest ionic bond ? (a) NaCl (b) MgCl2
+ – + 2–
(a) K and Cl (b) K and O (c) AgCl (d) CsCl
2+ –
(c) Ca and Cl (d) Ca2+ and O2–
Covalent Bond formation
Bond Formation
9. The fluorine molecules is formed by :
2. Bond formation is
(a) p­p orbitals (sideways overlap)
(a) always exothermic
(b) p­p orbitals ( end­to­end overlap)
(b) always endothermic
(c) sp­sp orbitals (d) s­s orbitals
(c) neither exothermic nor endothermic
10. Covalency favoured in the following case :
(d) sometimes exothermic and sometimes endothermic
3. Element X is strongly electropositive and element Y is (a) smaller cation (b) larger anion
strongly electronegative. Both are univalent. The (c) large charge on cation and anions
compound formed would be
(d) all the above
(a) X + Y – (b) X –Y +
(c) X – Y (d) X  Y Covalent bond properties
4. The bond between two identical non­metal atoms has a 11. The molecular size of ICl and Br2 is approximately same,
pair of electrons but b.p. if ICl is about 40ºC higher than that of Br2. It is
(a) unequally shared between the two because:
(b) transferred fully from one atom to another
(a) ICl bond is stronger than Br–Br bond
(c) with identical spins
(d) equally shared between them (b) IE of iodine < IE of bromine

Properties of Ionic cmpds (c) ICl is polar while Br2 is nonpolar

+ – (d) I has larger size than Br
5. An ionic compound A B is most likely to be formed when:
(a) the ionization energy of A high and electron affinity of Coordinate bond
B is low
12. Which of the following molecules does not have co­
(b) the ionization energy of A is low and electron affinity ordinate bonds ?
of B is high
(c) both, the ionization energy of A and electron affinity (a) PH4 (b) NO2
of B are high
(c) O3 (d) CO23 
(d) both, the ionization energy of A and electron affinity
of B are low Covalent Bond
6. The lattice energy of KF, KCl, KBr and KI follow the order: 13. The compound which contains both ionic and covalent
bonds is
(a) KF > KCl > KBr > KI (b) KI > KBr > KCl > KF
(a) CH4 (b) H2
(c) KF > KCl > KI > KBr (d) KI > KBr > KF > KCl
(c) KCN (d) KCl
7. In which of the following species the bonds are non­
14. The total number of electrons that taken part in forming
directional ?
the bonds in N2 is
(a) NCl3 (b) RbCl (a) 2 (b) 4

(c) BeCl2 (d) BCl3 (c) 6 (d) 10

15. Which of the following compound is covalent ? 23. The molecule exhibiting maximum number of non­bonding
(a) H2 (b) CaO electron pairs (l.p.) around the central atom is :

(c) KCl (d) Na2S (a) XeOF4 (b) XeO2F2

16. Which pair of elements can form multiple bond with itself (c) XeF3– (d) XeO3
and oxygen ? 24. Which is the following pairs of species have identical
(a) F, N (b) N, Cl shapes?

(c) N, P (d) N, C (a) NO2 and NO2 (b) PCl5 and BrF5

Resonance
(c) XeF4 and ICl4 (d) TeCl4 and XeO4
17. The correct order of increasing C–O bond strength of
25. Which is not correctly matched ?
CO, CO23  ,CO2 is :
(a) XeO3 – Trigonal bipyramidal
2 2
(a) CO 3  CO2  CO (b) CO2  CO 3  CO (b) ClF3 – bent T­shape

(c) CO  CO23  CO2 (d) CO  CO2  CO32 (c) XeOF4 – Square pyramidal

(d) XeF2 – Linear shape

18. Resonance structures can be written for :
26. The compound MX4 is tetrahedral. The number of XMX
(a) O3 (b) NH3
angles in the compound is :
(c) CH4 (d) H2O (a) three (b) four
VSEPR (c) five (d) six

19. Correct statement regarding molecules SF4, CF4 and XeF4 27. Which of the follo wing are iso electronic and
are : isostructural ?

(a) 2, 0 and 1 lone pairs of central atom respectively NO3 ,CO32  , ClO3 ,SO3
(b) 1, 0 and 1 lone pairs of central atom respectively
(a) NO3 , CO32  (b) SO3 ,NO3
(c) 0, 0 and 2 lone pairs of central atom respectively
(d) 1, 0 and 2 lone pairs of central atom respectively (c) ClO3 ,CO23  (d) CO23  ,ClO3
20. The pair of species with similar shape is : 28. In which of the following pairs, both the species have the
(a) PCl3, NH3 (b) CF4, SF4 same hybridisation ?

(c) PbCl2, CO2 (d) PF5, IF5 (I) SF4, XeF4 (II) I3 , XeF2

21. The geometrical arrangement of orbitals and shape of I3– (III) ICl 4 , SiCl 4 (IV) ClO3 ,PO34 
are respectively :
(a) I, II (b) II, III
(a) trigonal bipyramidal geometry, linear shape (c) II, IV (d) I, II, III
(b) hexagonal geometry, T­shape VBT
(c) triangular planar geometry, triangular shape 29. Which of the following molecule is theoretically not
(d) tetrahedral geometry, pyramidal shape possible?

22. The shape of the noble gas compound XeF4 is : (a) SF4 (b) OF2

(a) square planar (b) distorted tetrahedral (c) OF4 (d) O2F2

(c) tetrahedral (d) octahedral

30. The strength of bonds formed by 2s­2s, 2p­2p and 2p­2s 39. Select pair of compounds in which both have different
overlap has the order : hybridization but have same molecular geometry :
(a) s­s > p­p > p­s (b) s­s > p­s > p­p (a) BF3, BrF3 (b) ICl2 , BeCl2
(c) p­p > p­s > s­s (d) p­p > s­s > p­s
(c) BCl3, PCl3 (d) PCl3, NCl3
31. C2H2 is isostructural with :
40. Which of the following statements is incorrect for sigma
(a) H2O2 (b) NO2 and pi­bonds formed between two carbon atoms ?

(c) SnCl2 (d) CO2 (a) Sigma­bond is stronger than a pi­bond

32. When iodine is dissolved in aqueous potassium iodide, (b) Bond energies of sigma and pi­bonds are of the order
of 264 kJ/mol and 347 kJ/mol
the shape of the species formed is :
(c) Free rotation of surrounding atoms abouta sigma­bond
(a) linear (b) angular
is allowed but not in case of a pi­bond
(c) triangular (d) see­saw
(d) Sigma­bond determines the direction between carbon
Hybridization atoms but a pi­bond has no primary effect in this regard
33. Which one of the following is the correct set with respect 41. Assuming the bond direction to the z­axis, which of the
to molecule, hybridization and shape ? overlapping of atomic orbitals of two atom (A) and (B)
will result in bonding ?
(a) BeCl2, sp2, linear
(I) s­orbital of A and px orbital of B
(b) BeCl2, sp2, triangular planar
(II) s­orbital of A and pz orbital of B
(c) BCl3, sp2, triangular planar
(III) py­orbital of A and pz orbital of B
(d) BCl3, sp3, tetrahedral
(IV) s­orbital of both (A) and (B)

34. The hybridization of the central atom in ICl is :
2 (a) I and IV (b) I and II
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV
(a) dsp2 (b) sp
42. The hybridisation of atomic orbitals of central atom “Xe”
(c) sp2 (d) sp3
in XeO4 , XeO2F2 and XeOF4 respectively.
35. The state of hybridization of the central atom is not the
(a) sp3, sp3d2, sp3d2 (b) sp3d, sp3d, sp3d2
same as in the others :
(c) sp3, sp3d2, sp3d (d) sp3, sp3d, sp3d2
(a) B in BF3 (b) O in H3O+
43. For exhibiting tetravalency, carbon atoms have to be
(c) N in NH3 (d) P in PCl3 excited. Now, which of the following statements is
true ?
36. Which of the following statements is incorrect for PCl5 ?
(a) Excitation occurs before bonding
(a) Its three P–Cl bond lengths are equal
(b) Bonding occurs before excitation
(b) It involves sp3d hybridization
(c) Both bonding and excitation occur simultaneously
(c) It has linear geometry (d) Two bonds are formed first, then excitation occurs
(d) Its shape is trigonal bipyramidal followed by formation of another two bonds

37. The number of sp2 – s sigma bonds in benzene are : 44. Which of the following statements is true about
bonding and excitation ?
(a) 3 (b) 6
(a) Energy required for excitation of carbon atoms (96
(c) 12 (d) none of these Kcal/mol) is less than energy released in bonding
38. During the complete combustion of methane CH4, what (b) Energy required for excitation is more than energy
change in hybridisation does the carbon atom undergo ? released in bonding
(c) Energy required for excitation is equal to the energy
(a) sp3 to sp (b) sp3 to sp2
released in bonding
(c) sp2 to sp (d) sp2 to sp3 (d) None of these
45. Which of the following statements is true about 51. Energy content of a molecule will be less if
hybridization ? (a) bond energy is more
(a) Only those atomic orbitals can be hybridized which (b) bond energy is less
do not differ much in shape.
(c) magnitude of ovelap is very less
(b) Only those atomic orbitals can be hybridized which
do not differ much in energy. (d) none of these

(c) Only those atomic orbitals can be hybridized which 52. Which of the following o rders is cor rect for
do not differ much in size. electronegativity ?

(d) Only those atomic orbitals can be hybridized which (a) sp 3C > sp 2C > spC (b) spC > sp 2C > sp3C
do not differ much in overlap integrals.
(c) sp 2C > spC > sp 3C (d) sp 3C > spC > sp2C
46. Which of the following statements is true about
53. CH2 = C = CH2
hybridization ?
In this molecule (allene)
(a) Hybridization generates new set of atomic orbitals
identical in shape but not in size and energy. (a) all three C­atoms are sp 2 hybridized

(b) Hybridization generates new set of atomic obitals (b) both terminal C­atoms are sp 2 hybridized while
central C­atom is sp­hybridized
identical in size but not in shape and energy.
(c) both terminal C­atoms are sp­hybridized while
(c) Hybridization generates new set of atomic orbitals
central C­atom is sp 2 hybridized
indentical energy but not in shape and size.
(d) none of these
(d) Hybridization generates new set of atomic orbitals
MOT
indentical in shape, size and energy.
54. The nodal plane in the ­bond of ethene is located in :
47. Which of the following statements is true about
hybridization ? (a) the molecular plane
(a) Hybrid orbitals frequently undergo linear overlaps (b) a plane parallel to the molecule plane
making sigma bonds. (c) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which
(b) Hybrid orbitals frequently undergo lateral overlaps bisects the carbon­carbon  bond at right angle
maing ­bonds. In other words, there are several (d) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which
compounds in which ­bonds are formed using contains the carbon­carbon bond
hybrid orbitals. 55. Which of the following leads to bonding ?
(c) Hybrid orbitals are molecular orbitals.
(d) A hybrid orbital bigger in size makes shorter bond.
(a) (b)
48. In 2sp hybridization, 2s­orbital can be mixed with
(a) Only 2p x (b) Only 2p y
(c) Only 2p z (c) (d)
(d) Any one of 2px, 2p y and 2p z
56. Which of the following is paramagnetic ?
49. In 2sp 2 orbital, character of 2p z orbital will be
(a) always 33.33% (b) always 0% (a) O 22 (b) NO
(c) always 66.66% (d) either 33.33% or 0% (C) CO (d) CN–

50. Shapes of sp 3, sp2 and sp orbitals are like 57. The ground state electronic configuration of valence
shell electrons in nitrogen molecule (N2) is written
(  2s)2 (  *2s)2 (2p)4 (  2p)2. Hence, the bond order
(a) (b)
in nitrogen molecule is :
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (d) (c) 2 (d) 3
58. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is : 65. Which of the following statement(s) is true

(a) O2– (b) N2+ (a) Higher the bond order lesser the bond length
(c) O+ (d) CN– (b) Higher the bond order greater the bond length

59. Which one of the following is not paramagnetic ? (c) Higher the bond order lesser the bond energy
(d) Higher the bond order lesser the number of bonds
(a) NO (b) N 2
66. Which of the following pairs of molecule can exist ?
(c) CO (d) O2
(a) He2 and Be2 (b) O22– and Na2
60. When N2 is formed from N 2 bond­order .......... and (c) O22– and H22– (d) Be2 and Mg2
when O2 is formed from O 2 bond–order .......... : 67. Which of the following combination of orbitals is correct ?

(a) increases (b) decreases

(a)
(c) increases, decreases (d) decreases, increases
61. Which of the following have identical bond order ? (b)
(I) CN– (II) O2
(c)
(III) NO+ (IV) O2

(a) I, III (b) II, IV

(c) I, II, III (d) I, IV
(d)
62. Among unpaired electron is present in :
(a) KO2 only (b) NO2+ and BaO2
68. Which of the following statements is not correct regarding
(c) KO2 and AlO2 (d) BaO2 only
bonding molecular orbitals ?
63. Bond order of O2, O2+, O2– and O22– is in order : (a) Bonding molecular orbitals possess less energy than
the atomic orbitals from which they are formed
(a) O 2  O 22  O 2  O 2 (b) O 22  O 2  O 2  O 2
(b) Bonding molecular orbitals have low electron density
(c) O 2  O 2  O 2  O 22 (d) O 2  O 2  O 2  O 22 between the two nuclei

COMPREHENSION (Ques. 64 to 68) (c) Electron in bonding molecular contributes to the

attraction between atoms
According to MOT, two atomic orbitals overlap resulting
(d) They are formed when the lobes of the combining
in the formation of molecular orbitals. Number of atomic atomic orbitals have the same sign
orbitals overlapping together is equal to the molecular
orbital formed. The two atomic orbital thus formed by Properties of Covalent cmpds
LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbital) in the same 69. The BCl3 is a planar molecule whereas NCl3 is pyramidal
phase or in the different phase are known as bonding and because :
antibonding molecular orbitals respectively. The energy
(a) BCl bond is more polar than N–Cl bond
of bonding molecular orbital is lower than that of the pure
atomic orbital by an amount . This known as the (b) N–Cl bond is more covalent that B–Cl bond
stabilization energy. The energy of antibonding molecular (c) nitrogen atom is smaller than boron atom
orbital is increased by ‘ (destabilisation energy).
(d) BCl3 has no lone pair electrons but NCl3 has a lone
64. Which among the following pairs contain both pair of electrons
paramagnetic species
70. The correct order of the O–O bond length in O2, H2O2
(a) O22– and N2– (b) O2– and N2 and O3 is :
–
(c) O2 and N2 (d) O2 and N2 (a) O2 > O3 > H2O2 (b) O3 > H2O2 > O2
(c) O2 > H2O2 > O3 (d) H2O2 > O3 > O2
71. The structure and hybridisation of Si(CH3)4 is : 81. Which of the following molecules does not have a
dipole moment ?
(a) bent, sp (b) trigonal, sp 2
(a) IBr (b) CHCl3
(c) octahedral, sp3d (d) tetrahedral, sp 3
(c) CH2Cl2 (d) BF3
72. In which of the following bond angle is maximum :
Hydrogen Bonding
(a) NH3 (b) NH 4
82. The high density of water compared to ice is due to :
(c) PCl3 (d) SCl2
(a) hydrogen bonding interactions
73. BrF 3 molecule, the lone pairs occupy equitorial (b) dipole­dipole interactions
position to minimize.
(c) dipole­induced dipole interactions
(a) lone pair­bond pair repulsion only
(d) induced dipole induced dipole interactions
(b) bond pair­bond pair repulsion only
83. Which one of the following molecules will form a linear
(c) lone pair­lone pair repulsion and lone pair­bond polymeric structure due to hydrogen bonding ?
pair repulsion
(a) NH3 (b) H2O
(d) lone pair­lone pair repulsion only
(c) HCl (d) HF
74. H2O is dipolar, whereas BeF2 is not. It is because :
84. The boiling point of alcohol is higher than ether due to :
(a) the electronegativity of F is greater than that of O
(a) hydrogen bonding
(b) H2O involves hydrogen bonding whereas BeF2 is a
discrete molecule (b) large size of alcohol
(c) H2O is linear and BeF2 is angular (c) presence of –OH group
(d) H2O is angular and BeF2 is linear (d) high molecular weight
75. The ratio of  and  bonds in benzene is :
85. The correct order of boiling point is :
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 1 : 6
76. In graphite each carbon atom is :
(a) sp 2 hybridised (b) sp 3 hybridised
(c) sp hybridised (d) not hybridised
77. Both BF3 and NF3 are covalent but BF3 molecule is
non­polar while NF3 is polar because : (a) I > II > III (b) III > II > I
(a) atomic size of boron is smaller than nitrogen
(c) II > I > III (d) III > I > II
(b) BF3 is planar but NF3 is pyramidal
86. The boiling points at atmospheric pressure of HF, H2S,
(c) boron is a metal while nitrogen is gas
NH3 can be arranged in the following order :
(d) BF bond has no dipole moment while NF bond has
dipole (a) HF > NH3 > H2S (b) HF > H2S > NH3
78. The highest dipole moment is of :
(c) HF < H2S < NH3 (d) HF < NH3 < H2S
(a) CF4 (b) CH3OH
(c) CO2 (d) CH3F 87. Which statement is correct ?
79. Which one of the following is the most polar bond ?
(a) m.p. of H2O, NH3, HF are maximum in their respective
(a) N–F (b) N–N group due to intermolecular H­bonding
(c) N–Cl (d) O–F
(b) b.p. of CH4 out of CH4, SiH4, GeH4 and SnH4 is least
80. The hybridisation of atomic orbitals of N in NO2+, NO3–
due to weak intermolecular force of attraction
and NH 4 are respectively :
(c) formic acid forms dimer by H­bonding
(a) sp, sp 2, sp 3 (b) sp, sp 3, sp2
(d) all are correct
(c) sp 2, sp, sp 3 (d) sp 2, sp 3, sp
88. Which of the following is not true about H2O molecule ? 92. The correct order of the strength of H­bonds is :

(a) The molecule has  = 0 (a) H....F > H....O > H....N (b) H....N > H....O > H....F

(b) The molecule can act as a base (c) H....O > H....N > H....F (b) H....F > H....N > H....O

(c) Shows abnormally high boiling point in comparison to 93. o­nitrophenol can be easily steam distilled whereas p­
the hydrides of other elements of oxygen group nitrophenol cannot be. This is because of :

(d) The molecule has a bent shape (a) strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding in o­
nitrophenol
89. Which of the following does not contain any co­ordinate
bond ? (b) strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o­
nitrophenol
(a) H3O+ (b) BF4
(c) strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding in p­
nitrophenol
(c) HF2 (d) NH4
(d) dipole moment of p­nitrophenol is larger than that of
90. The boiling points of methanol, water and dimethyl ether o­nitrophenol
are respectively 65ºC, 100ºC and 34.5ºC. Which of the
94. What is not true about ice ?
following best explains these wide variations in b.p. ?
(a) It has open cage like structure
(a) The molecular mass increases from water (18) to
methanol (32) to diethy ether (74) (b) It has less density than water
(b) The extent of H­bonding decreases from water to (c) Each O atom is surrounded by 4 H atoms
methanol while it is absent in ether (d) Each O atom has four H­bands around it
(c) The extent of intramolecular H­bonding decreases from
ether to methanol to water

(d) The density of water is 1.00 g mL–1, methanol

0.7914 g mL–1 and that of diethyl ether is 0.7137 g mL–1
91. In ice, the length of H­bonds :
(a) is less than that of covalent bonds
(b) is greater than that of covalent bonds
(c) is same as that of covalent bonds
(d) can be less greater or same as that of covalent bonds
 EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTION

1. Hybridisation of the underline atom changes in : (2002) 9. Which one of the following compounds has the smallest
bond angle ? (2003)
(a) AlH 3 changes of AlH 4 (b) H 2 O changes to H3O+
(a) H2O (b) H2S

(c) NH 3 changes to NH 4 (d) in all cases (c) NH3 (d) SO2

2. In which of the following species the interatomic bond 10. An ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the same
angle is 109º 28’ ? (2002) molecular formula. This is due to (2003)
(a) alcohols having resonance structures
(a) NH3, (BF4)–1 (b) (NH4)+, BF4
(b) inter­molecular hydrogen bonding in ethers
–1
(c) NH3, BF4 (d) (NH2) , BF3. (c) inter­molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols
- 2-
3. Increasing order of bond strength of O2 , O , O 2 2
and (d) dipolar character of ethers

O+2 is (2002) 11. Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have
permanent dipole moments for both members ? (2003)
(a) O+2  O 2  O 2  O 2 (b) O 2  O 2  O 2  O 22  (a) SiF4 and NO2 (b) NO2 and CO2

(c) O 2  O 22   O 2  O 2 (d) O 22   O 2  O 2  O 2 (c) NO2 and O3 (d) SiF4 and CO2

12. The pair of species having identical shapes for molecules
4. Number of P–O bonds in P4O10 is (2002)
of both species, is (2003)
(a) 17 (b) 16
(a) CF4, SF4 (b) XeF2, CO2
(c) 15 (d) 6
(c) BF3, PCl3 (d) PF5, IF5
5. Bond angle of 109º 28 is found in
13. The bond order in NO is 2.5 while that in NO+ is 3. Which
(a) NH3 (b) H2O of the following statements is true for these two species ?

(c) (d) (2004)

(a) Bond length in NO+ is greater than in NO

6. The number of lone pairs on Xe in XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6
respectively, are (2002) (b) Bond length in NO is greater than in NO+
(a) 3, 2, 1 (b) 2, 4, 6 (c) Bond length in NO+ is equal to that in NO
(c) 1, 2, 3 (d) 6, 4, 2 (d) Bond length is unpredictable
7. Select correct statement. (2002) 14. The states of hybridisation of boron and oxygen atoms in
(a) When a covalent bond is formed, transfer of electrons boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively (2004)
takes place
(a) sp2 and sp2 (b) sp2 and sp3
(b) Pure H2O does not contain any ion
(c) sp3 and sp2 (d) sp3 and sp3
(c) A bond is formed when attractive forces overcome
repulsive forces 15. The correct order of bond angles (smallest first) in H2S,
NH3, BF3 and SiH4 is (2004)
(d) HF is less polar than HBr
(a) H2S < SiH4 < NH3 < BF3
8. The pair of species having identical shapes for molecules
of both species is (2003) (b) NH3 < H2S < SiH4 < BF3
(a) XeF2, CO2 (b) BF3, PCl3 (c) H2S < NH3 < SiH4 < BF3
(c) PF5, IF5 (d) CF4, SF4 (d) H2S < NH3 < BF3 < SiH4
16. Which one of the following has the regular tetrahedral 23. Which of the following molecules/ions does not contain
structure ? (2004) unpaired electrons ? (2006)
(Atomic number : B = 5, S = 16, Ni = 28, Xe = 54) (a) N 2 (b) O2
(a) XeF4 (b) SF4
(c) O 22 (d) B2
 2–
(c) BF 4
(d) [Ni(CN)4]
24. Which one of the following pairs of species have the same
17. The maximum number of 90º angles between bond pair­ bond order ? (2007)
bond pair of electrons is observed in (2004) (a) CN– and NO+ (b) CN– and CN+
(a) dsp3 hybridisation (b) sp3d hybridisation (c) O 2 and CN  (d) NO+ and CN+
(c) dsp2 hybridisation (d) sp3d2 hybridisation 25. In which of the following ionization processes. the bond
18. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon order has increased and the magnetic behaviour has
changed ? (2007)
(2005)
(a) N 2  N 2 (b) C 2  C 2
(a) Charge on the ion and size of the ion
(b) Packing of ions only (c) NO NO+ (d) O 2  O 2 .
(c) Size of the ion only 26. Which of the following species exhibits diamagnetic
behaviour ? (2007)
(d) Charge on the ion only
(a) O 22  (b) O 2
19. The molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are (2005)
(a) different with 1, 0 and 2 lone pair of electrons on the (c) O2 (d) NO
central atoms, respectively 27. Which of the following hydrogen bonds is the strongest ?
(b) different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pair of electrons on the (2007)
central atoms, respectively. (a) O—H...N (b) F—H...F
(c) the same with 1, 1 and 1 lone pair of electrons on the (c) O—H...O (d) O—H...F
central atoms, respectively 28. Which one of the following constitutes a group of the
(d) the same with 2, 0 and 1 lone pair of electrons on the isoelectronic species ? (2008)
central atoms, respectively
(a) C 22  , O 2 , CO, NO (b) NO  , C 22  , CN  , N 2
20. Which one of the following species is diamagnetic in
nature ? (2005) (c) CN  , N 2 , O 22  , CO 22  (d) N 2 , O 2 , NO  , CO

(a) H 2 (b) H 2 29. Using MO theory, predict which of the following species
has the shortest bond length ? (2008)
(c) H 2 (d) He2
(a) O 2 (b) O 2
21. The decreasing values of bond angles from NH3 (106º) to
SbH3 (101º) down group­15 of the periodic table is due to (c) O 22 (d) O 22

(2006) 30. The bond dissociation energy of B – F in BF 3 is

646 kJ mol–1. The reason for higher B – F bond dissociation
(a) decreasing lp­bp repulsion
energy as compared to that of C – F is (2008)
(b) decreasing electronegativity (a) stronger  bond between B and F in BF3 as compared
(c) increasing bp­bp repulsion to that between C and F in CF4.

(d) increasing p­orbital character in sp3 (b) significant p–p interaction between B and F in BF3
whereas there is no possibility of such interaction
22. In which of the following molecules/ions are all the bonds between C and F in CF4.
not equal ? (2006)
(c) lower degree of p – pinteraction between B and F in
(a) XeF4 (b) BF4 BF3 than that between C and F in CF4.

(c) SF4 (d) SiF4 (d) smaller size of B–atom as compared to that of C–atom.
31. The number of types of bonds between two carbon atoms 40. Which one of the following molecules is expected to
in calcium carbide is (2011) exhibit diamagnetic behaviour ? (2013)
(a) one sigma, two pi (b) one sigma, one pi (a) C2 (b) O2
(c) two sigma, one pi (d) two sigma, two pi (c) S2 (d) None of these
32. Which of the following has maximum number of lone pairs 41. For which of the following molecule significant   0 ?
associated with Xe ? (2011)
(2014)
(a) XeO3 (b) XeF4

(c) XeF6 (d) XeF2

33. The structure of IF7 is (2011)

(a) square pyramid (b) trigonal bipyramid (I) (II)

(c) octahedral (d) pentagonal bipyramid

34. The hybridization of orbitals of N atom in NO3 , NO 2 and

NH 4 are respectively (2011)

(a) sp, sp2, sp3 (b) sp2, sp, sp3

(III) (IV)
(c) sp, sp3, sp2 (d) sp2, sp3, sp

35. Among the following the maximum covalent character is

shown by the compound (2011)
(a) (I) and (II) (b) Only (III)
(a) FeCl2 (b) SnCl2 (c) (III) and (IV) (d) Only (I)
(c) AlCl3 (d) MgCl2 42. The species in which the N atom is in a state of sp
hybridization is: (2016)
36. In which of the following pairs the two species are not
(a) NO 2– (b) NO3
isostructural ? (2012)
(c) NO2 (d) NO2
2  
(a) CO 3
and NO 3
(b) PCl and SiCl4
4
43. Which of the following species is not paramagnetic ?
(c) PF5 and BrF5 (d) AlF63 and SF6 (2017)
(a) NO (b) CO
37. The molecule having smallest bond angle is (2012)
(c) O2 (d) B2
(a) NCl3 (b) AsCl3
44. Total number of Ione pair of electrons in I3 ions is:
(c) SbCl3 (d) PCl3
(2018)
 
38. Stability of the species Li 2 , Li and Li increases in the
2 2 (a) 12 (b) 3
order of (2012) (c) 6 (d) 9

(a) Li 2  Li 2  Li 2 (b) Li 2  Li 2  Li 2 45. Which of the following compounds contain(s) no

covalent bond(s)?
(c) Li 2  Li 2  Li 2 (d) Li 2  Li 2  Li 2
KCl, PH3, O2, B2H6, H2SO4 (2018)
39. In which of the following pairs of molecules/ions both the (a) KCl, B2H6 (b) KCl, B2H6, PH3
species are not likely to exist ? (2013)
(c) KCl, H2SO4 (d) KCl
(a) H 2 , He 22 (b) H 2 , He 22
46. According to molecular orbital theory, which of the

(c) H 22 , He 2 (d) H 2 , He 22 following will not be a viable molecule? (2018)
(a) H22 (b) He22

(c) He2 (d) H2

JEE MAINS ONLINE QUESTION 9. The group of molecules having identical shape is :
Online 2016 SET (1)
1. Which of the following has unpaired electron(s)? (a) SF4, XeF4, CCl4
Online 2014 SET (1)
(b) ClF3, XeOF2, XeF3
(a) N2 (b) O 2
(c) BF3, PCl3, XeO3
(c) N 22 (d) O 22 
(d) PCl5, IF5, XeO2F2
2. Which one of the following does not have a pyramidal
shape? Online 2014 SET (2) 10. The bond angle H­X­H is the greatest in the compound :
Online 2016 SET (2)
(a) (CH3)3 N (b) P(CH3)3
(a) CH4 (b) NH3
(c) P(SiH3)3 (d) (SiH3)3N
(c) H2O (d) PH3
3. Shapes of certain interhalogen compounds are stated
below. Which one of them is not correctly stated? 11. Which of the following is paramagnetic?
Online 2014 SET (2) Online 2017 SET (1)
(a) IF7 : pentagonal bipyramid (a) NO+ (b) CO
(b) ICl3 : planar dimeric (c) O22 (d) B2
(c) BrF3 : planar T­shaped
12. sp3d2 hybridization is not displayed by :
(d) BrF5 : trigonal bipyramid Online 2017 SET (1)
4. In allene (C3H4), the type(s) of hybridization of the carbon (a) BrF5 (b) SF6
atoms is (are): Online 2014 SET (2)
3–
(c) [CrF6] (d) PF5
(a) sp2 and sp3 (b) sp and sp3
13. The group having triangular planar structures is :
(c) sp2 and sp (d) only sp2
Online 2017 SET (2)
5. The correct order of bond dissociation energy among N2,
(a) BF3, NF3, CO23 
O­2, O 2 is shown in which of the following arrangements?
Online 2014 SET (2) (b) CO23 , NO3 , SO3
(a) N2> O2> O 2 (b) O2> O 2 >N2
(c) NH3 , SO3 , CO32
(c) N2> O 2 >O2 (d) O 2 >O2>N2
(d) NCl3 , BCl3 , SO3
6. Which of the following molecules has two sigma() and
two pi() bonds? Online 2014 SET (3) 14. In the molecular orbital diagram for the molecular ion, N2+,
(a) C2H2Cl2 (b) HCN the number of electrons in the  2p molecular orbital is :
(c) N2F2 (d) C2H4 Online 2018 SET (1)
7. Amongst LiCl, RbCl, BeCl2 and MgCl2 the compounds (a) 0 (b) 1
with the greatest and the least ionic character, respectively (c) 2 (d) 3
are : Online 2014 SET (4)
15. Identify the pair in which the geometry of the species is T­
(a) LiCl and RbCl (b) MgCl2 and BeCl2 shape and squarepyramidal, respectively :
(c) RbCl and BeCl2 (d) RbCl and MgCl2 Online 2018 SET (1)

(a) ClF3 and IO-4

8. Which of the alkaline earth metal halides given below is
essentially covalent in nature? Online 2015 SET (1) (b) ICl2- and ICl5
(a) SrCl2 (b) CaCl2
(c) XeOF2 and XeOF4
(c) BeCl2 (d) MgCl2
(d) IO3- and IO2 F2-
16. The decreasing order of bond angles in BF3, NH3, PF3 and 19. The incorrect geometry is represented by :
(Online 2018 SET (3)
I3- is : Online 2018 SET (1)
(a) BF3 ­ trigonal planar
(a) I3- > NH3 > PF3 > BF3 (b) I3- > BF3 > NH3 > PF3 (b) H2O ­ bent

(c) BF3 > I3- > PF3 > NH3 (d) BF3 > NH3 > PF3 > I3- (c) NF3 ­ trigonal planar
(d) AsF5 ­ trigonal bipyramidal
17. Which of the following best describes the diagram below
of a molecular orbital ? (Online 2018 SET (2) 20. Which of the following conversions involves change in
both shape and hybridisation ? (Online 2018 SET (3)

(a) NH3  NH4+ (b) CH4  C2H6

(c) H2O  H3O+ (d) BF3 BF4

(a) A non­bonding orbital

(b) An antibonding  orbital
(c) A bonding  orbital
(d) An antibonding orbital
18. In XeO3F2, the number of bond pair(s),  ­bond(s) and
lone pair(s) on Xe atom respectively are :
(Online 2018 SET (2)
(a) 5, 2, 0 (b) 4, 2, 2
(c) 5, 3, 0 (d) 4, 4, 0
 EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. All questions marked “S” are single choice questions

2. All questions marked “M” are multiple choice questions
3. All questions marked “C” are comprehension based questions
4. All questions marked “A” are assertion–reason type questions
(A) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If reason is true but assertion is false.
5. All questions marked “X” are matrix–match type questions
6. All questions marked “I” are integer type questions

Ionic Bonds 6. (S) Choose the correct code of characteristics for the given
+ – order of hybrid orbitals of same atom,
1. (S) The ionic bonds X Y are formed when :
2 3
(I) electron affinity of Y is high sp < sp < sp
(II) ionization energy of X is low (i) Electronegativity
(III) lattice energy of XY is high (ii) Bond angle between same hybrid orbitals
(IV) lattice energy of XY is low
(iii) Size
Choose the correct code :
(iv) Energy level
(a) I & II (b) I & III
(c) I, II & III (d) All (a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (iii), (iv)

2. (S) Bonds present in N2O5 (nitrogen pentaoxide) are : (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(a) only ionic 7. (S) Assuming pure 2s and 2p orbitals of carbon are used in
(b) only covalent forming CH4 molecule, which of the following statement
is false ?
(c) covalent and co­ordinate
(a) Three C – H bonds will be at right angle
(d) covalent and ionic
(b) One C – H bond will be weaker than other three C – H
3. (S) Among the oxides of nitrogen, N2O, NO and NO2,
bond
molecules with unpaired electrons are :
(c) The shape of molecule will be tetrahedral
(a) N2O and NO (b) NO and NO2
(d) The angle of C – H bond formed by s ­ s overlapping
(c) N2O and NO2 (d) NO2 and its dimer
will be uncertain with respect to other three bonds.
4. (S) The lowest O – O bond length in the following molecule
8. (S) Which is correct statements ?
is :
As the s­character of a hybrid orbital decreases
(a) O2F2 (b) O2
(I) The bond angle decreases
(c) H2O2 (d) O3
(II) The bond strength increases
5. (S) What is the state of hybridisation of Xe in cationic part
(III) The bond length increases
of solid XeF6 ?
3 3 3 2
(IV) Size of orbitals increases
(a) sp d (b) sp d
(a) (I), (III) and (IV) (b) (II), (III) and (IV)
3 3
(c) sp d (d) sp (c) (I) and (II) (d) All are correct
9. (S) The state of hybridisation of central atom in dimer of (a) OH2 (b) SH2
BH3 and BeH2 is :
(c) NH3 (d) SO2
2 2 3 2
(a) sp , sp (b) sp , sp
16. (S) Maximum bond angle is present in :
3 3 2 3
(c) sp , sp (d) sp , sp
(a) BBr3 (b) BCl3
10. (S) The correct order of increasing s­character
(c) BF3 (d) none of these
(in percentage) in the hybrid orbitals of following
molecules/ions is : 17. (S) The correct order of H – M – H bonds angle is :
(a) NH3 < PH3 < SbH3 < BiH3
(I) CO23 (II) XeF4
(b) AsH3 < SbH3 < PH3 < NH3
(III) I3 (IV) NCl3 (c) NH3 < PH3 < BiH3 < SbH3
(V) BeCl2 (d) BiH3 < SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3
(a) II < III < IV < I < V (b) II < IV < III < V < I 18. (S) The correct increasing order of adjacent bond angle
(c) III < II < I < V < IV (d) II < IV < III < I < V among BF3, PF3 and ClF3 :

11. (S) The shape of MnO4 ion and the hybridisation of Mn in (a) BF3 < PF3 < ClF3 (b) PF3 < BF3 < ClF3
(c) ClF3 < PF3 < BF3 (d) BF3 = PF3 = ClF3
MnO4 is :
3 3 19. (S) The bond angle of NH3, NH4 and NH2 are in the order :
(a) tetrahedral, sp (b) tetrahedral, d s
2 3
(c) square planar, dsp (d) square planar, sp (a) NH2  NH3  NH4
12. (S) The geometry of ammonia molecule can be best
described as : (b) NH4  NH3  NH2
(a) Nitrogen at one vertex of a regular tetrahedron, the
(c) NH3  NH2  NH4
other three vertices being occupied by three
hydrogens
(d) NH3  NH4  NH2
(b) Nitrogen at the centre of the tetrahedron, three of the
vertices being occupied by three hydrogens 20. (S) The H – C – H bond angle in CH4 is 109.5º, due to lone
(c) Nitrogen at the centre of an equilateral triangle, three pair repulsion, the H – O – H angle in H2O will :
corners being occupied by three hydrogens (a) remain the same (b) increase
(d) Nitrogen at the junction of a T, three open ends being (c) decrease (d) become 180º
occupied by three hydrogens 21. (S) The molecule having the largest bond angle is :
13. (S) Which molecular geometry is least likely to result from a (a) H2O (b) H2S
trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry ?
(c) H2Se (d) H2Te
(a) Trigonal planar (b) See­saw
Comprehension
(c) Linear (d) T­shaped
The space model which is obtained by joining the points
14. (S) Given the correct order of initials T or F for following representing various bonded atoms gives the shape of
statements. Use T is statement is true and F if it is false : the molecule. The geometry of the molecule is definite
(I) The order of repulsion between different pair of relative arrangement of the bonded atoms in a molecule.
electrons is lp – lp > lp – bp > bp – bp The shape and geometry of a molecule is explained by
(II) In general, as the number of lone pair of electrons valence shell electron pair repulsion theory given by
on central atom increases, value of bond angle from Gillespia and Nyholm.
normal bond angle also increases. 22. (C) Select the correct code for the following repulsion orders,
(III) The number of lone pair on O in H2O is 2 while on N according to VSEPR theory :
in NH3 is 1
(I) lone pair­lone pair > lone pair­bond pair
(IV) The structures of xenon fluorides and xenon
(II) lone pair­bond pair > bond pair­bond pair
oxyfluorides could not be explained on the basis of
VSEPR theory (III) lone pair­lone pair > bond pair­bond pair
(a) TTTF (b) TFTF (IV) lone pair­bond pair > lone pair­bond pair
(c) TFTT (d) TFFF (a) I, II & III (b) II & IV
15. (S) Which one of the following compounds has the smallest (c) I, II & IV (d) All
bond angle ?
23. (C) Which molecule has both shape and geometry identical ? 29. (C) Which of the following orbital cannot form ­bond ?
(I) SnCl2 (II) NH3
(a) d x2  y2 orbital (b) dxy orbital
(III) PCl5 (d) SF6
(a) I, III & IV (b) II, III & IV (c) d z 2 orbital (d) dzx orbital
(c) III & IV (d) All
30. (C) Which of the following combination of orbitals does not
24. (C) Which is not the electron geometry of covalent molecules ?
form any type covalent bond (if z­axis is molecular axis) ?
(a) Pentagonal bipyramidal
(a) pz + pz (b) py + py
(b) Octahedral
(c) s + py (d) s + s
(c) Hexagonal (d) Tetrahedral
31. (S) Dipole moment of NF3 is smaller than :
25. (S) Which of the following compounds have the same no.
(a) NH3 (b) CO2
of lone pairs with their central atom ?
(c) BF3 (d) CCl4
(I) XeF5 (II) BrF3
32. (S) Which of the following molecules will have polar bonds
+
(III) XeF2 (IV) H3S but zero dipole moment ?
(a) IV and V (b) I and III (a) O2 (b) CHCl3
(c) I and II (d) II and IV (c) CF4 (d) none of these
26. (S) The correct order of bond angles is : 33. (S) Which has maximum dipole moment ?

(a) NO2  NO2  NO2

(b) NO2  NO2  NO2

(a) (b)
(c) NO2  NO2  NO2

(d) NO2  NO2  NO2

27. (S) The geometry with respect to the central atom of the
following molecules are :
N (SiH3)3 ; Me3N ; (SiH3)3P (c) (d)
(a) planar, pyramidal, planar
(b) planar, pyramidal, pyramidal
34. (S) The dipole moment of o, p and m­dichlorobenzene will
(c) pyramidal, pyramidal, pyramidal be in the order :
(d) pyramidal, planar, pyramidal (a) o > p > m (b) p > o > m
Comprehension (c) m > o > p (d) o > m > p
According to V.B.T., atoms of element form bond only to 35. (S) Which of the following molecules has highest dipole
pair up their unpaired electrons present in ground state moment?
or excited state. This pairing of unpaired electron will
(a) BF3 (b) NH3
take place by overlapping of orbitals each one having
one unpaired electron with opposite spin. (c) NF3 (d) B2H6

28. (C) Which of the following orbital combination does not 36. (S) Among the following, the molecule with highest dipole
form ­bond ? moment is :

(a) px + px sideways overlapping (a) CH3Cl (b) CH2Cl2

(c) CHCl3 (d) CCl4
(b) d x2  y 2  p y sideways overlapping
37. (S) Which of the following compounds has dipole moment
approximately equal to that of chlorobenzene ?
(c) d xy  d xy sideways overlapping
(a) o­dichlorobenzene (b) m­dichlorobenzene
(d) d yz  p y sideways overlapping (c) p­dichlorobenzene (d) p­chloronitrobenzene
38. (S) The correct sequence of polarity of the following 44. (M) Ionic compounds in general do not possess :
molecule
(a) high melting points and non­directional bonds
(1) Benzene (2) Inorganic Benene
(3) PCl3F2 (4) PCl2F3 (b) high melting points and low­boiling points
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 (c) directional bonds and low­boiling points
(a) P NP NP P (b) NP NP NP P
(d) high solubilities in polar and non­polar solvents
(c) NP P NP P (d) NP P P NP
45. (M) Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
(Where, P = polar, NP = non­polar)
39. (S) The H­bonds in solid HF can be best represented as : (a) A  bond is weaker than a  bond
(a) H –– F­­­H –– F ­­­ H –– F (b) There are four co­ordinate bonds in the NH4 ions

(b) (c) The covalent bond is directional in nature

(d) HF is less polar than HCl
46. (M) Correct order of decreasing boiling points is :
(c) (a) HF > HI > HBr > HCl
(b) H2O > H2Te > H2Se > H2S
(c) Br2 > Cl2 > F2
(d)
(d) CH4 > GeH4 > SiH4
47. (M) Which of the following statements is correct ?
40. (S) Which molecule geometry is least likely to result from a
trigonal bipyramidal electron geometry ? (a) ClF3 molecule is bent ‘T’ shape
(a) Trigonal planar (b) See­saw (b) In SF4 molecule, F – S – F equatorial bond angle is
(c) Linear (d) T­shaped 103º due to lp­lp repulsion
–
41. (M) Select correct statement(s) regarding  and ­bonds : (c) In [ICl4] molecular ion, Cl – I – Cl bond angle is 90º

(a) ­bond lies on the line joining the nuclei of bonded (d) In OBr2, the bond angle is less than OCl2
atoms 48. (M) Which of the following is (are) V­shaped ?
(b) ­electron cloud lies on either side to the line joining
(a) S23  (b) I3
the nuclei of bonded atoms
(c) (2p – 3d) pi­bond is stronger than (2p – 3p) pi­ (c) N3 (d) I3
bond.
49. (M) Which of the following are true ?
(d) ­bond has primary effect of decide direction of
covalent bond, while ­bond has no primary effect in (a) van der Waals forces are responsible for the formation
direction of bond of molecular crystals
42. (M) In which of the following there is intermolecular (b) Branching lower the boiling points of isomeric organic
hydrogen bonding ? compounds due to decrease in van der Waals forces
(a) Water (b) Ethanol (c) In graphite, van der Waals forces act between the
(c) Acetic acid (d) H–F carbon layers

43. (M) Which of the following statements are correct about (d) In diamond, van der Waals forces act between the
sulphur hexafluoride ? carbon layers
(a) all S – F bonds are equivalent 50. (M) Which of the following statement is incorrect :
(b) SF6 is a planar molecule (a) O2 is paramagnetic, O3 is also paramagnetic
(c) oxidation number of sulphur is the same as number of (b) O2 is paramagnetic, O3 is diamagnetic
electrons of sulphur involved in bonding (c) B2 is paramagnetic, C2 is also paramagnetic
(d) sulphur has acquired the electronic structure of the (d) Different observation is found in their bond length
gas argon +
when NO  NO and CO  CO
+
51. (M) Which of the following statements are not correct ? 58. (A) Assertion : (CH3)3N geometry is pyramidal but in case
(a) All C – O bonds in CO 2
3
are equal but not in H2CO3 (SiH3)3N it is planar.

(b) All C – O bonds in HCO2 are equal but not in HCO2H Reason : The maximum covalency of Si is six but that of
C is four.
(c) C – O bond length in HCO2 is longer than C – O
(a) A (b) B
bond length in CO23
(c) C (d) D
(d) C – O bond length in HCO2 and C – O bond length
in CO23  are equal 59. (A) Assertion : The HF2 ion exists in the solid state & also
52. (M) Which of the following is true for N2O ? in liquid state but not in aqueous state.
(a) Its molecule is linear
Reason : The magnitude of hydrogen bonds among HF
(b) Symmetric N – O – N is a favoured structure as
compared to N – N – O skeleton molecules is weaker than that in between HF and H2O.
(c) Bond orders are fractional for N – N and N – O bonds (a) A (b) B
(d) It is a neutral oxide
(c) C (d) D
53. (M) If NB is the number of bonding electrons and NA is the
number of antibonding electrons of a molecule. Then Comprehension
choose the incorrect statement(s) for the relationship,
NB > NA : Ionic bond is defined as the electrostatics force of
(a) Molecule may be stable or unstable attraction holding the oppositely charged ions. Ionic
(b) Molecule may have any integral, fractional or zero compounds are mostly crystalline solid having high
value of bond order melting and boiling points, electrical conductivity in
(c) Molecule is only paramagnetic species molten state, solubility in water etc. Covalent bond is
(d) Molecule does not exist defined as the force which binds atoms of same or
54. (M) Correct order of B.pt. is/are : different elements by mutual sharing of electrons in a
(a) H2 < He (b) H2 < D2 covalent bond. Covalent compounds are solids, liquids
(c) H2O < D2O (d) NH3 < SbH3 or gases. They have low melting and boiling points
55. (A) Assertion : In SO3 molecule bond dissociation energy compounds. They are more soluble in non­polar solvents.
of all S = O bonds are not equivalent. 60. (C) The valence electrons are involved in formation of
Reason : SO3 molecule is having two types of 2p – 3p covalent bonds is/are called :
and 2p – 3d pi­bonds.
(a) non­bonding electrons
(a) A (b) B
(b) lone pairs
(c) C (d) D
(c) unshared pairs
56. (A) Assertion : Water is a good solvent for ionic compounds
(d) none of these
but poor for covalent compounds.
Reason : Hydration energy of ions releases sufficient 61. (C) The amount of energy released when one mole of ionic
energy to overcome lattice energy and break hydrogen solid is formed by packing of gaseous ion is called :
bonds in water while covalent compounds interact so (a) Ionisation energy (b) Solvation energy
weakly that even van der Waal’s forces between
molecules of covalent compounds cannot be broken. (c) Lattice energy (d) Hydration energy
(a) A (b) B 62. (C) Which of the following is arranged order of increasing
(c) C (d) D boiling point ?

ˆ bond angle is higher than HOCl

57. (A) Assertion : HOF ˆ . (a) H2O < CCl4 < CS2 < CO2
(b) CO2 < CS2 < CCl4 < H2O
Reason : Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine.
(c) CS2 < H2O < CO2 < CCl4
(a) A (b) B
(d) CCl4 < H2O < CO2 < CS2
(c) C (d) D
Comprehension 66. (X) Column I Column II
In general boiling point of covalent compounds is (A) SO3 (P) Largest bond angle
effected due to increasing molecular weight and
hydrogen bonding. Thus it is observed that the boiling (B) BeCl2 (Q) Lowest bond angle
point of octanol is greater that water while that of 2
(C) NH3 (R) sp ­hybridisation
methanol is lesser than water. The other properties which
are considerably affected due to hydrogen bond 3
(D) NO2 (S) sp ­hybridisation
formation are acidic nature, melting point, anamalous
behaviour of water below 4ºC., It is therefore concluded
67. (X) Column I Column II
that hydrogen bonding plays a vital role in explaining
many observable facts.
(A) NH2 (P) Square pyramidal
63. (C) Which among the following has maximum boiling point ?
(a) CH3 – CH2 – (CH2)2 – CH2OH (B) XeOF2 (Q) V­shaped

(b) (C) ICl4 (R) T­shaped

2–
(D) [SbF5] (S) Square planar

(c) 68. (X) Column – I Column – II

(Axial/sideways (Types of molecular

combination of appropriate/ orbitals)

inappropriate pure orbitals)

(d)
(A) p + p pure orbitals (P)  ­bonding molecular

(B) s + p pure orbitals (Q) ­ anti­bonding molecular

64. (C) Which of the following statements is true ? orbital

(a) the lattice structure of ice involves true covalent bond (C) (non­axial) d + p (R) ­ anti­bonding molecular

(b) the lattice strucutre of ice is the result of dipole­dipole pure orbitals orbital
interaction
(D) (axial) d + p pure (S)  ­ bonding molecular orbital
(c) the lattice structure of ice is the result of intra and orbitals
inter­molecular hydrogen bond formation
(T) Non­bonding molecular
(d) the lattice structure of ice is only due to inter­
molecular hydrogen bonding orbital

65. (C) Ka2 of Maleic acid is lesser than Ka2 of fumaric acid due 69. (X) Column – I Column – II
to: (A) NH4Cl (P) Hydrogen bond
(a) intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the formed after (B) CuSO4.5H2O (Q) Co­ordinate bond
one proton removal in fumaric acid
(C) HNC (R) Ionic bond
(b) intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the ion formed
after one proton removal in maleic acid (D) Liquid H2O2 (S) Covalent bond

(c) intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the ion formed 70. (X) Column – I Column – II
after one proton removal in maleic acid (A) B3N3H6 (P) Planar geometry
(d) intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the ion formed (B) S2Cl2 (Q) Non­polar geometry
after one proton removal in fumaric acid
(C) B2H6 (R) No lone pair
(D) I2Cl6 (S) Non­polar molecule
71. (X) Column – I Column – II 73. (I) Consider the following species :
(Species) (Bond angle) (i) CH3 (ii) (C3H5)3Al

(A) NO2 (P) 180º (iii) HCHO (iv) CH4

(v) (C2H5)3N (vi) TiCl4
(B) NO2 (Q) 120º
(vii) CO2 (viii) SiCl4
(C) NO2 (R) 134º (ix) BF3
(D) NO3 (S) 115º Then find out total number of species which can act as
Lewis acid.
(T) 109º
72. (I) Among the following, total no. of planar species is :
(i) SF4 (ii) BrF3
(iii) XeF2 (iv) IF5

(v) SbF4 (vi) SF5

(vii) SeF3 (viii) CH3

(ix) PCl4
 EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTION

Objective Question - I (Only one correct option) (a) Phenol (b) Liquid NH3
(c) Water (d) HCl
1. The compound which contains both ionic and covalent
bonds is (1979) 11. On hybridisation of one s and one p­orbital we get
(a) CH4 (b) H2 (1984)

(c) KCN (d) KCl (a) two mutually perpendicular orbitals

2. The total number of electrons that taken part in forming (b) two orbitals at 180º
the bonds in N2 is (1980) (c) four orbitals directed tetrahedrally
(a) 2 (b) 4 (d) three orbitals in a plane
(c) 6 (d) 10 12. The bond between two identical non­metal atoms has a
pair of electrons (1986)
3. Which of the following compound is covalent ? (1980)
(a) unequally shared between the two
(a) H2 (b) CaO
(b) transferred fully from one atom to another
(c) KCl (d) Na2S
(c) with identical spins
4. Element X is strongly electropositive and element Y is
strongly electronegative. Both are univalent. The (d) equally shared between them
compound formed would be (1980) 13. The hybridisation of sulphur in sulphur dioxide is(1986)
+ – – +
(a) X Y (b) X Y (a) sp (b) sp3
(c) X – Y (d) X  Y (c) sp2 (d) dsp2
5. Which of the following is soluble in water (1980) 14. Of the following compounds, which will have a zero dipole
(a) CS2 (b) C2H5OH moment ? (1987)

(c) CCl4 (d) CHCl3 (a) 1, 1­dichloroethylene (b) cis­1, 2­dichloroethylene

(c) trans­1, 2­dichloroethylene
6. If a molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma
bonding orbitals used by M (atomic number < 21) are (d) None of the above
(1981) 15. The molecule that has linear structure is (1988)
(a) Pure p (b) sp hybridised (a) CO2 (b) NO2
(c) sp2 hybridised (d) sp3 hybridised (c) SO2 (d) SiO2
7. Among the following, the molecule that is linear is 16. The Cl—C—Cl angle in 1, 1, 2, 2­tetrachloroethene and
(1982) tetrachloromethane respectively will be about (1988)
(a) 120º and 109.5º (b) 90º and 109.5º
(a) CO2 (b) NO2
(c) 109º and 90º (d) 109.5º and 120º
(c) SO2 (d) ClO2
17. The species in which the central atom uses sp2 hybrid
8. The ion that is isoelectronic with CO is (1982)
orbitals in its bonding is (1988)
(a) CN– (b) O 2 (a) PH3 (b) NH3

(c) O 2 (d) N 2 (c) CH 3 (d) SbH3

9. Carbon tetrachloride has no net dipole moment because *
18. The compound in which C uses its sp3 hybrid orbitals for
of (1983)
bond formation is : (1989)
(a) its planar structure * *
(a) HCOOH (b) (H2N)2CO
(b) its regular tetrahedral structure
* *
(c) similar sizes of carbon and chlorine (c) (CH 3)3COH (d) CH 3CHO
(d) similar electron affinities of carbon and chlorine 19. The molecule which has zero dipole moment is (1989)
10. Which one among the following does not have the (a) CH2Cl2 (b) BF3
hydrogen bond ? (1983)
(c) NF3 (d) ClO2
20. Which of the following is paramagnetic ? (1989) 29. The number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms
in CaC2 are (1996)
(a) O 2 (b) CN–
(a) one sigma () and one pi () bonds
(c) CO (d) NO+ (b) one sigma () and two pi () bonds
21. The molecule which has pyramidal shape is (1989) (c) one sigma () and one half pi () bonds
(a) PCl3 (b) SO3 (d) one sigma () bond
30. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing
(c) CO32  (d) NO3 dipole moment, toluene (I), m­dichlorobenzene (II),
o­dichlorobenzene (III), p­dichlorobenzene (IV) (1996)
22. The number of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom
(a) I < IV < II < III (b) IV < I < II < III
is ClO2 is (1992)
(c) IV < I < III < II (d) IV < II < I < III
(a) 2 (b) 4
31. Which contains both polar and non­polar bonds ?
(c) 3 (d) 1 (1997)
23. The type of hybrid orbitals used by the chlorine atom in (a) NH4Cl (b) HCN
ClO 2 is (1992)
(c) H2O2 (d) CH4
3 2
(a) sp (b) sp 32. The critical temperature of water is higher than that of O2
(c) sp (d) None of these because the H2O molecule has (1997)
24. The maximum possible number of hydrogen bonds a water (a) fewer electrons than O2
molecule can form is (1992) (b) two covalent bonds
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) V­shape (d) dipole moment.
(c) 3 (d) 1
33. Among KO2, AlO 2 , BaO 2 and NO 2 , unpaired electron
25. Pick out the isoelectronic structures from the following; is present in (1997)
(1993)
(a) NO2 and BaO2 (b) KO2 and AlO 2
I. CH 3 II. H3O+ (c) KO2 only (d) BaO2 only
34. Which one of the following compounds has sp 2
III. NH3 IV. CH 3
­hybridisation ?
(a) I and II (b) III and IV (a) CO2 (b) SO2
(c) I and III (d) II, III and IV (c) N2O (d) CO
26. Number of paired electrons in O2 molecule is : (1995) 35. The geometry and the type of hybrid orbital present about
the central atom in BF3 is (1998)
(a) 7 (b) 8
(a) linear, sp (b) trigonal planar, sp2
(c) 16 (d) 14
(c) tetrahedral, sp3 (d) pyramidal, sp3
27. Which one of the following molecules is planar ? (1996)
36. The geometry of H2S and its dipole moment are (1999)
(a) NF3 (b) NCl3
(a) angular and non­zero (b) angular and zero
(c) PH3 (d) BF3
(c) linear and non­zero (d) linear and zero
28. Among the following species, identify the isostructural 37. In compounds of type ECl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the
pairs. (1996) angles Cl—E—Cl (1999)
NF3, NO 3 , BF3, H3O+, HN3 (a) B > P = As = Bi (b) B > P > As > Bi
(c) B < P = As = Bi (d) B < P < As < Bi
(a) [ NF3 , NO3 ] +
and [BF3, H3O ] 38. In the compound CH2 = CH—CH2—CH2—C  CH, the
C2 — C3 bonds is of
(b) [NF3, NO3 ] and [ NO3 , BF3 ]
(a) sp – sp2 (b) sp3 – sp3

(c) [NF3, H3O+] and [ NO3 , BF3 ] (c) sp – sp3 (d) sp2 – sp3

(d) [NF3, H3O+] and [HN3, BF3]

39. The correct order of increasing C – O bond length of CO, 45. Specify the coordination geometry around and
hybridisation of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of BF3
CO32 , CO 2 , is (1999)
and NH3 (2002)
(a) CO32  CO 2  CO (b) CO 2  CO32  CO (a) N : tetrahedral, sp3 ; B : tetrahedral, sp3
(b) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : pyramidal, sp3
(c) CO  CO32  CO 2
(c) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : planar, sp2
(d) CO  CO 2  CO 32 (d) N : pyramidal, sp3 ; B : tetrahedral, sp3

40. Molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are (2000) 46. The nodal plane in the ­bond of ethene is located in

(a) the same, with 2, 0 and 1 lone pairs of electrons (2002)

respectively (a) the molecular plane
(b) the same, with 1, 1, and 1 lone paris of electrons (b) a plane parallel to the molecular plane
respectively (c) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which
(c) different, with 0, 1 and 2 lone pairs of electrons bisects the carbon ­bond at right angle
respectively (d) a plane perpendicular to the molecular plane which
contains the carbon­carbon ­bond
(d) different, with 1, 0 and 2 lone pairs of electrons
respectively. 47. Which of the following molecular species has unpaired
electrons (s) ? (2002)
41. The hybridisation of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in
(a) N2 (b) F2
NO 2 , NO 3 and NH 4 are (2000)
(c) O 2 (d) O 22 
(a) sp, sp3 and sp2 respectively
48. Among the following the molecular with the highest dipole
(b) sp, sp2 and sp3 respectively
moment is
(c) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively (a) CH3Cl (b) CH2Cl2
2 3
(d) sp , sp and sp respectively (c) CHCl3 (d) CCl4
42. Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2Te, the one with the 49. Which of the following are isoelectronic and isostructural ?
highest boiling point is (2000)
NO 3 , CO 32  , ClO 3 , SO 3 (2003)
(a) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
(b) H2Te because of higher molecular weight (a) NO 3 , CO32  (b) SO 3 , NO 3
(c) H2S because of hydrogen bonding
(c) ClO 3 , CO32  (d) CO32  , SO 3
(d) H2Se because of lower molecular weight
50. Number of lone pair (s) in XeOF4 is/are (2004)
43. The common features among the species CN–, CO and
(a) 0 (b) 1
NO+ are (2001)
(c) 2 (d) 3
(a) bond order three and isoelectronic
51. According to MO theroy, (2004)
(b) bond order three and weak field ligands
(c) bond order two and acceptors (a) O 2 is paramagnetic and bond order greater than O2
(d) isoelectronic and weak field ligands (b) O 2 is paramagnetic and bond order less than O2
44. The correct order of hybridisation of the central atom in
the following species NH3,[PtCl4]2–, PCl5 and BCl3 is (c) O 2 is diamagnetic and bond order is less than O2

(a) dsp2, dsp3, sp2 and sp3 (d) O 2 is diamagnetic and bond order is more than O2
(b) sp3, dsp2, sp3d, and sp2 52. Which species has the maximum number of lone pair of
(c) dsp2, sp2, sp3, dsp3 electrons on the central atom ? (2005)

(d) dsp2, sp3, sp2, dsp3 (a) [ClO3]– (b) XeF4

(c) SF4 (d) [I3]–

53. Among the following, the paramagnetic compound is 65. The hyperconjugative stabilities of tert­butyl cation and
(2007) 2­butene, respectively, are due to (2005)
(a) Na2O2 (b) O3 (a)  p (empty) and  * electron delocalisations
(c) N2O (d) KO2 (b)  * and   electron delocalisations
54. The species having bond order different from that in CO is (c)  p (filled) and  electron delocalisations
(2007)
(d) p (filled)  * and   * electrons delocalisations
(a) NO– (b) NO+
66. According to Molecular Orbital Theory. (2016)
(c) CN– (d) N2
55. Assuming that Hund’s rule is violated, the bond order and (a) C22 is expected to be diamagnetic
magnetic nature of the diatomic molecule B2 is (2010)
(a) 1 and diamagnetic (b) 0 and diamagnetic (b) O22 is expected to have to longer bond length than O2
(c) 1 and paramagnetic (d) 0 and paramagnetic
56. The species having pyramidal shape is (2010) (c) N2 and N2 have the same bond order
(a) SO3 (b) BrF3
(d) He2 has the same energy as two isolated He atoms.
(c) SiO32 (d) OSF2
57. In allene (C3H4), the type (s) of hybridization of the carbon 67. The compoun(s) with TWO lone pairs of electrons on the
atoms, is (are) (2012) central atom is (are)
(a) sp and sp3 (b) sp and sp2 (a) BrF5 (b) ClF3
3 2 3
(c) only sp (d) sp and sp
(c) XeF4 (d) SF4
58. The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is
(a) trigonal bipyramidal (b) square planar ASSERTION & REASON
(c) tetrahedral (d) see­saw
59. Assuming 2s­2p mixing is NOT operative, the paramagnetic 68. Assertion : LiCl is predominantly a covalent compound.
species among the following is (2014) Reason : Electronegativity difference between Li and
(a) Be2 (b) B2 Cl is too small.
(c) C2 (d) N2 (A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
Objective Question - II reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(One or more than one correct option) (B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason
60. Dipole moment is shown by (1986) is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(a) 1, 4­dichlorobenzene (b) cis­1, 2­dichloroethene (C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
(c) trans­1, 2­dichloroethene
(D) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
(d) trans­1, 2­dichloro­2­pentene
61. CO2 is isostructrual with : (1986) (E) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.

(a) HgCl2 (b) SnCl2 Match the Columns

(c) C2H2 (d) NO2
69. Match the reactions in Column­I with nature of the
62. The linear structure is assumed by : (1991) reactions/type of the products in Column­II. (2007)
(a) SnCl2 (b) NCO–
Column-I Column-II
(c) CS2 (d) NO 2
(A) O 2  O 2  O 22  (p) Redox reaction
63. Which of the following have identical bond order ?
(1992)
(B) CrO 24   H   (q) One of the products has
(a) CN– (b) O 2 trigonal planar structure
+ +
(c) NO (d) CN
(C) MnO 4  NO 2  H   (r) Dimeric bridged tetrahedral
64. The molecules that will have dipole moment are (1992)
(a) 2, 2­dimethyl propane (b) trans­2­pentene metal ion
(c) cis­3­hexene
(D) NO3  H 2SO 4  Fe 2   (s) Disproportionation
(d) 2, 2, 3, 3­tetramethyl butane
70. Match each of the diatomic molecules in Column­I with its 85. sp3 hybrid orbitals have equal s and p character. (1987)
property/properties in Column­II. (2009)
86. The presence of polar bonds in a polyatomic molecule
Column - I Column-II suggests that the molecule has non­zero dipole­moment.
(A) B2 (p) Paramagnetic (1990)
(B) N2 (q) Undergoes oxidation 87. H2O molecule is linear. (1993)

(C) O 2 (r) Undergoes reduction 88. The dipole moment of CH3F is greater than that of CH3Cl.
(1993)
(D) O2 (s) Bond order  2
Subjective Questions
(t) Mixing of ‘s’ and ‘p’ orbitals
89. Arrange the following :
Fill in the Blanks
(i) N2, O2, F2, Cl2 in increasing order of bond dissociation
71. The angle between two covalent bonds is maximum in energy. (1988)
.................. . (1981)
(ii) Increasing strength of hydrogen bonding in halogen
72. Pair of molecules which forms strongest intermolecular acids (HX). (1991)
hydrogen bonds is .............
(iii) In the decreasing order of the O–O bond length present
(SiH4 and SiF4, acetone and CHCl3, formic acid and acetic in them (2004)
acid) (1981)
O2, KO2 and O2 [AsF4]
73. There are ............ bonds in a nitrogen molecule. (1982)
90. Using VSEPR theory, draw the shape of PCl5 and BrF5.
74. ............ hybrid orbitals of nitrogen atom are involved in
the formation of ammonium ion. (1982) (2003)

75. The shape of [CH3]+ is .............. (1990) 91. State four major physical properties that can be used to
distinguish between covalent and ionic compounds.
76. The valence atomic orbitals on C in silver acetylide is
Mention the distinguish features in each case. (1978)
................ hybridized. (1990)
92. Write the Lewis dot structural formula for each of the
77. The kind of delocalization involving sigma bond orbitals
following. Give also, the formula of a neutral molecule,
is called ................ (1994)
which has the same geometry and the same arrangement
78. The two types of bonds present in B2H6 are covalent and of the bonding electrons as in each of the following. An
+
................. (1994) example is given below in the case H3O and NH3.

79. When N2 goes to N 2 , the N–N bond distance ......, and (1983)

when O2 goes O 2 the O—O bond distance ..........(1996)

80. Among N2O, SO2, I3 and I3 , the linear species are ...........
and (1997)

True/False
(i) O 22  (ii) CO32 
81. Linear overlap of two atomic p­orbitals leads to a sigma
– –
bond. (1983) (iii) CN (iv) NCS
82. All molecules with polar bonds have dipole moment. 93. What effect should the following resonance of vinyl
(1985) chloride have on its dipole moment ? (1987)
+
83. SnCl2 is a non­linear molecule. (1985) CH2 = CH — Cl  CH 2 — CHCl
84. In benzene, carbon uses all the three p­orbitals for
hybridisation. (1987)
94. Arrange the following as stated. 102. Interpret the non­linear shape of H2S molecule and non­
“Increasing strength of hydrogen bonding (X–H–X).” planar shape of PCl3 using valence shell electron pair
repulsion (VSEPR) theory. (Atomic number : H = 1, P = 15,
O, S, F, Cl, N (1991) S = 16, Cl = 17) (1998)
95. Give reasons in two or three sentences only for the
103. (a) Write the MO electron distribution of O2. Specify its
following :
bond order and magnetic property. (2000)
“Hydrogen peroxide acts as on oxidizing as well as a
reducing agent.” (1992) (b) Draw the molecular structures of XeF2, XeF4 and
–29 XeO2F2, indicating the location of lone pair(s) of electrons.
96. The dipole moment of KCl is 3.336 × 10 C­m which (2000)
indicates that it is highly polar molecule. The inter atomic
+ – –10 104. Draw the shape of XeF4 and OSF4 according to VSEPR
distance between K and Cl in this molecule is 2.6 × 10 m.
Calculate the dipole moment of KCl molecule if there were theory. Show the lone pair of electrons on the central atom.
opposite charges of one fundamental unit located at each (2004)
nucleus. Calculate the percentage ionic character of KCl.
105. On the basis of ground state electronic configuration
(1993) arrange the following molecules in increasing O–O bond
97. Explain the difference in the nature of bonding in LiF and length order. KO2, O2, O2 [AsF6] (2004)
LiI. (1996) 106. Predict whether the following molecules are iso­structural
98. Using the VSEPR theory, identify the type of hybridisation or not. Justify your answer.
and draw the structure of OF2. What are the oxidation (i) NMe3 (ii) N (SiMe3)3 (2005)
states of O and F ? (1997)
107. The total number of lone pairs of electrons in N2O3 is
–
99.  I 3 , which is the Lewis acid ?
In the reaction, I + I2 
(2015)
(1997)
108. The sum of the number of lone pairs of electrons on each
+ +
100. Between Na and Ag , which is stronger Lewis acid and central atom in the following species is
why ? (1997) 2– +
[TeBr6] , [BrF2] , SNF3 and [XeF3]
–

101. (a) Arrange the following ions in order of their increasing

+ 2+ + 3+
(Atomic numbers : N = 7, F = 9, S = 16, Br = 35, Te = 52,
radii : Li , Mg , K , Al (1997) Xe = 54) (2017)
(b) Arrange the following sulphates of alkaline earth metals
109. Among H2, He 2 , Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2, O 2 and F2, the
in order of decreasing thermal stability : BeSO4, MgSO4,
number of diamagnetic species is
CaSO4, SrSO4.
(Atomic numbers, H = 1, He = 2, Li = 3, Be = 4, B = 5, C = 6,
N = 7, O = 8, F = 9) (2017)
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : (Basic Objective Questions)

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c)

9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (d)
17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c)
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (a)
33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (d)
49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (b)
57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (b) 64. (d)
65. (a) 66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (b)
73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (a)
81. (d) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (a) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (d) 88. (a)
89. (c) 90. (b) 91. (b) 92. (a) 93. (b) 94. (d)

EXERCISE - 2 : (PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS)

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a)

9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (c)

17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (a)

25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (d)

33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)

41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (a)

JEE Mains Online

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c)
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (d)

EXERCISE - 3 : (Advanced Objective Questions)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)

9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c)
25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a,b,c,d) 42. (a,b,c,d) 43. (a,c) 44. (b,c,d) 45. (a,b,d) 46. (a,b,c) 47. (a,c) 48. (a,d)
49. (a,b,c) 50. (a,c,d) 51. (c,d) 52. (a,c,d) 53. (b,c,d) 54. (b,c) 55. (a) 56. (c)
 57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (d) 61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (d)
65. (c) 66. A  R ; B  P ; C  Q, S ; D  R 67. A  Q ; B  R ; C  S ; D  P

68. A  P,Q,R,S,T ; B  P,R,T ; C  Q,S,T ; D  P,R,T 69. A  Q,R,S ; B  P,Q,R,S ; C  P,S ; D  P,S

70. A  P,R,S ; B  Q ; C  Q,R,S ; D  P,S 71. A  P ; B  S ; C  R ; D  Q 72. (0003) 73. (0007)

EXERCISE - 4 : (Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a)

9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a)

17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (b)

25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (d)

33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (d)

41. (b) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (a)

49. (a) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (d)

57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b,d) 61. (a,c) 62. (b, c, d) 63. (a, c) 64. (b,c,d)

65. (b, c) 66. (a,c) 67. (b,c) 68. (c) 69. A–p,s; B–r; C–p,q; D–p.

70. A–p,q,r,t; B–q, r, s, t; C–p, q, r, t; D–p, r, s, t. 71. CO2 72. HCOOH and CH3COOH 73. 2

74. sp3 75. planar 76. sp 77. hyperconjugation 78. three centre bond two electron.

79. increases, decreases 80. N2O, I3– 81. (T) 82. (F) 83. (T) 84. (F)

85. (F) 86. (F) 87. (F) 88. (T)

89. (i) F2 < Cl2 < O2 < N2 ; (ii) S < Cl < N < O < F ; (iii) KO2 > O2 > O2 [AsF4]